Genesis of LCT Pegmatites during Early Paleozoic Orogeny of the North Qinling Orogenic Belt,China:Emplacement Conditions and Structural Control

The Guanpo pegmatite field in the North Qinling orogenic belt(NQB),China,hosts the most abundant LCT pegmatites.However,their emplacement conditions and structural control remain unexplored.In this contribution,we investigated it combining pegmatite orientation measurement with oxygen isotope geothermometry and fluid inclusion study.The orientations of type A1 pegmatites(P_(f)<σ_(2))are predominantly influenced by P-and T-fractures due to simple shearing in Shiziping dextral thrust shear zone during D_(2)deformation,whereas type A2 pegmatites(contemporaneous with D_(4))are governed by hydraulic fractures aligned with S_(0)and S_(0+1)stemming from fluid pressure(P_(f)<σ_(2)).Additionally,type B pegmatites(P_(f)≤σ_(2))exhibit orientations shaped by en echelon extensional fractures in local ductile shear zones(contemporaneous with D_(3)).The albite-quartz oxygen isotope geothermometry and microthermometric analysis of fluid inclusions in elbaites from the latest pegmatites(including types B and A2)suggest that the crystallization P-T for late magmatic and hydrothermal stages are 527.5-559.2℃,320℃,3.1-3.6 kbar and 2.0 kbar,respectively.Our observations along with previous studies suggest that the genesis of the LCT pegmatites was a long-term,multi-stage event during early Paleozoic orogeny(including the collision stage)of the NQB,and was facilitated by various local fractures.

The Weixi High-silica Granitoids in the Central Sanjiang Orogenic Belt,Southwest China:Implications for Growth of the Continental Crust

High-silica granitoids record the formation and evolution of the continental crust.A new intrusive complex has been recognized among silicic volcanic rocks of the Weixi arc,Southwest China.The intrusions consist of granites,granitic porphyries,and granodiorites.Zircon U-Pb age data indicate that the Weixi granitoids formed at 248-240 Ma and were coeval with silicic volcanic rocks of the Weixi arc.The Weixi granitoids are enriched in Rb,Th,and U,depleted in Ba,Sr,Nb,Ta,and Ti,and have high light/heavy rare earth element ratios and slightly negative Eu anomalies.The Weixi granitoids have negative ε_(Nd)(t)values(-9.8 to-7.8)and negative zircon ε_(Hf)(t)values(-12.02 to-5.11).The geochemical and isotopic features suggest the Weixi granitoids were derived by partial melting of ancient crustal material.The Weixi granitoids and silicic volcanic rocks were derived from the same magma by crystal accumulation and melt extraction,respectively,and they record the formation of a continental arc in the central Sanjiang orogenic belt.

Tectonic Evolution and Lithospheric Structure of the Beishan Orogen:Insights from Magnetotelluric Studies

The Beishan orogen,located in the central segment of the Tianshan–Solonker suture within the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB),is crucial for understanding the accretionary processes and continental growth in Central Asia.This orogen developed through the episodic amalgamation and accretion of continental margin arcs,island arcs,ophiolites,and accretionary wedges,undergoing a complex process of accretion and evolution.Since the Phanerozoic,the Beishan orogen has experienced multiple phases of magmatic and collision events.The intricate distribution of magmatic arc rocks has obscured the complete basement traces,and the spatial superposition of multiple magmatic arc phases has complicated the study of its evolutionary history.

The present-day kinematics of the Tianshan orogenic belt constrained by GPS velocities

Since the late Cenozoic,the reactivated Tianshan orogenic belt has accommodated crustal shortening exceeding 200 km,primarily due to the far-field effects of the India-Eurasia plate collision.However,the details of the strain partitioning in the Tianshan Mountain range remain elusive.We interpret a new compilation of GPS velocities covering the whole Tianshan range with a classic elastic block model.Compared to previous studies with a block modeling approach,the Tianshan orogenic belt is further subdivided into several blocks based on geological fault traces and a clustering analysis approach.In addition to obvious crustal shortening on the bounding thrust faults of the Tianshan,our inverted fault slip rates also reveal that faults within the Tianshan orogenic belt,such as the Nalati Fault and the southern margin of the Issyk-Kul Lake Fault,which plays a crucial role in accommodating the tectonic crustal shortening.In the 72°E-78°E region,the internal shortening rate within the mountain is approximately 5-7 mm/yr.Besides crustal shortening,strike-slip motion occurs on faults in the interior of the mountain range as well as in the foreland fold-and-thrust belts,especially in the southern margin of the Tianshan.These findings suggest that the crustal deformation in the Tianshan Mountain range is more complex than previously thought,and the oblique convergence between the Tarim Basin and the Tianshan probably results in both strike-slip and thrust motion.

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of the Silurian adakitic granitoids in the eastern segment of the Qilian Orogenic Belt,Northwest China

Geodynamic mechanism responsible for the generation of Silurian granitoids and the tectonic evolution of the Qilian orogenic belt remains controversial. In this study, we report the results of zircon U–Pb age, and systematic whole-rock geochemical data for the Haoquangou and Liujiaxia granitoids within the North Qilian orogenic belt and the Qilian Block, respectively, to constrain their petrogenesis, and the Silurian tectonic evolution of the Qilian orogenic belt. Zircon U–Pb ages indicate that the Haoquangou and Liujiaxia intrusions were emplaced at423 ± 3 Ma and 432 ± 4 Ma, respectively. The Haoquangou granodiorites are calc-alkaline, while the Liujiaxia granites belong to the high-K calc-alkaline series.Both are peraluminous in composition and have relatively depleted Nd isotopic [ε_(Nd)(t) =(-3.9 – + 0.6)] characteristics compared with regional basement rocks, implying their derivation from a juvenile lower crust. They show adakitic geochemical characteristics and were generated by partial melting of thickened lower continental crust. Postcollisional extensional regime related to lithospheric delamination was the most likely geodynamic mechanism for the generation of the Haoquangou granodiorite, while the Liujiaxia granites were generated in a compressive setting during continental collision between the Qaidam and Qilian blocks.

Zircon U-Pb geochronologic,geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope characteristics of the Beidaban granites in the North Qilian Orogenic Belt:Petrogenesis and tectonic implications

The tectonic evolution and crustal accretion process of the North Qilian Orogenic Belt(NQOB)are still under debate because of a lack of integrated constraints,especially the identifi cation of the tectonic transition from arc to initial collision.Here we present results from zircon U-Pb geochronology,whole-rock geochemistry,and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope geochemistry of the Beidaban granites to provide crucial information for geodynamic evolution of NQOB.Zircon U-Pb dating yields an age of 468±10 Ma for the Beidaban granites and most of the Beidaban samples contain amphibole,are potassium-rich,and have A/CNK values ranging from 0.7 to 0.9,illustrating that the Middle Ordovician Beidaban granites are K-rich,metaluminous,calc-alkaline granitoid.The geochemical characteristics indicate that the Beidaban granites are transitional I/S-type granitoids that formed in an arc setting.The isotopic compositions of initial(87 Sr/86 Sr)i values ranging from 0.70545 to 0.71082(0.70842 on average)andεNd(t)values ranging from−10.9 to−6.7(−8.8 on average)with two-stage Nd model ages(T DM2)of 1.74-2.08 Ga suggest that the Beidaban granites originated from Paleoproterozoic crustal materials.In addition,the initial Pb isotopic compositions(^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb=19.14-20.26;^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb=15.71-15.77;^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb=37.70-38.26)and geochemical features,such as high Th/Ta(17.43-30.12)and Rb/Nb(6.01-15.49)values,suggest that the Beidaban granite magma source involved recycled crustal components with igneous rocks.Based on these results in combination with previously published geochronological and geochemical data from other early Paleozoic igneous rocks,we suggest that the timing of the tectonic transition from arc to the initial collision to the fi nal closure of the North Qilian Ocean can be constrained to the Middle-Late Ordovician(ca.468–450 Ma).

Tectonic framework of Qilian orogen: reveal from an aeromagnetic anomaly feature

The Qilian Orogenic belt is one of the typical orogenic belts globally and a natural laboratory for studying plate tectonics.Many researchers have studied the ophiolite and high pressure and ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks in the Qilian orogen and obtained valuable achievements.However,a hot debate exists on the basement property,the distribution of ophiolite,and the boundaries of tectonic units.Large-scale high-precision aeromagnetic surveys have recently been conducted in the Qilian Orogenic belt and adjacent areas.In this study,we are trying to analysis the tectonic framework of the Qilian Orogen using 1:500,000 aeromagnetic data.The results provide geophysical perspectives for studying the structural framework and deformation of this area.According to the aeromagnetic∆T anomaly map,the central and Southern Qilian have the same magnetic anomaly feature that noticeably differs from the North Qilian Orogenic belt and the Qaidam Block.This result indicates that the central and Southern Qilian have a unified magnetic basement and differ from the North Qilian orogenic belt and Qaidam Block.The map shows the distribution of ophiolite in the North Qilian orogenic belt.Linear magnetic anomalies represent the ophiolites because the mafic–ultramafic rocks usually have high magnetic susceptibility.The ophiolite belts are continuously distributed in the western part of North Qilian orogenic belt and have a large scale.However,the scale of the ophiolite belt and the outcropping of mafic–ultramafic rocks reduces when they pass through Qilian County to the east.The results indicate differences in the evolution process between the eastern and western parts of North Qilian,with Qilian County as the transition zone.This study also systematically defines the geophysical boundaries of the Qaidam Block,Qilian Block,North Qilian Orogenic belt,and Alxa block.It is proposed that the sinistral displacement of the Altun Fault is adjusted and absorbed by the series of NE-trending faults in the Qilian orogen and merge into the Longshoushan–Gushi Fault.The extension of the North Qilian Orogenic belt is strengthened by the neotectonics movement along the shearing direction,which separated the North Qilian Orogenic belt into several segments and formed a series of northeast-trending faults.

Early Devonian Post-collisional Granitic Magmatism in the North Qilian Orogenic Belt,Western China:Insights into Lithospheric Delamination and Orogenic Collapse

Post-collisional magmatism contains important clues for understanding the reworking and growth of continental crust,as well as lithospheric delamination and orogenic collapse.Early Devonian magmatism has been identified in the North Qilian Orogenic Belt(NQOB).This paper reports an integrated study of petrology,whole-rock geochemistry,Sm-Nd isotope and zircon U-Pb dating,as well as Lu-Hf isotopic data,for two Early Devonian intrusive plutons.The Yongchang and Chijin granites yield zircon U-Pb ages of 394-407 Ma and 414 Ma,respectively.Both of them are characterized by weakly peraluminous to metaluminous without typical aluminium-rich minerals,LREE-enriched patterns with negative Eu anomalies and a negative correlation between P_(2)O_(5) and SiO_(2) contents,consistent with geochemical features of I-type granitoids.Zircons from the studied granites display negative to weak positive ε_(Hf)(t)values(−5.7 to 2.1),which agree well with those of negative ε_(Nd)(t)values(−6.4 to−2.9)for the whole-rock samples,indicating that they were derived from the partial melting of Mesoproterozoic crust.Furthermore,low Sr/Y ratios(1.13-21.28)and high zircon saturation temperatures(745℃ to 839℃,with the majority being>800℃)demonstrated a relatively shallow depth level below the garnet stability field and an additional heat source.Taken together,the Early Devonian granitic magmatism could have been produced by the partial melting of ancient crustal materials heated by mantle-derived magmas at high-temperature and low-pressure conditions during postcollisional extensional collapse.The data obtained in this study,when viewed in conjunction with previous studies,provides more information about the tectonic processes that followed the closure of the North Qilian Ocean.The tectonic transition from continental collision to post-collisional delamination could be constrained to~430 Ma,which is provided by the sudden decrease of Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios and an increase in zircon ε_(Hf)(t)values for granitoids.A two-stage tectonic evolution model from continental collision to post-collisional extensional collapse for the NQOB includes(a)continental collision and crustal thickening during ca.455-430 Ma,characterized by granulite-facies metamorphism and widespread low-Mg adakitic magmatism;(b)post-collisional delamination of thickened continental crust and extensional collapse of orogen during ca.430-390 Ma,provided by coeval high-Mg adakitic magmatism,A-type granites and I-type granitoids with low Sr-Y ratios.

Enhancing Geological Understanding and Identifying Gold Anomalies in the Ailaoshan Orogen

The Ailaoshan Orogen in the southeastern Tibet Plateau,situated between the Yangtze and Simao blocks,underwent a complex structural,magmatic,and metamorphic evolution resulting in different tectonic subzones with varying structural lineaments and elemental concentrations.These elements can conceal or reduce anomalies due to the mutual effect between different anomaly areas.Dividing the whole zone into subzones based on tectonic settings,ore cluster areas,or sample catchment basins(Scb),geochemical and structural anomalies associated with gold(Au)mineralization have been identified utilizing mean plus twice standard deviations(Mean+2STD),factor analysis(FA),concentration-area(CA)modeling of stream sediment geochemical data,and lineament density in both the Ailaoshan Orogen and the individual subzones.The FA in the divided 98 Scbs with 6 Scbs containing Au deposits can roughly ascertain unknown rock types,identify specific element associations of known rocks and discern the porphyry or skarn-type Au mineralization.Compared with methods of Mean+2STD and C-A model of data in the whole orogen,which mistake the anomalies as background or act the background as anomalies,the combined methods of FA and C-A in the separate subzones or Scbs works well in regional metallogenic potential analysis.Mapping of lineament densities with a 10-km circle diameter is not suitable to locate Au deposits because of the delineated large areas of medium-high lineament density.In contrast,the use of circle diameters of 1.3 km or 1.7 km in the ore cluster scale delineates areas with a higher concentration of lineament density,consistent with the locations of known Au deposits.By analyzing the map of faults and Au anomalies,two potential prospecting targets,Scbs 1 and 63 with a sandstone as a potential host rock for Au,have been identified in the Ailaoshan Orogen.The use of combined methods in the divided subzones proved to be more effective in improving geological understanding and identifying mineralization anomalies associated with Au,rather than analyzing the entire large area.

Early Cretaceous Metasomatized Lithospheric Mantle beneath the Central Jiangnan Orogen in South China:Geochemical and Sr-Nd Isotope Evidence from the Tuanshanbei Dolerite

It is well established that Cretaceous magmatism in the South China Block(SCB)is related to the Paleo-Pacific subduction.However,the starting time and the associated deep crust-mantle processes are still debatable.Mafic dike swarms carry important information on the deep earth(including mantle)geodynamics and geochemical evolution.In the Jiangnan Orogen(South China).there is no information on whether the Mesozoic magmatic activities in this region are also directly related to the Pacific subduction or not.In this study,we present detailed zircon U-Pb geochronological,wholerock element and Sr-Nd isotope data for Early Cretaceous Tuanshanbei dolerite dikes,and provide new constraints on the condition of the lithospheric mantle and mantle dynamics of the SCB during that time.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating suggests that this dolerite erupted in the Early Cretaceous(~145 Ma).All samples have alkaline geochemical affinities with K_(2)O+Na_(2)O=3.11-4.04 wt%,K_(2)O/Na_(2)O=0.50-0.72,and Mg^(#)=62.24-65.13.They are enriched in LILE but depleted in HFSE with higher initial^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratio(0.706896-0.714743)and lower ε_(Nd)(t)(-2.61 to-1.67).They have high Nb/U,Nb/La,La/Sm and Rb/Sr,and low La/Nb,La/Ta,Ce/Pb,Ba/Rb,Tb/Yb and Gd/Yb ratios.Such geochemical signatures suggest that the fractional crystallization is obvious but crustal contamination play a negligible role during magmatic evolution.Tuanshanbei dolerite were most likely derived from low-degree(2%-5%)partial melting of a phlogopite-bearing mantle material consisted of~85% spinel peridotite and~15% garnet peridotite previously metasomatized by asthenospherederived fluids/melts with minor subduction-derived fluids/melts.Slab-rollback generally lead to the upwelling of the hot asthenosphere.The upwelling of asthenosphere consuming the lithospheric mantle by thermo-mechanical-chemical erosion.The lithospheric mantle may have partially melted due to the heating by the upwelling asthenosphere and lithospheric extension.It is inferred that the Tuanshanbei dolerite might be associated with the initial slab rollback and corresponding lithospheric extension occurred potentially at ca.145 Ma.

碎屑锆石稀土元素约束造山带演化:以西藏冈底斯山脉为例

碎屑锆石是开展地球早期造山带演化研究的关键素材之一。目前,如何使用碎屑锆石稀土元素(REE)区分洋-陆俯冲和陆-陆碰撞过程仍然是一个没有解决的问题。本文总结了前人的实验岩石学研究成果,并且以西藏冈底斯山脉为例提出和验证了使用碎屑锆石Eu异常(Eu/Eu^(*))和轻、重稀土比值(LREE_(N)/HREE_(N))的相关系数(r_(Dz))区分洋-陆俯冲和陆-陆碰撞过程的可能性。实验岩石学研究表明,锆石的Eu/Eu^(*)和LREE_(N)/HREE_(N)分别与斜长石和石榴子石分异相关,并且主要受控于母岩浆的源区深度、源岩类型、氧逸度和水含量。这些因素在不同造山带中具有不同的特征,因此可以推测:碎屑锆石稀土元素数据可以反映构造环境的变化。本文以西藏冈底斯山脉的碎屑锆石稀土元素数据为例验证了这一推测。在洋-陆俯冲阶段(约150~60 Ma),碎屑锆石的Eu/Eu^(*)和LREE_(N)/HREE_(N)变化趋势具有较好的耦合关系,r_(Dz)值稳定于0.62~0.81,其原因可能为在此期间氧逸度和水含量总体稳定,且S型花岗质岩石较少,导致碎屑锆石Eu/Eu^(*)和LREE_(N)/HREE_(N)主要受控于母岩浆的结晶压力。由于陆-陆碰撞而发生板片断离之后,r_(Dz)值出现了明显下降,在40~30 Ma、30~20 Ma和20~10 Ma阶段分别为0.73、0.57和0.18,其原因可能为S型岩浆岩比例的上升和不稳定的氧逸度和水含量,导致碎屑锆石Eu/Eu^(*)和LREE_(N)/HREE_(N)比值逐渐呈现解耦的变化趋势。上述结果表明r_(Dz)值有潜力成为区分洋-陆俯冲和陆-陆碰撞过程的一种新方法。

东昆仑造山带岩浆Ni-Co硫化物矿床成矿作用:橄榄石成分和全岩S同位素制约

东昆仑造山带不仅产出世界级夏日哈木Ni-Co硫化物矿床,也产出多个同时代的含岩浆硫化物的镁铁-超镁铁质岩体,如石头坑德。夏日哈木和石头坑德岩体具有相似的矿物学和岩石学特征,但二者的成矿规模明显不同,这些异同点为探讨造山带环境幔源岩浆的硫饱和机制与过程、以及岩浆硫化物成矿控制因素提供了良好的对象。本文在前人研究的基础上,系统分析与对比夏日哈木和石头坑德岩体的橄榄石成分和全岩S同位素组成,探讨造山带环境岩浆硫化物矿床的成矿作用。夏日哈木岩体中橄榄石的Fo牌号在82.3~90.0之间,Ni含量在558×10^(-6)~4370×10^(-6)之间;石头坑德岩体中橄榄石的Fo牌号在79.9~90.2之间,Ni含量在300×10^(-6)~3040×10^(-6)之间。夏日哈木岩体全岩的δ^(34) S值在4.0‰~6.4‰之间,平均值为5.2‰;石头坑德岩体全岩的δ^(34) S值在1.8‰~4.6‰之间,平均值为3.2‰。夏日哈木岩体中高Fo牌号橄榄石的Ni含量(高达4000×10^(-6))明显高于石头坑德岩体(通常小于3000×10^(-6)),表明前者母岩浆的Ni含量高于后者。石头坑德岩体贫硫化物纯橄岩中橄榄石具有高的Fo牌号和低的Ni含量,且显示出负相关性。这些特征表明石头坑德岩体母岩浆演化过程经历了富Mg碳酸盐岩的混染:富Mg物质的加入不仅促使结晶出高Fo牌号的橄榄石,也延长了橄榄石的结晶区间。由于Ni在橄榄石中为中等相容元素,大量橄榄石的结晶导致残余岩浆中的Ni含量进一步降低。此外,岩相学研究表明夏日哈木岩体中包裹硫化物珠滴的橄榄石Fo牌号较高,最高值达89.2;相反,石头坑德岩体中包裹硫化物珠滴的橄榄石的Fo牌号通常低于85。这些特征指示母岩浆演化过程中夏日哈木岩体的S饱和与硫化物熔离阶段早于石头坑德。另一方面,夏日哈木和石头坑德岩体的全岩δ^(34) S值均明显高于地幔(-2‰~+2‰),暗示二者母岩浆演化过程中有地壳S的加入。由于两个岩体直接围岩中的S含量都很低,因此,深部地壳S的加入是促使两个岩体母岩浆达到硫饱和、发生硫化物熔离的关键因素。综合以上认识,我们提出岩浆演化过程中早期大量橄榄石的结晶和较晚阶段S饱和是导致石头坑德岩体相对(夏日哈木岩体)贫Ni的重要机制。因此,原始岩浆富Ni、深部地壳S的加入导致岩浆演化早期硫化物熔离等条件与过程的耦合是东昆仑造山带超大型岩浆硫化物矿床成矿的关键控制因素。

中国奥陶纪地理分区的再认识

中国大陆地壳在奥陶纪时由华北、扬子、塔里木三大陆块及围绕它们的诸多微陆块和造山带组成。基于陆块、微陆块和造山带等不同属性地体的识别特征,按陆块、洋板块中的微陆块、造山带和疑问块体4种类型,分别阐述它们在中国奥陶纪的发育特征。在此基础上,综合古地理信息,提出中国奥陶纪共划分出4个大区16个地理区的新认识。该时期中国各陆块主要在环西伯利亚、古亚洲洋、原特提斯洋和冈瓦纳北缘分布,由此归纳为4个大区,其中华北和塔里木分割了古亚洲洋和原特提斯洋,但归入原特提斯洋大区中。环西伯利亚大区可分为北疆区和兴安区,前者由阿尔泰、准噶尔—吐哈微陆块和东西准噶尔造山带组成,后者囊括额尔古纳、兴安、锡林浩特、松辽和佳木斯等东北微陆块群。古亚洲洋大区仅分出中天山—北山区,伊宁微陆块为该区成员。原特提斯洋大区除了华北区和塔里木区外,还包括柴达木—祁连、昆仑—秦岭、扬子、华夏、印支和松潘—甘孜区,其中中阿尔金和全吉微陆块属于柴达木—祁连区,义敦微陆块属松潘—甘孜区。冈瓦纳大区分为羌塘、拉萨、喜马拉雅、滇缅泰马和海南区,其中保山微陆块和临沧微陆块为滇缅泰马区的组成部分。此外,阿拉善和敦煌块体分别归入华北和塔里木区中。上述中国奥陶纪地理分区的认识与前人存在较大差异,作者旨在抛砖引玉,希望能引起更多学者关注并探求更合理的划分方案。

中亚造山带洋脊俯冲的主要特征与研究进展

洋脊俯冲指扩张洋脊与俯冲带交叉,随俯冲板片俯冲到地幔的现象,是现代大洋板块动力学系统中普遍且重要的地质过程。由于洋脊的特殊结构和形态,其对板块俯冲角度、俯冲带热结构、岛弧岩浆作用产生、陆壳增生及金属成矿有重要控制作用,因此受到广泛关注。当扩张洋脊俯冲时会形成板片窗,并形成特殊的埃达克岩-高镁安山岩-富Nb玄武岩等岩石组合,且与Cu、Au成矿关系密切。本文概述了现今洋脊俯冲引发的地质过程研究历史与现状,论述了与之相关的构造运动、岩浆活动与成矿特点,同时系统地总结了中亚造山带西准噶尔、阿尔泰、东准噶尔、北山、中国天山、内蒙古、阿拉善和兴凯等地区与洋脊俯冲有关的岩浆活动及变质、变形作用。根据中亚造山带洋脊俯冲时空分布规律,指出与洋脊俯冲有关的岩浆活动均分布在中亚造山带南缘,时代主要集中在490~371 Ma和338~254 Ma,并认为在此期间很可能存在至少两次大的洋脊俯冲事件。中亚造山带许多矿床的成因与洋脊俯冲有关,尤其是新疆北部地区,表明洋脊俯冲体系可能是造成中亚造山带成矿作用的关键因素。因此,对中亚造山带洋脊俯冲的厘定,有利于深入揭示中亚造山带陆壳侧向和垂向的复式增生方式和金属成矿作用。

阿拉善地区二叠纪-三叠纪构造变形环境与属性:问题与争论

【研究目的】二叠纪—三叠纪是中亚造山带演化的关键阶段,形成了一系列不同性质、机制和时代的变形,可能代表了古亚洲洋俯冲-碰撞-陆内3个重要演化阶段的产物。近年来的工作在中亚造山带中段的阿拉善地区识别出大量的二叠纪—三叠纪变形,但是对这些变形的解释和认识存在很多争论,导致对古亚洲洋关闭时限产生不同认识。【研究方法】系统介绍目前已知阿拉善不同地区二叠纪—三叠纪变形,厘定了该时期阿拉善地区的构造序列和特点。【研究结果】中二叠世晚期(270~260 Ma),在阿拉善北部形成广泛分布的线性褶皱与逆冲构造。晚二叠世末—三叠纪初,形成卷入整个阿拉善地块与中亚造山带的大型韧性剪切变形;晚三叠世,形成了切割造山带的大型左行走滑变形。以上3期变形的切割关系在阿拉善东北部狼山、中部杭乌拉、西部霍布哈尔等地区最典型。系统分析碰撞阶段和陆内阶段的变形特点,认为晚二叠世变形代表了古亚洲洋关闭碰撞阶段的变形,晚二叠世末—三叠纪初的变形代表了造山带形成之后,Pangea超大陆形成的巨型剪切变形,是中亚造山带形成后经历的第一期陆内变形,而晚三叠世变形代表了受控于板块周缘陆陆碰撞的远程效应。【结论】古大洋消失后的碰撞阶段变形与陆内变形有一定的差异,从变形角度可以有效限定古亚洲洋不同阶段的演化。以阿拉善地区为代表的中亚造山带在洋陆转换阶段内连续经历不同性质、不同方向变形的叠加,也是增生型造山带的重要特征。

穹隆构造与伟晶岩型锂矿的形成关系——以四川可尔因稀有金属矿田为例

【研究目的】四川可尔因稀有金属矿田是松潘-甘孜造山带内最重要的伟晶岩型锂矿密集区之一,产于马尔康穹隆中。目前对该穹隆构造如何控制伟晶岩(矿)脉产出尚不清楚,一定程度上限制了对该地区矿体赋存规律的理解。本文探讨可尔因矿田穹隆构造与伟晶岩型锂矿的形成关系,进而指导该地区伟晶岩型锂矿勘查。【研究方法】对可尔因地区穹隆构造与典型矿床伟晶岩脉产出特征开展了深入的野外地质调查与构造解析。【研究结果】对穹隆构造变形特征的调查结果显示,可尔因地区穹隆构造主要包含4期变形:第一期为早期区域收缩变形,第二期为可尔因韧性拆离带的发育,第三期为顶面向外滑脱+张性破裂的发育,第四期为后期叠加变形。对伟晶岩脉产出特征的分析显示,典型矿床伟晶岩脉的产出可能与下部隐伏岩体的抬升有关,而非简单受控于穹隆核部主岩体部分。【结论】结合区域构造演化资料分析认为,上述穹隆变形的第一期与造山早期双向挤压碰撞有关,第二期韧性拆离带的发展是引发可尔因穹隆核部抬升的重要因素,第三期变形中张性破裂是该地区伟晶岩矿脉的主要容矿构造,第四期变形中新生代逆冲断层的发育使得矿田东南部穹隆幔部得以保存,其中的大型—超大型锂矿床受较低程度的构造剥蚀。整个可尔因矿田花岗岩和上覆三叠系可视作主穹隆系统,而局部隐伏花岗岩株和上覆地层可视作子穹隆系统,区内典型锂矿床中伟晶岩(矿)脉的产出受控于子穹隆系统。根据穹隆控矿的特征,指出核部物质来源、幔部容矿空间及伟晶岩空间分带效应是影响并控制可尔因地区穹隆成矿系统的3个重要因素,针对伟晶岩型锂矿的地质找矿尤其要注意梳理子穹隆系统的上述三要素。上述创新思路已在四川加达、高壤等矿床(区)找矿中成功应用,为在以深切割、厚覆盖为特征的高原地区进一步提升伟晶岩型锂矿找矿效率提供了参考依据.

独居石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb法测定北大别木子店片麻杂岩变质年龄

北大别构造带木子店片麻杂岩是目前华南陆块范围内出露的最古老岩石,但有关其变质时代和构造性质等问题仍缺乏研究。对这些岩石的变质时代开展研究,对于了解华南陆块早期地壳演化过程具有重要意义。本文利用LA-ICP-MS方法对木子店片麻杂岩中两件片麻岩样品进行了独居石的微区原位U-Pb定年和微量元素分析,采用独居石标准物质44069对年龄进行校正,独居石标准物质Trebilcock作为监控,测试结果与其推荐值在误差范围内相一致。结果显示,大多数独居石具有均一、无环带特点,且存在重稀土元素明显亏损以及负Eu异常,暗示其可能形成于变质成因。两件片麻岩样品的独居石U-Pb年龄分别为129±1Ma和130±1Ma,代表了木子店片麻杂岩发生变质作用的时间,这一年龄与木子店地区早白垩世花岗岩的侵位年龄基本一致,也与北大别造山带内大量出露的混合岩时代相吻合。研究认为大别造山带早白垩世加厚地壳的伸展垮塌和造山山根拆沉,引起了变质作用和同时代的岩浆活动,将北大别构造带从挤压向伸展的构造转换时间限定在~130Ma。

华南造山带上泛非期岩浆活动证据的发现及地质意义

由于华南造山带缺乏早古生代初岩浆活动的直接证据而导致华南造山带与扬子地块碰撞拼合完成时间、早古生代初的大地构造背景、是否属于冈瓦纳一部分等科学问题的研究争议不断,因此寻找泛非期岩浆岩成为解决以上问题的关键。本次研究主要通过岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学及Lu-Hf同位素等手段来分析诸广山复式岩基中北部的梧桐岩体的年代学、岩石地球化学等方面的特征。研究表明,梧桐岩体主体由黑云母二长花岗岩构成,黑云母二长花岗岩的成岩年龄为494.4 Ma,具有高硅铝(SiO_(2)=59.93%~71.31%,Al_(2)O_(3)=13.43%~19.20%)、高碱(K_(2)O=3.35%~5.93%,Na_(2)O=2.33%~6.21%)、高铁(TFe_(2)O_(3)=2.09%~6.20%)、低镁(MgO=0.44%~2.18%),富集Rb、Th、U、Nb和轻稀土元素,亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti等特征,其岩浆物质主要来源于下地壳物质的重熔或多次重熔,岩浆侵入过程中可能存在少量地幔物质加入。梧桐岩体的发现暗示华南造山带与扬子地块中部可能在早古生代(520~480 Ma)完成碰撞拼合,且与冈瓦纳大陆关系密切,极有可能是冈瓦纳大陆的一部分,它为进一步厘清泛非造山运动作用于华南造山带乃至华南地区的时限、作用范围、岩浆成因、大地构造背景特征等科学问题提供了典型研究对象。

北山造山带马鬃山泥盆纪花岗岩对古亚洲洋构造演化的制约

北山造山带是一个地质构造复杂的区域,其构造演化和构造单元的划分一直是地质学界研究的热点问题。前人对该地区泥盆纪大地构造背景存在不同的观点,这些分歧主要源于对地质证据的不同解读和理论模型的差异。通过对该地区马鬃山泥盆纪花岗岩的详细分析,发现这些岩石具有显著的富K、贫Na特征,属于高钾钙碱性系列,可能来源于地壳深部的熔融过程。此外,这些岩石还显示出过铝质花岗岩的特性,这通常与特定的构造环境和源区成分有关。在稀土元素分布上,轻稀土元素和重稀土元素的明显分异,以及轻微的Eu异常,进一步指示了岩浆分离结晶过程中的复杂行为。该岩体相对富含Cs、Rb、Ba、Th、U和K等元素,而相对缺乏Nb、Ta、P和Ti等元素。利用LA-ICP-MS对锆石进行U-Pb定年分析,获得(396.3±3.5)Ma的年龄数据,说明岩体形成于早泥盆世。源区岩石主要由杂砂岩组成,可能指示了岩浆源区的沉积岩成分。马鬃山二长花岗岩的成因类型被确定为S型花岗岩,这类岩石通常与陆壳的重熔作用有关,其形成与地质历史上的同碰撞—后碰撞构造环境密切相关。综上所述,北山造山带的俯冲作用在早泥盆世已经结束,区域地质构造已经从俯冲阶段过渡到后碰撞阶段。

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部延长组中期物源分析及其对秦岭造山带隆升作用的指示

为了厘清盆地东南部延长组中期沉积物源,从而限定秦岭造山带隆升启动时限,利用碎屑锆石U-Pb测年方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地东南部金锁关、下寺湾、黄陵和黄龙地区延长组中期物源进行分析。结果表明:金锁关地区碎屑锆石年龄组合主要分布为2200~2700 Ma、1700~2100 Ma、900~1200 Ma、400~500 Ma、205~382 Ma;黄龙、下寺湾、黄陵地区碎屑锆石年龄组合主要分布为2200~2700 Ma、1700~2100 Ma、205~382 Ma。综合研究认为:①存在一个湖盆沉积中心,将延长组中期盆地东南部研究区内部分割两个不同的区域,湖盆沉积中心以南的金锁关地区物源与盆地南部华北克拉通南缘和北秦岭构造带相关。湖盆沉积中心以北的黄龙、黄陵和下寺湾地区物源主要与盆地北部阴山地块、孔兹岩带以及华北克拉通北缘华力西期—印支期热事件岩浆岩岩体相关。②长7期金锁关沉积物与秦岭造山带有良好的沉积响应,其中最年轻锆石颗粒反映造山带在(234.7±4)Ma左右开始隆升造山。