Hormonal contraception in Chinese men: variations insuppression of spermatogenesis with injectable testosteroneundecanoate and levonorgestrel implants

Aim: To explore the causes of the difference in spermatogenic suppression between responders and non-responders in Chinese men treated with levonorgestrel (LNG) implants plus testosterone undecanoate (TU) injectable. Methods: The 16 Chinese volunteers treated were divided into two groups in regard to the sperm count during the treatment period, 7 men in the responder group (Group R), including 6 azoospermia and one severe oligozoospermia, and the remaining 9 in the non-responder group (Group N), including 4 oligozoospermia and 5 with sperm counts greater than 20×106/mL. The differences in serum profiles of FSH, LH, T, LNG and T/LH ratio were compared between the two groups and the correlation between the seminal fluid parameters and serum reproductive hormones was analyzed. Results: The serum FSH level was lower in Group R than that in Group N (P<0.05), while the serum LH and LNG levels were higher in Group R than those in Group N (P<0.05). The sperm density (P<0.01, r=0.235), motility (P<0.01, r=0.326) and vitality (P<0.01, r=0.219) showed significantly positive correlation with the serum FSH level. Conclusion: The blood LNG and T levels, the degree of FSH inhibition and/or the sensitivity of the pituitary-testis axis to exogenous steroids, as well as the individual spermatogenetic potential and the functional status of the Leydig cells may be factors bringing about individual differences in spermatogenic suppression in Chinese men treated with LNG and TU.

Giant exophytic cystic adenomyosis with a levonorgestrel containing intrauterine device out of the uterine cavity after uterine myomectomy: A case report

BACKGROUND A cystic lesion arising from the myometrium of the uterus, termed as cystic adenomyosis, has chocolate-like, thick viscous contents and contains various amounts of endometrial stroma below the glandular epithelium. It is an extremely rare type of adenomyosis.CASE SUMMARY Herein, we report an unusual case of a giant cystic mass in the pelvic cavity after uterine myomectomy. The patient complained of abnormal uterine bleeding and severe dysmenorrhea. After a levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine device(LNG-IUD) was inserted, her symptoms were greatly alleviated. However, the LNG-IUD was detected in the cystic cavity during the follow-up. For fear of the intrauterine device migrating into and damaging the surrounding viscera,surgical treatment was proposed. Therefore, laparoscopic resection of the lesion and removal of the LNG-IUD were performed and cystic adenomyosis with an LNG-IUD out of the uterine cavity was diagnosed.CONCLUSION We believe that myomectomy breaking through the endometrial cavity may have been a predisposing factor for the development of cystic adenomyosis in this case.

Comparison of ESI–and APCI–LC–MS/MS methods:A case study of levonorgestrel in human plasma

Electrospray ionization(ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization(APCI) techniques for liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS) determination of levonorgestrel were evaluated.In consideration of difference in ionization mechanism,the two ionization sources were compared in terms of LC conditions,MS parameters and performance of method.The sensitivity for detection of levonorgestrel with ESI was 0.25 ng/m L which was lower than 1 ng/m L with APCI.Matrix effects were evaluated for levonorgestrel and canrenone(internal standard,IS) in human plasma,and the results showed that APCI source appeared to be slightly less liable to matrix effect than ESI source.With an overall consideration,ESI was chosen as a better ionization technique for rapid and sensitive quantification of levonorgestrel.The optimized LC–ESI–MS/MS method was validated for a linear range of 0.25–50 ng/m L with a correlation coefficient ≥0.99.The intra-and inter-batch precision and accuracy were within 11.72% and 6.58%,respectively.The application of this method was demonstrated by a bioequivalence study following a single oral administration of 1.5 mg levonorgestrel tablets in 21 Chinese healthy female volunteers.

Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System (LNG IUS) in Menorrahgia: A Follow-Up Study

Objective: To study the acceptability, efficacy, adverse effect and user satisfaction of Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUS) for treatment of menorrahgia.?Method: This was an observational descriptive study conducted in ESI PGIMSR over a period from Jan 2008-June 2011. 70 women presented in O.P.D with heavy menstrual bleeding having no contraindication for device, consenting for LNG IUS underwent its insertion. Menstrual pattern, pictorial blood loss assessment chart score, adverse effects, and rate of acceptability and satisfaction were recorded at 3, 6 and 12 months after procedure. Results: The mean age of the sample was 39.92?yrs ± 3.27.?Indication for device insertion was DUB in 81.42% (57), fibroid 8.57% (6), adenomyosis in 10% (7). The expulsion rate was 4.2% (3), removal rate was 7.14% (5) and continuation rate is 88.57% (62). 2.28% (3) patients underwent hysterectomy because of continuous bleeding even after 3?-?4 months of insertion. On follow-up at one year out of 62 patients, 33.87% (21) were amenorrhic and 51.61% (32) have?regular period, while 3.07% (2) patients had irregular period.?Conclusion: LNG IUS is a less invasive, effective treatment modality for menorrahgia with reasonable efficacy.

Quality of Life in Women with Endometriosis Pelvic Pain Treated with the Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System

Objective: To evaluate the quality of life in patients with endometriosis pelvic pain before and after the application of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS). Design: Open non-comparative study. Setting: Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital at Monterrey, Mexico. Sample: 29 women aged 18 to 40 years with pelvic pain associated with endometriosis confirmed by laparoscopy. Methods: After laparoscopy but before LNG-IUS insertion (basal visit) and 6 months afterwards, modified Endometriosis Health Profile (EHP-30) was applied. Main outcomes measures: Size of change of questionnaire scores, need of additional analgesic therapy and adverse effects. Statistical Analysis: Differences in the questionnaire scores before and after intervention were analyzed by Student t-test. Results: Final analysis set included 29 women aged 31.7 ± 4.7 years years. The ASRM surgical staging of endometriosis was mild in 19.3 moderate in 13.7 and severe in 76% of the patients. The general perception of quality of life improved from 52 at baseline to 98% at six months (p < 0.001). Adverse events were mild in nature, 19 patients reported no adverse events during the study (65.5%). Two patients (6.9%) required the use of concomitant therapy with non-steroidal analgesics for relief of pain. Conclusion: The application of LNG-IUS in patients with pelvic pain associated with endometriosis improved significatively all aspects related with quality of life as measured with Endometriosis Health Profile (EHP-30). We concluded that LNGIUS may be an effective and convenient therapeutic alternative for the management of pain associated with endometriosis.

Study on Differences in Spermatogenic Suppression between Azoospermic and Oligozoospermic Responders Treated with Levonorgestrel Implant Plus Testosterone Undecanoate Injectable in Chinese Men

Objective To investigate possible causes resulting in the differences in the spermatogenesis suppression on individual treated with levonorgestrel (LNG) implants and testosterone undecanoate (TU) injectableMethods Totally 21 Chinese male volunteers were given treatment with LNG implants (four rods, 75 mg/rod) and intramuscular injection of TU (500 mg,bimonthly for 3 times). According to the effects of treatment, they were divided into two groups, namely, azoospermia group (group A) and oligozoospermia group (group O). Then seminal FSH, LH, T and estradiol (E2) were determined by immunoenzymetric assay, while seminal and serum dihydrotachysterol (DHT) and serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were by radioimmunoassay, and seminal transferrin (Tf) by scatter turbidimetry assay.Results Seminal FSH, LH and serum DHT, SHBG, FTI (T/SHBG ×100) levels were significantly lower in group A than in group O, while higher seminal concentrations ofE2 were observed in azoospermia group.Conclusion The differences in the spermatogenic suppression in Chinese men might be attributed to different rate of peripheral androgen metabolism, variations in serum SHBG levels, 5á-reductase activity and individual aromatase activity during LNG plus TU administration. In addition, seminal sex hormones might be more sensitive indexes to assess the extent of feedback inhibition on hypothalamus-pituitary-testis with exogenous testosterone plus progestogen in the efficacy hormone male contraceptive trials.

A randomized double-blind multicenter study on comparing levonorgestrel and mifepristone for emergency contraception

Objective: To compare the efficacy and side effects of levonorgestrel and low dose mifepristone in emergency contraception. Method: The study is a randomized double--blind multicenter comparative trial. A total of 1, 276 women with unprotected intercourse within 72 hours were allocated to one of the two study groups. In the levonorgestrel (LNG) group, 0. 75 mg LNG was taken twice, 12 hours apart, whereas in the mifepristone (Mife) group, a single dose of 10 mg mifepristone was taken and a placebo 12 hours after. Follow--up visit was paid on the seventh day of the expected next menstruation to evaluate the contraceptive efficacy and side effects. Contraceptive efficacy was calculated by Dixon’s method. Result:In the LNG group 20 pregnancies occurred among 643 women, while in the Mife group 9 pregnancies occurred among 633 women. The pregnancy rates were 3. 10% and 1. 43% respectively. Contraceptive efficacy rate of preventing pregnancy was 59. 16% and 79. 73%, the difference was statistically significant (P<O. 05). The incidence of various side effects, which were mild, was less than 10%. There was no statistical difference between the two groups. The percentage of subjects who had their next menstruation 3 days earlier or later than their expected menstruation in LNG group and Mife group was 77. 7% and 78. 5% respectively. Conclusion: Use of levonorgestrel or low dose mifepristone for emergency contraception is effective and safe.

Study on In Vivo Release of Levonorgestrel-containing Silicon Capsule

The in vivo release rate of levonorgestrel-containing silicon capsule (in vitro releasing rate: 6 μg/d) placed in rabbits was determined.The results showed that the average release per year was 8. 32 μg with r being 0.96000.The release pattern of the levonorgestrel-containing silicon capsule system was proved to be zero-order release. Our study provided some experimental data for clinical use of the system for birth control.

Effect of Domestically-made Levonorgestrel-releasing Intrauterine Device on the Endocrine System and Mensentruation in Monkeys

Effect of domestically-made levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG, release rate: 6 μg/day) on the endocrine system and menstruation in mondeys was investigated. The results showed that the Estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) levels were significantly decreased 2 ovulatory cycles after iusertion of the devices as compared with those before insertion in 3 monkeys (P>0. 001) ,suggesting an evident ovulation-suppressing effect. In 1 monkey, the E2 and P levels were the same before and after insertion,and expulsion of device was found in the monkey later. The plasma LNG concentration in 3 animals was 493. 69-454. 60 pg/ml and plasma LNG was not detected in 1 monkey. The hormone level returned to normal level after removal of the devices.

Electrical Storms after Levonorgestrel (Synthetic Progestin)-Releasing Intra-Vaginal Device Insertion. A Case Report and a Short Review of Literature

We report a case of arrhythmic storm in a patient with recent vaginal insertion of a device with release of levonorgestrel (synthetic progestin). A woman of 60 years was hospitalized for runs of monomorphic sustained ventricular tachycardia. She received a vaginal device levonorgestrel-releasing 2 days before admission. No history of associated cardiovascular or thyroid disease or risk factors was reported. Laboratory parameters as well as ECG and echocardiogram were normal. After 48 hours from removal of the vaginal device, the patient was asymptomatic and showed only single ectopic beats, sometimes in pairs. The subsequent coronary angiography, electrophysiological study and cardiac magnetic resonance resulted negative.

A comparative, randomized study of levonorgestrel Intrauterine System (LNG-IUS) vs Copper T 380 A intrauterine device applied during cesarean section

Objective: To assess levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system LNG-IUS (Mirena?) application at caesarean section (CS). Design: Randomized, comparative study. Setting: Department of obstetrics and gynecology in a primary reference hospital at Puebla City, Mexico. Sample: 396 women requiring CS signed informed consent and were randomly allocated to the post-placental application of LNG-IUS (198) or Copper T 380 A (198). Methods: Follow up visits at 6 weeks, and 6 and 12 months were performed. Main Outcomes Measures: IUDs expulsion, maternal and babies’ health conditions, breastfeeding and menstrual patterns, adverse effects and pregnancies. Differences between groups were analyzed by Fisher and X2 tests, Odds ratios, relative risk and 95% confidence limits, as appropriate. Results: After one year of follow up, no pregnancies were reported. The IUD expulsion rate was 4.5% in each group. LNG-IUS users had a higher incidence of amenorrhea (OR 2.5 95% CI 2.2 - 3) and menstrual patterns significantly brief and lighter than Copper T 380 A (p < 0.001) with lower incidence of dysmenorrhea (OR 0.1 95% CI 0.04 - 0.2). No detrimental effects of LNG-IUS on breastfeeding was observed and interestingly babies weights of LNG-IUS users was slightly above the average for age compared with Copper T 380 A users. This was probably related with a major proportion of women with normal ferritin serum levels (94% vs 68%) leading to better mother’s general condition. Conclusions: LNG-IUS inserted during CS provides high efficacy contraception with additional benefits, mainly reducing menstrual bleeding and doing so, faster recovery of ferrous homeostasis after CS.

Levonorgestrel in postcoital contraception

ＬｅｖｏｎｏｒｇｅｓｔｒｅｌｉｎｐｏｓｔｃｏｉｔａｌｃｏｎｔｒａｃｅｐｔｉｏｎＢｌａＡ．ＲｅｓｃｈＥｍｅｒｇｅｎｃｙｃｏｎｔｒａｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｗａｓｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｉｎｔｏｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎｔｈｒｅｅｄｅｃａｄｅｓａ...

Antifertility effects of EP-1 (quinestrol and levonorgestrel) on Pacific rats (Rattus exulans)

Pest rodents pose a serious threat to island biodiversity.Fertility control could be an alternative approach to control the impact of rodents on these islands.In this study,we examined the antifertility effects of EP-1 baits containing quinestrol(E)and levonorgestrel(P)using a dose of 50 ppm E and P at three different ratios(E:P ratio=1:2,1:1,and 2:1)on Pacific rats(Rattus exulans)in the Xisha Islands,Hainan,China.Compared to the control group,all animals in EP-1 treatment groups showed significantly decreased food intake and body weight.In treated males,there were obvious abnormalities in testis structure and a significant decrease of relative seminal vesicle weight,but no significant effect on relative uterine and ovarian weights(g kg-1 body weight),or ovarian structure in females.Adding 8%sucrose to the original 50-ppm baits(E:P ratio=1:1)significantly increased bait palatability for males and females.This dose induced uterine edema and abnormalities of ovarian structure in females but had no significant negative effect on the relative testis,epididymis,and seminal vesicle weights(g kg-1 body weight)or sperm density in males.In summary,50-ppm EP-1(1:1)baits have the potential to disrupt the fertility of females,and 8%sucrose addition to the EP-1 baits(E:P ratio=1:1)could improve bait palatability.This dose disrupted the testis structure in males.Future studies are needed to improve bait acceptance and assess the antifertility effects of EP-1(1:1)on Pacific rats in captive breeding trials and underfield conditions.

左炔诺孕酮宫内节育系统放置对宫腔镜下息肉切除术患者子宫内膜厚度、性激素及炎症因子水平的影响

目的:探讨左炔诺孕酮宫内节育系统放置对宫腔镜下息肉切除术患者性激素、子宫内膜厚度以及炎症因子水平的影响。方法:选取2020年1月—2022年12月于酒泉市人民医院接受宫腔镜下息肉切除术治疗的160例患者作为研究对象,按信封随机法分为试验组(n=80)与对照组(n=80)。对照组施行黄体酮胶囊治疗,试验组施行左炔诺孕酮宫内节育系统放置治疗,比较两组月经量、子宫内膜厚度、性激素指标和炎症因子等。结果:两组术后月经量减少,子宫内膜厚度降低,且试验组术后4个月、8个月月经量少于对照组,子宫内膜厚度低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后8个月,两组性激素指标和炎症因子水平降低,且试验组孕酮、促黄体生成素、雌二醇、γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素(IL)-1与基质金属酶-3(MMP-3)水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:左炔诺孕酮宫内节育系统放置用于宫腔镜下息肉切除术后的疗效显著,有助于减少患者经期出血量,降低炎症因子水平,改善性激素指标,并促进子宫内膜厚度降低。

不同非手术治疗方案在子宫腺肌病中的临床效果分析

目的探讨不同非手术治疗方案在子宫腺肌病中的临床效果。方法回顾性分析非手术治疗子宫腺肌病患者临床资料130例,根据主治医师及患者选择治疗方案分为A组(曼月乐组,50例)、B组[促性腺激素释放激素激动剂(GnRHa)+曼月乐组,50例]和C组(地诺孕素组,30例)。观察各组治疗前与治疗后不同时间的子宫体积变化、月经量、痛经症状缓解情况、不良反应发生率及复发率等,评估临床治疗效果。结果治疗后各时间点子宫体积B组均小于A组,A组均小于C组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后各时间点VAS评分C组均小于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后3个月、6个月痛经VAS评分、PBAC评分B组小于A组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后6个月月经量评分C组小于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后12个月、24个月PBAC评分C组小于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不规则流血发生情况C组与A组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论3组治疗均可以缓解临床症状,但以GnRHa+曼月乐效果最佳。

俞氏化瘀止血方联合左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统治疗子宫腺肌病的前瞻性、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照研究

目的探究俞氏化瘀止血方联合左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统(LNG-IUS)治疗子宫腺肌病(AM)的疗效及安全性。方法采用前瞻性、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照研究设计,选取2019年12月至2022年12月就诊于上海交通大学医学院附属国际和平妇幼保健院及海军军医大学(第二军医大学)第一附属医院门诊的AM患者102例,随机分为化瘀方组和安慰剂组进行双盲临床试验,化瘀方组放置LNG-IUS后1个月加用俞氏化瘀止血方治疗,安慰剂组放置LNG-IUS后1个月加用安慰剂治疗,俞氏化瘀止血方和安慰剂均服用3个月。共95例完成随访,其中化瘀方组47例、安慰剂组48例;脱落7例,脱落率为6.86%。比较两组患者的月经失血图(PBAC)评分、子宫点滴出血天数、痛经视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分、子宫体积、血清糖类抗原125(CA125)水平和中医证候量化评分,并进行安全性评价。结果服药3个月后,与安慰剂组相比,化瘀方组患者PBAC评分、点滴出血天数、子宫体积、血清CA125水平、中医证候量化评分均降低(均P<0.05),痛经VAS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。随访过程中,化瘀方组患者均未接受手术治疗,安慰剂组有2例行手术治疗(其中1例行腹腔镜子宫全切术,1例行腹腔镜子宫腺肌瘤切除术),两组手术率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。安慰剂组与化瘀方组均未见明显不良反应。结论俞氏化瘀止血方可明显改善AM患者的点滴出血情况,促进子宫体积缩小,降低血清CA125水平,改善AM中医证候。建议AM患者在放置LNG-IUS后常规服用俞氏化瘀止血方制剂,以减少LNG-IUS的不良反应。

左炔诺孕酮宫内节育系统联合二甲双胍对子宫内膜不典型增生和早期子宫内膜癌保留生育功能治疗的研究

目的:探究左炔诺孕酮宫内节育系统(LNG-IUS)联合二甲双胍在子宫内膜不典型增生及早期子宫内膜癌患者中施行保留生育功能治疗(简称保育治疗)的有效性及影响疗效的相关因素。方法:回顾性分析2015年1月1日至2021年12月30日于沈阳市妇婴医院收治的子宫内膜不典型增生(41例)及早期子宫内膜癌(11例)要求保育治疗患者的临床资料,按照治疗方式不同,分为研究组(26例,LNG-IUS+二甲双胍)及对照组(26例,高效孕激素+二甲双胍),定期复查子宫内膜病理,分析两组完全缓解率、复发率及妊娠结局差异,并采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响患者完全缓解、复发、妊娠结局的相关因素。结果:两组一般临床资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与对照组比较,研究组有更高的完全缓解率、更短的平均完全缓解时间、更少的复发率、更高的活产率,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析发现,体质量指数(BMI)≥30 kg/m^(2)是患者完全缓解的危险因素(P<0.05);BMI≥30 kg/m^(2)和患有糖尿病或胰岛素抵抗是治愈后复发的危险因素(P<0.05);BMI≥30 kg/m^(2)及患有女性生殖系统伴随疾病是保育治疗后妊娠的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:LNG-IUS联合二甲双胍比高效孕激素联合二甲双胍的保育治疗,有更加满意的疗效及妊娠结果。同时患者BMI<30 kg/m^(2)可增加患者完全缓解率,减少治愈后复发率,增加保育治疗后妊娠率。

宫腔镜手术联合左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统治疗子宫内膜息肉对患者阴道微生态环境的影响

目的分析宫腔镜手术联合左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统治疗子宫内膜息肉(EP)对患者阴道微生态环境的影响。方法选取2019年1月至2021年1月九江市妇幼保健院/九江市儿童医院妇产科收治的60例接受宫腔镜手术治疗的EP患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为观察组与对比组,每组30例。对比组联合口服孕激素治疗,观察组联合左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统(LNG-IUS)治疗。比较两组阴道微生态环境、月经失血图(PBAC)评分、子宫内膜厚度,间质、腺皮质孕激素受体(PR)、雌激素受体(ER)表达及6个月复发率。结果观察组阴道微生态环境优于对比组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组阴道菌群多样性和菌群密度1级、2级占比均高于对比组,而3级、4级占比均低于对比组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组PBAC评分低于对比组,子宫内膜厚度薄于对比组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组间质、腺皮质PR、ER表达量均低于对比组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组6个月内复发率低于对比组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论宫腔镜手术联合LNG-IUS可有效改善EP患者阴道微生态环境,减少月经量,降低子宫内膜厚度及复发率,值得临床推广应用。

高强度聚焦超声联合热球子宫内膜消融治疗子宫腺肌病相关月经过多的临床研究

目的:探讨高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)联合热球子宫内膜消融(TBEA)治疗子宫腺肌病(AM)相关月经过多的疗效和安全性。方法:回顾性分析2021年1月至2022年12月在绵阳市中心医院就诊的AM合并月经过多患者77例的临床资料。根据不同的治疗方案分为HIFU联合TBEA组(HIFU+TBEA组,n=26)和HIFU联合促性腺激素释放激素激动剂(GnRH-a)及左炔诺孕酮宫内节育系统(LNG-IUS)(HIFU+药物组,n=51)。以HIFU治疗后不同随访时间点月经失血图(PBAC)评分作为主要结局指标,以痛经数字评定量表(NRS)评分、肿瘤糖类抗原125(CA 125)水平、再干预率、治疗有效率和不良反应情况作为次要结局指标。通过比较两组治疗前与治疗后不同时间结局指标的差异,评价HIFU联合TBEA治疗AM相关月经过多的疗效和安全性。结果:与治疗前比较,两组患者治疗后PBAC评分、NRS评分及CA 125均有显著下降(P<0.05)。与HIFU+药物组比较,HIFU+TBEA组治疗后6、9、12月PBAC评分更低(P<0.05),治疗后1、3月PBAC评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者治疗后1、3、6、9、12月NRS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。HIFU+TBEA组(11.54%)和HIFU+药物组(21.57%)治疗后再干预率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。HIFU+TBEA组(80.77%)和HIFU+药物组(70.59%)治疗总有效率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者治疗后的不良反应国际介入放射治疗协会(SIR)分类均在A~B级,无严重不良事件发生。结论:HIFU联合TBEA治疗AM相关月经过多具有较好的疗效和安全性,可作为无生育需求尤其是合并月经过多AM患者的一种长期管理方案,具有较好的临床应用价值。

Anti-fertility effect of levonorgestrel and quinestrol in Brandt’s voles(Lasiopodomys brandtii)

The combination of levonorgestrel and quinestrol(EP-1)has been shown to have anti-fertility effects on several wild rodents,but the mechanism underlying these effects is poorly understood.We investigated the effects of EP-1 and each of its components,levonorgestrel(P)and quinestrol(E),on the fertility of Brandt’s voles(Lasiopodomys brandtii)by using a gastric gavage method.The doses for EP-1,E and P were 1,0.34 and 0.66 mg/kg body weight,respectively.Male voles(n=98)were treated daily for 5 or 14 days,then the testes and epididymides were collected,weighed and examined histologically at 30(D30),60(D60)or 90(D90)days after the end of treatment.Four males were allowed to mate with normal females at D90.Female voles(n=75)were treated for 3 days and a further 3 days after a 7-day interval.The uteri and ovaries were weighed and examined histologically at 15(D15),30(D30)or 75(D75)days after the end of treatment.Each of three females were mated with fertile males at D30 and D75,respectively.Our results indicated that quinestrol(E)significantly decreased the sperm numbers in the testes as well as the weight of the testes and epididymides,with both of these tissues showing obvious structural abnormalities,and significantly reduced the litter size and the pup weight for females mated with males of the E treatment group.For female voles,treatment with E,P or EP-1 resulted in no marked influence on the fertility status.These data indicate that quinestrol(E)alone has a significant anti-fertility effect on male Brandt’s voles,but is ineffective in combination with levonorgestrel(P).