Quantitative effect of kerogen type on the hydrocarbon generation potential of Paleogene lacustrine source rocks,Liaohe Western Depression,China

Kerogen types exert a decisive effect on the onset and capacity of hydrocarbon generation of source rocks.Lacustrine source rocks in the Liaohe Western Depression are characterized by thick deposition,high total organic carbon(TOC)content,various kerogen types,and a wide range of thermal maturity.Consequently,their hydrocarbon generation potential and resource estimation can be misinterpreted.In this study,geochemical tests,numerical analysis,hydrocarbon generation kinetics,and basin modeling were integrated to investigate the differential effects of kerogen types on the hydrocarbon generation potential of lacustrine source rocks.Optimized hydrocarbon generation and expulsion(HGE)models of different kerogen types were established quantitatively upon abundant Rock-Eval/TOC/vitrinite reflectance(R_(o))datasets.Three sets of good-excellent source rocks deposited in the fourth(Es4),third(Es3),and first(Es1)members of Paleogene Shahejie Formation,are predominantly types I-II_(1),II_(1)-II_(2),and II-III,respectively.The activation energy of types I-II_(2)kerogen is concentrated(180-230 kcal/mol),whereas that of type III kerogen is widely distributed(150-280 kcal/mol).The original hydrocarbon generation potentials of types I,II_(1),II_(2),and III kerogens are 790,510,270,and 85 mg/g TOC,respectively.The Ro values of the hydrocarbon generation threshold for type I-III source rocks gradually increase from 0.42%to 0.74%,and Ro values of the hydrocarbon expulsion threshold increase from 0.49%to 0.87%.Types I and II_(1)source rocks are characterized by earlier hydrocarbon generation,more rapid hydrocarbon expulsion,and narrower hydrocarbon generation windows than types II_(2)and III source rocks.The kerogen types also affect the HGE history and resource potential.Three types(conventional,tight,and shale oil/gas)and three levels(realistic,expected,and prospective)of hydrocarbon resources of different members in the Liaohe Western Depression are evaluated.Findings suggest that the Es3 member has considerable conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon resources.This study can quantitatively characterize the hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks with different kerogen types,and facilitate a quick and accurate assessment of hydrocarbon resources,providing strategies for future oil and gas exploration.

Distribution and treatment of harmful gas from heavy oil production in the Liaohe Oilfield, Northeast China

The distribution and treatment of harmful gas （H2S） in the Liaohe Oilfield, Northeast China, were investigated in this study. It was found that abundant toxic gas （H2S） is generated in thermal recovery of heavy oil. The H2S gas is mainly formed during thermochemical sulfate reduction （TSR） occurring in oil reservoirs or the thermal decomposition of sulfocompounds （TDS） in crude oil. H2S generation is controlled by thermal recovery time, temperature and the injected chemical compounds. The quantity of SO4^2- in the injected compounds is the most influencing factor for the rate of TSR reaction. Therefore, for prevention of H2S formation, periodic and effective monitoring should be undertaken and adequate H2S absorbent should also be provided during thermal recovery of heavy oil. The result suggests that great efforts should be made to reduce the SO4^2- source in heavy oil recovery, so as to restrain H2S generation in reservoirs. In situ burning or desulfurizer adsorption are suggested to reduce H2S levels. Prediction and prevention of H2S are important in heavy oil production. This will minimize environmental and human health risks, as well as equipment corrosion.

Geochemistry of source rocks in the Es_3 and Es_4 members in the Shahejie Formation of the Western Depression, Liaohe Oilfield, China

The Western Depression of the Liaohe Basin is the major exploration area of the Liaohe Oilfield, and its main source rocks consist of the third and fourth members of the Shahejie Formation (Es3 and Es4). These source rocks are widely distributed in the depression, with semi-deep lake and fan delta as the main sedimentary facies, brown oil shale and black gray-dark gray mudstone as the main rocks, and a total thickness of 270-1450 m. The kerogens are mainly of the types I and IIA, and partly of the type IIB and least of the type III. The Ro values range from 0.4%-0.8%, indicating an evolution stage from immature to mature. The maturity of Es4 source rocks is rela-tively high, reaching the early mature stage, but their distribution and thickness are lower than those of Es3. Besides, according to biomarker analysis, it is thought that the source rocks of Es3 and Es4 are characterized by mixed input, and most of the source rocks were formed in the brackish water-saline and strongly oxygen-free environment. Fur-thermore, the Qingshui, Niuxintuo and Chenjia sags are believed to possess greater potential for hydrocarbon gen-eration and expulsion, for they are source rocks with a larger thickness, have higher organic carbon contents, belong to better organic matter types and possess higher maturities.

New Technology of Optimizing Heavy Oil Reservoir Management by Geochemical Means: A Case Study in Block Leng 43, Liaohe Oilfield, China

Geochemical methods can be used to optimize heavy oil reservoir management. The distribution of some biomarkers in oils is different with the degree of biodegradation. Geochemical parameters can be used to predict oil viscosity and thus to preliminarily evaluate the difficulties involved in oil production. The results of viscosity prediction for oils from reservoir S\+2\-3 in block Leng 43 and preliminary evaluation of oil production difficulty are consistent with the geological data.

Quantitative characterization of deep fault-karst carbonate reservoirs: A case study of the Yuejin block in the Tahe oilfield

The Ordovician reservoirs in the Tahe oilfield are dominated by fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs, of which fault-karst reservoirs are a hot topic in recent years. Fault-karst reservoirs feature high production, large burial depth, and strong heterogeneity under the control of faulting and karstification. Based on geological, logging, and seismic data, this study classified the Ordovician fault-karst reservoirs in the Yuejin block of the Tahe oilfield into three types, namely karst-cave, dissolved-vug, and fractured types, and established the integrated identification criteria of the three types of reservoirs. This study characterized karst caves, dissolved vugs, and multi-scale faults through seismic wave impedance inversion and frequency-domain detection of multi-scale faults. 3D geological models of different types of reservoirs were built using the combined deterministic and stochastic methods and characterized the spatial distribution of multi-scale faults, karst caves, dissolved vugs, and physical property parameters of reservoir. This study established the method for the geological modeling of fault-karst reservoirs, achieved the quantitative characterization and revealed the heterogeneity of fault-karst reservoirs. The karst-cave and dissolved-vug types are high in porosity and act as reservoirs, while the fractured type is high in permeability and act as flow pathway. This study lays the foundation for the development index prediction, well emplacement, and efficient development of the fault-karst carbonate reservoirs.

Production evolution patterns and development stage division of waterflooding oilfields

The continuous growth of recoverable reserves in a waterflooding oilfield has a significant impact on the patterns of production evolution. A new production evolution model is established by improving the Weng Cycle model. With the new model, the statistical correspondence between the production decline stage and the reserve-production imbalance is clarified,and the correlation of water cut with the recovery percent of recoverable reserves is discussed, providing quantitative basis of reservoir engineering for dividing development stages of oilfield and defining mature oilfields. According to the statistics of oilfields in eastern China, the time point corresponding to the reserve-production balance coefficient dropping to less than 1dramatically is well correlated the beginning point of production decline, thus the time when the reserve-production balance coefficient drops dramatically can be taken as the initiation point of production decline stage. The research results show that the water cut and the recovery percent of recoverable reserves have a good statistical match in the high water cut stage, and it is more rational to take both the start point of production decline stage and the water cut of 90%(or the recovery percent of recoverable reserves of 80%) as the critical criteria for defining a mature oilfield. Five production evolution patterns can be summarized as follows: growth–peak plateau–stepped decline, growth–stepped stabilizing–stepped decline, growth–stepped stabilizing–rapid decline, growth–peak plateau–rapid decline, and growth–continuous decline.

Development technologies for Triassic Chang 7 shale oil in Ordos Basin: A case study of Qingcheng Oilfield, NW China

The reservoirs in the seventh member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation (Chang 7 Member) in the Qingcheng Oilfield of the Ordos Basin are characterized by thin sandbody, tight rocks, high heterogeneity, low formation pressure coefficient, and complex geomorphology. Through the efforts in the stages of exploration, appraisal, pilot testing and development, a series of key technologies have been formed, including “sweet spot” optimization, differentiated three-dimensional well deployment, fast drilling and completion of large-cluster horizontal well, intensively-staged volume fracturing in long horizontal well, and optimization of rational production system. Furthermore, a production organization mode represented by factory-like operations on loess platform has been implemented. Application of these technologies has enabled to significantly improve the single-well production of the Qingcheng Oilfield, reduce the investment cost, and realize a large-scale and beneficial development at a full cost below $55 per barrel. In 2022, the annual production of Chang 7 shale oil in the Ordos Basin reached 221×10^(4) t, accounting for 70% of the annual shale oil production of China. The practice of development technologies in the Qingcheng Oilfield provides valuable references for efficient development of continental shale oil.

Logging curves characteristics and response mechanisms of basaltic facies and sub-facies: A case study from eastern sag of Liaohe depression, Northeast China

Based on five types of conventional logging curves including GR,RLLD,CNL,DEN and AC,and 39 core samples from 30 representative boreholes,the logging characteristics and lithofacies and sub-facies of the basaltic rocks were studied.Three basaltic facies and four sub-facies are recognized from the well logs,includ-ing volcanic conduit facies(post intrusive sub-facies),explosive facies,and effusive lava flow facies(tabular flow,compound flow and hyaloclastite sub-facies).The post intrusive,tabular flow and compound flow sub-facies logging curves are mainly controlled by the distribution of vesiculate zones and vesiculate content,which are characterized by four curves with good correlation.Post intrusive sub-facies are characterized by high RLLD,high DEN,with a micro-dentate logging curve pattern,abrupt contact relationships at the top and base.Tabular flow sub-facies are characterized by high RLLD,high DEN,with a bell-shaped log curve pattern,abrupt contact at the base and gradational contact at the top.Compound flow sub-facies are characterized by medium-low RLLD,with a micro-dentate or finger-like logging curve pattern,abrupt contact at the base and gradational contact at the top.Explosive facies and hyaloclastite sub-facies logging curves are mainly controlled by the distribution of the size and sorting of rock particles,which can be recognized by four kinds of logging curves with poor cor-relation.Explosive facies are characterized by low RLLD,medium-low CNL and low DEN,with a micro-dentate logging curve pattern.Hyaloclastite sub-facies are characterized by low RLLD,high CNL,low DEN and high AC,with a micro-dentate logging curve pattern.The present research is beneficial for the prediction of basaltic reser-voirs not only in the Liaohe depression but also in the other volcanic-sedimentary basins.

Origin of gas condensate reservoir in Fuman Oilfield, Tarim Basin, NW China

To understand the reservoir property and hydrocarbon accumulation conditions of the Middle and Upper Ordovician intraplatform shoal between ultra-deep main strike-slip faults in Fuman Oilfield of the Tarim Basin, China, the main strike-slip faults in and around well FD1 in the basin were analyzed in terms of sedimentary facies, sequence stratigraphy, intraplatform shoal reservoir property, and oil and gas origins, based on drilling data. The Yingshan Formation intraplatform shoal between the main strike-slip faults is superimposed with low-order faults to form a new type of hydrocarbon play. Firstly, hydrocarbons generated from the Lower Cambrian Yuertusi Formation source rocks vertically migrated into the second member of Yingshan Formation through the main strike-slip faults, and then migrated laterally until they were accumulated. A small amount of oil from Well FD1 came from the Yuertusi Formation source rocks in the mature stage, and a large amount of gas originated from oil cracking in the ultra-deep reservoirs. Therefore, the secondary gas condensate reservoir in Well FD1 is characterized by high gas to oil ratio, dry gas (dryness coefficient being 0.970) and hybrid origin. This new type of hydrocarbon play characterized by intraplatform shoal and low-order fault suggests a prospect of continuous hydrocarbon-bearing area in Fuman Oilfield, which will expand the ultrap-deep oil and gas exploration in the oilfield.

Evaluation of reservoir environment by chemical properties of reservoir water‒A case study of Chang 6 reservoir in Ansai oilfield,Ordos Basin,China

The Ordos Basin is the largest continental multi-energy mineral basin in China,which is rich in coal,oil and gas,and uranium resources.The exploitation of mineral resources is closely related to reservoir water.The chemical properties of reservoir water are very important for reservoir evaluation and are significant indicators of the sealing of reservoir oil and gas resources.Therefore,the caprock of the Chang 6 reservoir in the Yanchang Formation was evaluated.The authors tested and analyzed the chemical characteristics of water samples selected from 30 wells in the Chang 6 reservoir of Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin.The results show that the Chang 6 reservoir water in Ansai Oilfield is dominated by calcium-chloride water type with a sodium chloride coefficient of generally less than 0.5.The chloride magnesium coefficients are between 33.7 and 925.5,most of which are greater than 200.The desulfurization coefficients range from 0.21 to 13.4,with an average of 2.227.The carbonate balance coefficients are mainly concentrated below 0.01,with an average of 0.008.The calcium and magnesium coefficients are between 0.08 and 0.003,with an average of 0.01.Combined with the characteristics of the four-corner layout of the reservoir water,the above results show that the graphics are basically consistent.The study indicates that the Chang 6 reservoir in Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin is a favorable block for oil and gas storage with good sealing properties,great preservation conditions of oil and gas,and high pore connectivity.

耐高温泡沫树脂低伤害均匀固砂技术

针对常规泡沫树脂体系耐温性较差和辽河油田疏松砂岩稠油油藏化学固砂储层伤害大与有效期短的问题,以环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、疏水纳米SiO_(2)、硅烷偶联剂等为原料制得纳米改性树脂基液,然后加入固化剂、乳化剂、起泡剂、稳泡剂等添加剂制得泡沫树脂固砂体系。评价了该体系的固化温度、固砂强度、渗透性能、耐温性能和非均质多层注入性能;研发了配套的泡沫发生器,形成了耐高温泡沫树脂低伤害均匀固砂技术,并在辽河油田进行了现场应用。结果表明,泡沫树脂固砂体系的最优配方为:20%~30%树脂基液+8%~12%酚醛胺类固化剂+0.3%乳化剂OP-10+0.5%起泡剂有机硅表面活性剂+0.1%固体稳泡剂纳米SiO_(2)+0.1%聚合物稳泡剂聚乙二醇+57%~71%清水。该体系的起泡体积约为发泡前的7倍、半衰期大于20 min,可在35℃以上固化,固化后耐温可达280℃,既具有低温固化的特点,又具有耐高温的特点。在不同温度下固化的泡沫树脂固结岩心的抗压强度达到5 MPa以上,固砂强度高,满足疏松砂岩固砂强度的要求。对用0.25~0.42 mm石英砂制得的固结岩心的固砂渗透率达到4.8μm2,优于常规树脂固砂剂(1.9μm~2)。在非均质多油层中可明显防止高渗透层突进,改善固砂剂注入剖面,实现均匀固砂。现场试验取得良好的防砂效果,验证了该技术可实现均匀固砂和低伤害特性。利用泡沫树脂流体特性实现非均质多油层均匀固砂,达到了提高化学固砂效果和防砂有效期的目的。

滨里海盆地东缘北特鲁瓦油田石炭系层序地层与沉积演化特征

根据三维地震、测井及钻井取心等资料,结合Vail的层序划分方案,在滨里海盆地东缘北特鲁瓦油田石炭系碳酸盐岩台地内识别出7个地震层序界面及7个钻井层序界面,并将KT-Ⅰ油层组划分为3个半三级层序,KT-Ⅱ油层组划分为3个三级层序。纵向上层序格架内沉积环境由开阔台地、局限台地至蒸发台地演化。根据研究区层序格架内的古地貌恢复及沉积演化研究,将研究区古地貌—沉积演化划分为3个阶段:台地初始隆坳分异期(SQ2-SQ3层序)、差异抬升与沉积分异定型期(SQ4层序)及继承发育期(SQ5-SQ7层序)。进一步分析认为,层序格架控制下的隆坳格局分异控制了白云岩亚类在平面上的分布,低部位以泥晶云岩—膏盐岩组合和泥晶云岩—泥晶灰岩组合为主,主要为潟湖相沉积;而高部位则以泥粉晶云岩、细粉晶云岩和残余颗粒泥晶云岩为主,发育云坪相及云化颗粒滩相沉积。结果表明,区内KT-Ⅰ油层组沉积期并非前人认为的西高东低剥蚀后沉降充填,而是继承性差异沉降的结果,古地理格局总体具有“东台西槽、北高南低”特征,其始终控制着有利相带和优质储集层的发育展布。这一认识对滨里海地区油气勘探开发战略选区具有重要的指导作用。

辽河坳陷滩海东部地区天然气地球化学特征及有机热成因-无机成因双源模式

辽河坳陷滩海东部地区葵探1井获得天然气重大突破,其侏罗系、古近系天然气的甲烷碳同位素组成(δ^(13)C_(1))差异大,确定天然气成因与气源岩对于评价天然气资源潜力及选择勘探目标具有重要意义。系统分析了滩海东部地区古近系东营组、沙河街组三段和侏罗系小东沟组3套含气层系的天然气组分、稳定碳同位素组成等地球化学特征,对天然气成因和来源进行探讨。滩海东部地区发育有机热成因气和无机成因气2种类型:(1)古近系东营组和沙三段天然气为煤型有机热成因气,成分以甲烷为主,干燥系数介于0.789~0.949,δ^(13)C_(1)值主要在-35‰左右。主要气源岩为盖州滩洼陷沙三中下亚段泥岩,R_(o)在0.77%~1.59%之间。中浅层东营组天然气成熟度显著高于同深度泥岩,表明天然气来源于深部地层;而深层沙河街组三段天然气成熟度与同深度泥岩差异不大,表明天然气以原地聚集为主。(2)侏罗系小东沟组天然气为无机成因气,干燥系数平均值为0.991,δ^(13)C_(1)值>-20‰;推测东营末期深大断裂大规模走滑活动沟通地壳深部与地幔,费托合成的无机天然气沿断裂带运聚成藏。盖州滩洼陷沙三段成熟烃源岩分布区与营口—佟二堡走滑断裂带是分别探索有机热成因型与无机成因型天然气的有利目标区带。

基于超音速膨胀凝结的油田伴生气脱二氧化碳研究

油田伴生气通常含有大量的二氧化碳等酸性气体,为了提升油田伴生气质量,必须对天然气进行脱二氧化碳处理;将超音速旋流分离技术用于伴生气脱除二氧化碳是一条全新路径,但二氧化碳在超音速流动条件下的冷凝特性有待进一步明晰。建立二氧化碳在喷管中的相变过程数学模型,讨论二氧化碳超音速凝结流动特性,分析入口温度和压力对二氧化碳超音速凝结特性的影响规律。结果表明:二氧化碳在喷管喉部之后的扩张段发生凝结,生成大量的二氧化碳液滴;随着喷管入口温度增加,尽管凝结的二氧化碳液滴数量增加,但喷管出口和中轴线上的液相质量分数减小,凝结位置越靠近喷管出口;随着喷管入口压力增加,混合气体在喷管出口的压力和温度升高、速度减小,二氧化碳在喷管内凝结产生的液滴数量减少,喷管出口和中心轴线上的液相质量分数越大。

准噶尔盆地永进油田侏罗系超深层致密砂岩储层成岩相识别及分布预测

深层致密砂岩储层非均质性强、分布规律复杂,地质甜点预测难度大。为实现高效勘探开发,如何准确识别与预测井间储层成岩相亟需深入研究。综合利用岩心、测井和三维地震资料,在准噶尔盆地永进油田侏罗系超深层储层成岩作用研究基础上,开展了成岩相识别及分布预测研究,认为储层成岩作用类型主要有压实作用、胶结作用及溶蚀与交代作用,可划分为强溶蚀+绿泥石包壳、中等溶蚀+自生高岭石、中等钙质胶结溶蚀、强钙质胶结及压实致密等5种成岩相。基于测井资料,利用岩石物理参数、物性参数对储层成岩相类型进行了综合识别,确定其垂向分布规律。研究发现强溶蚀+绿泥石包壳和中等溶蚀+自生高岭石这两种优势成岩相主要位于三角洲主干分流河道砂体内部,储层物性较好,是油层发育的主要部位。基于成岩相与地震纵波阻抗的对应关系分析,发现优势成岩相纵波阻抗相对较低,可通过纵波阻抗的数值分布特征预测优势成岩相分布。因此利用三维地震纵波阻抗反演成果开展了成岩相分布预测,根据纵波阻抗与不同类型成岩相对应关系落实了优势成岩相发育区。结果表明,优势成岩相主要位于研究区东北部的Y301—Y302井区以及西北部Y1井区,呈局部连片分布发育。储层成岩相识别可以为超深层地质甜点的分布预测研究提供重要依据。

金属有机框架MIL-101(Fe)用于增强光催化降解含油污水中的原油

利用溶剂热法合成了一种稳定的金属有机框架(MOF)MIL-101(Fe),并作为一种新型光催化剂提高了油田废水中原油的降解性能。通过对反应条件的优化,确定了以下最佳参数:暗反应时间为30 min,光反应时间为30 min,p H值为5.5,催化剂量为150 mg/L,反应温度为303.15 K。在这些反应条件下,去除率达到了94.73%。本研究是铁基MOFs在油田废水光催化降解中的应用。MIL-101(Fe)在温和的酸性条件下表现出良好的稳定性,并且可以有效地循环利用。这些发现为利用MIL-101(Fe)作为一种很有前途的工业应用材料,通过光催化降解从受油污染的水中去除原油提供了有价值的见解。

大庆油田萨中开发区二、三类油层同步挖潜补压结合射孔方法

大庆油田萨中开发区二类油层和三类油层平面、纵向交互分布,目前尚未形成同步开发方法。从射孔角度出发,通过分析油层特点,匹配射孔工艺方法,二类油层匹配深穿透(穿深为956 mm)射孔、三类油层匹配超深穿透(穿深为1 308 mm)射孔,建立单井“组合射孔”模式;针对大段三类油层,通过抽稀射孔数,提高单卡层段数,提高过孔压力,建立“组合射孔+限流法压裂”模式。数值模拟和现场分析结果表明:该方法在萨中开发区2个二、三类油层同步挖潜区块应用,“组合射孔”实施20口井,采出端单井含水率多降低2.0%、日产油量增加1.2 t;“组合射孔配套限流法压裂”实施6口井,实现了单孔排量0.6 m3/min以上,平均单井产液量增幅17.56%,含水率多降低0.94百分点。研究成果可有效指导投产设计,对二、三类油层的同步挖潜和提质增效具有重要意义。

西辽河平原浅层地下水中“三氮”分布特征及健康风险评价

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