Perforation of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system found at one month after insertion:A case report

BACKGROUND The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system(LNG-IUS)is widely used in contraception,menorrhagia,dysmenorrhea and to prevent endometrial hyperplasia during estrogen supplementation.Perforation is more often seen after early postpartum placement.Perforation of the LNG-IUS occurring one month after placement is rare.CASE SUMMARY A 42-year-old female complained of progressive dysmenorrhea and increased menstrual volume.She was diagnosed with adenomyosis and the LNG-IUS was inserted in her uterine cavity.Routine ultrasound examination one month later revealed that the intra-uterine device(IUD)was not found in the uterine cavity,and further X-ray and pelvic magnetic resonance imaging showed an abnormal signal area in the left posterior region of the uterus.Laparoscopic exploratory surgery was performed and the LNG-IUS was found in the left uterosacral ligament.CONCLUSION Perforation of a LNG-IUS occurring one month after placement is rare,and is more common in inexperienced operators and after early postpartum placement.When the operation is difficult,ultrasound monitoring is recommended to reduce the risk of IUD perforation.For patients with inadequate surgery,postoperative imaging is recommended to detect potential risks as soon as possible.

Quality of Life in Women with Endometriosis Pelvic Pain Treated with the Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System

Objective: To evaluate the quality of life in patients with endometriosis pelvic pain before and after the application of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS). Design: Open non-comparative study. Setting: Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital at Monterrey, Mexico. Sample: 29 women aged 18 to 40 years with pelvic pain associated with endometriosis confirmed by laparoscopy. Methods: After laparoscopy but before LNG-IUS insertion (basal visit) and 6 months afterwards, modified Endometriosis Health Profile (EHP-30) was applied. Main outcomes measures: Size of change of questionnaire scores, need of additional analgesic therapy and adverse effects. Statistical Analysis: Differences in the questionnaire scores before and after intervention were analyzed by Student t-test. Results: Final analysis set included 29 women aged 31.7 ± 4.7 years years. The ASRM surgical staging of endometriosis was mild in 19.3 moderate in 13.7 and severe in 76% of the patients. The general perception of quality of life improved from 52 at baseline to 98% at six months (p < 0.001). Adverse events were mild in nature, 19 patients reported no adverse events during the study (65.5%). Two patients (6.9%) required the use of concomitant therapy with non-steroidal analgesics for relief of pain. Conclusion: The application of LNG-IUS in patients with pelvic pain associated with endometriosis improved significatively all aspects related with quality of life as measured with Endometriosis Health Profile (EHP-30). We concluded that LNGIUS may be an effective and convenient therapeutic alternative for the management of pain associated with endometriosis.

Importance of abdominal X-ray to confirm the position of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system:A case report

BACKGROUND Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine systems(LNG-IUSs)gradually release levonorgestrel into the uterus and is effective against hypermenorrhoea and dysmenorrhea.Complications associated with the insertion include expulsion,displacement,and uterine perforation.Ultrasonic identification of copper intrauterine devices(IUDs)is possible due to echogenicity from the copper coils.However,the barium sulfate coatings of LNG-IUSs do not always provide hyperechoic images.Both barium sulfate and copper are radiopaque and clearly identifiable on X-ray.Thus,X-ray imaging is required to locate LNG-IUSs.CASE SUMMARY A 46-year-old woman with hypermenorrhoea due to submucosal myomas was treated with LNG-IUS at another hospital.Three LNG-IUS insertions had apparently been followed by spontaneous expulsion,although objective confirmation using imaging was not performed.The patient was referred to our institution for surgery.At the first visit,there appeared to be no device in the uterus,and none was observed on transvaginal ultrasound.However,two LNGIUSs were observed in the pelvis on abdominal plain X-rays prior to surgery.Hysteroscopic myomectomy was performed,and the two LNG-IUSs were found to have perforated the myometrium.The devices were safely removed during surgery,and the submucosal myomas were also removed.The perforated section of the myometrium was minimal+ADs-therefore,a repair operation was not required.CONCLUSION Plain abdominal X-rays facilitate the determination of whether an LNG-IUS is in the uterine cavity.Therefore,it is important to confirm a device’s location,regardless of whether spontaneous expulsion is suspected,prior to inserting another device.

Clinical Efficacy of Dienogest and Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System in the Treatment of Adenomyosis

Objective:To compare the clinical efficacy and adverse reactions of dienogest and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in the treatment of adenomyosis.Methods:A total of 60 cases of adenomyosis admitted to Dezhou Women and Children’s Hospital from January 2020 to October 2021 were selected and randomly divided into two groups(Group A and Group B),which were initiated on dienogest and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system,respectively.The therapeutic effects and adverse reactions of the two groups were analyzed.Results:After 6 months of treatment,the uterine volume in the LNG-IUS group reduced slightly compared with that before treatment,with no statistical significance(p>0.05),while that in the DNG group increased slightly compared with that before treatment,with no statistical significance(p>0.05).After 6 months of treatment,the hemoglobin of patients in both groups increased compared with that before treatment;there was no significant difference in the DNG group(p>0.05),but there was significant difference in the LNG-IUS group(p<0.01).After 6 months of treatment,the VAS scores of the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment(p<0.01);the serum CA125 level in both groups decreased significantly compared with that before treatment(p<0.01).Conclusion:Mirena(levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system)has better therapeutic effect on adenomyosis and fewer adverse reactions than deinogest.

宫腔镜子宫内膜息肉切除术后口服避孕药或放置左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统对预防复发的作用

目的探讨子宫内膜息肉宫腔镜手术后口服避孕药或放置左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统(曼月乐)对预防复发的效果。方法 2009年1月～2011年10月门诊宫腔镜子宫内膜息肉切除术且病理证实为子宫内膜息肉116例,由患者知情选择术后处理方法。34例宫腔镜手术后1个月开始应用复方短效口服避孕药12个月(避孕药组),39例宫腔镜术后1个月放置曼月乐(曼月乐组),43例仅行宫腔镜手术切除息肉(对照组)。术后3、6、12个月随访,比较3组复发率,以及月经和血红蛋白情况。结果术后均完成12个月随访。复发率避孕药组2.9%(1/34),曼月乐组2.6%(1/39),对照组18.6%(8/43),3组间复发率差异有显著性(χ2=8.649,P=0.013),对照组复发率是另外2组的6倍。术后3、6、12个月避孕药组和曼月乐组月经量少的构成比均明显高于对照组(P=0.000)。术后12个月避孕药组和曼月乐组血红蛋白明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论宫腔镜术后应用复方短效口服避孕药或左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统可以降低子宫内膜息肉复发率,不良反应轻,创伤小,值得临床推广。

GnRH-a联合LNG-IUS治疗子宫腺肌症的疗效、月经模式与副反应

目的：探讨促性腺激素释放激素激动剂（Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue-A，GnRH-a）联合左炔诺孕酮宫内释放系统（levonorgestrel intrauterinesystem，LNG-IUS；曼月乐环）治疗子宫腺肌症（Adenomyosis，AM）的疗效。方法对2009年1月～2011年6月在我院就诊的25例AM患者给予GnRHa联合LNG-IUS治疗；所有患者用戈舍瑞林3.6 mg皮下注射，6个月后放置LNG-IUS，并继续随访30个月。于治疗前（B）、6针GnRHa后的第28天，即放置LNG-IUS前（G6），LNG-IUS后第1个月（L1）、3个月（L3）、6个月（L6）、9个月（L9）、12个月（L12）、18个月（L18）、24个月（L24）、30个月（L30）观察其疗效（子宫体积、内膜厚度、痛经VAS评分、血红蛋白变化）、月经模式及副反应。结果在GnRHa6个月及联合曼月乐环12个月内子宫体积较治疗前明显缩小，此后随访至30个月，子宫体积逐渐增大，但与治疗前比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；在联合治疗36个月的随访期内，与治疗前相比，内膜厚度明显变薄、痛经症状明显缓解，血红蛋白明显升高；其月经模式表现为不规则阴道出血改善、月经趋向规则、经量减少并走向月经稀发与闭经。其主要的副反应表现为环脱落（4%）、卵巢囊肿、体重增加、痤疮、乳房胀痛等。结论本研究提示GnRHa联合LNG-IUS治疗AM可明显的缓解痛经，改善月经过多，对控制子宫体积也有一定作用，副反应较轻，尤其适用于要求保留子宫的较大型子宫腺肌症患者。

Profile of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system users in China

The widespread usage of modem contraceptive methods has predominantly been driven by government family planning policies in efforts to mandate reduced total fertility rates.1 In particular,the high prevalence of long-acting contraception usage can be attributed to the mandatory requirement in the early 1980s for women with one child to have a copper intrauterine device （IUD） fitted and for sterilization for those with two or more children,2and more recently through financial incentives for married couples to use long-acting contraceptive methods.1 The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system （LNG-IUS） has been available in China since 2000 for contraception and treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding.Little is known about the profile of the Chinese women opting to use the LNG-IUS and the type of information they received before intrauterine system placement.We undertook this survey to profile the Chinese women choosing to use the LNG-IUS in clinical practice.

A comparative, randomized study of levonorgestrel Intrauterine System (LNG-IUS) vs Copper T 380 A intrauterine device applied during cesarean section

Objective: To assess levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system LNG-IUS (Mirena?) application at caesarean section (CS). Design: Randomized, comparative study. Setting: Department of obstetrics and gynecology in a primary reference hospital at Puebla City, Mexico. Sample: 396 women requiring CS signed informed consent and were randomly allocated to the post-placental application of LNG-IUS (198) or Copper T 380 A (198). Methods: Follow up visits at 6 weeks, and 6 and 12 months were performed. Main Outcomes Measures: IUDs expulsion, maternal and babies’ health conditions, breastfeeding and menstrual patterns, adverse effects and pregnancies. Differences between groups were analyzed by Fisher and X2 tests, Odds ratios, relative risk and 95% confidence limits, as appropriate. Results: After one year of follow up, no pregnancies were reported. The IUD expulsion rate was 4.5% in each group. LNG-IUS users had a higher incidence of amenorrhea (OR 2.5 95% CI 2.2 - 3) and menstrual patterns significantly brief and lighter than Copper T 380 A (p < 0.001) with lower incidence of dysmenorrhea (OR 0.1 95% CI 0.04 - 0.2). No detrimental effects of LNG-IUS on breastfeeding was observed and interestingly babies weights of LNG-IUS users was slightly above the average for age compared with Copper T 380 A users. This was probably related with a major proportion of women with normal ferritin serum levels (94% vs 68%) leading to better mother’s general condition. Conclusions: LNG-IUS inserted during CS provides high efficacy contraception with additional benefits, mainly reducing menstrual bleeding and doing so, faster recovery of ferrous homeostasis after CS.