Macro Characteristics of Human Rights Legal Principles for Ethnic Minorities in New China

In this paper, ethnic minorities refer to the 55 minorities other than the Han ethnic group with- in the borders of the People＇s Republic of China; human rights mean the human rights connotations within the ken of international human rights laws; legal principles mean the principles that all authoritative organizations, legislative organs, administrative departments, judicial organs and other departments should obey.

Basic Rights Intervention in the Obtainment of Digital Data as Evidence in Criminal Case——An Analysis Based on Six Typical Cases

Electronic data is the most frequently used evidence in the internet and information era.Electronic data has been applied extensively and can be classified into many categories,which determine that electronic data contains all kinds off undamental rights.To clearly understand the fundamental rights contained in electronic data is an important precondition for respecting and protecting human rights in electronic data evidence obtainment.Property-type electronic data contain property rights.Traditional investigation measures such as seizure and freezing the property cannot be taken to obtain valid evidence.To directly turn the digital currency into cash and then seize the cash,will result in insufficient property rights protection,and may violate other fundamental rights of criminal suspects.The expansion of the object of the right to privacy and the change of the carrier on which the expansion depends in privacytype electronic data,determine that the obtainment of the privacytype electronic data evidence may result in intangible intervention and secondary intervention in the right to privacy.Communicationtype electronic data contains freedom of communication and the right to communication secrecy.Investigative organs can collect this kind of electronic data through search,acquisition,remote investigation and examination,and other means.However,according to the existing institution design,the above-mentioned means may result in insufficient protection of freedom of communication.Expressiontype electronic data contains freedom of expression.If investigative organs collect this kind of data,they may intervene in freedom of the press though they do not intervene in narrowly defined freedom of expression.The basic principles that should be followed in the electronic data evidence obtainment which intervenes in fundamental rights include the doctrine of legal reservation,the writ system,the principle ofp roportionality,and illegal evidence exclusion.

Value Judgments in Criminal Law Interpretation

Criminal law interpretation in China faces two primary challenges in terms of value judgments. Normative interpretations often fall into circular and inadequate reasoning, while judges, the key figures in applying interpretive principles, frequently lack the necessary value judgment engagement and proficiency. Traditional criminal law interpretation is ensnared in a subjective-objective dichotomy, resulting in a misalignment with the aim of "legitimate and rational" interpretation practices in China. To rectify this, a philosophical shift is required to allow intersubjective value judgments while maintaining subjectivityobjectivity as the prerequisite. Criminal law interpretation ensures the completeness of value judgments through a combination of specialized knowledge and public discourse.This involves the creation of systematic criteria for value judgments and adherence to legal principles. The former necessitates defining the internal and external standards of value judgments, formulating rules for the resolution of conflicting standards, and underlining the practical importance of criminalization under law, or "no crime or punishment without law"(the principle that only the law can define a crime and prescribe a penalty) and "Where no law applies, it is permissible to redefine a crime as non-criminal or minor"(decriminalization).The latter involves three perspectives: logical reasoning and theoretical arguments;positive and negative judgments;and formal and substantive rationality. Moreover, it should be approached from four dimensions: normative orientation, individual case promotion, reverse exclusion, and constitutional guidance.