A case study is introduced and discussed concerning water dispute of misuse and pollution between up\| and down\|stream parts. The relations between water usage and local industrial structures are analyzed. Results sh...A case study is introduced and discussed concerning water dispute of misuse and pollution between up\| and down\|stream parts. The relations between water usage and local industrial structures are analyzed. Results show it is important to change industrial structures of the target region along with controlling water pollution by technical and engineering methods. Three manners of upstream-downstream cooperation are presented and discussed based on the actual conditions of Guangting Reservoir watershed. Two typical scenarios are supposed and studied along with the local plan on water resources development. The best solution for this cooperation presents a good way to help the upstream developing in a new pattern of eco-economy.展开更多
Competition is the catalyst of corporate innovation,which is the foundation of a country's core competitiveness.From the view of vertical industrial chain,this paper examines how downstream competition affects ups...Competition is the catalyst of corporate innovation,which is the foundation of a country's core competitiveness.From the view of vertical industrial chain,this paper examines how downstream competition affects upstream firms'innovation output.Given innovation helps reduce the production cost of each product,increasing demand of intermediate products caused by downstream competition enhances the marginal revenue of upstream firms'innovation,thus leading to an innovation incentive effect.To identify causality,we utilize China's WTO accession,a quasinatural experiment,to calculate downstream competition combined with import tariff reduction and input-output table,and then run a difference-in-difference regression.Using the data of Annual Survey of Industrial Firms and State Intellectual Property Office,our results find that downstream competition has a significantly positive impact on upstream firms'innovation,and this effect is more pronounced in firms with less industry competition,greater initial innovation capacity and weaker financial constraints.Moreover,the number of firms,the degree of industry competition and the scale of intermediate products in the downstream sector increase,confirming the market size channel.In sum,our findings document that downstream competition can motivate upstream firms to innovate through vertical industrial chain,providing some useful insights for China to build a fair market competition environment and promote innovation-driven growth regime.展开更多
Malaysia aspires to become developed and high income nation by year 2020. Under the Tenth Malaysia Plan, herbal industry was the first Entry Point Project for Agricultural National Key Economic Area in Economic Transf...Malaysia aspires to become developed and high income nation by year 2020. Under the Tenth Malaysia Plan, herbal industry was the first Entry Point Project for Agricultural National Key Economic Area in Economic Transformation Programme. To understand the current status of the herbal industry, FRIM (Forest Research Institute Malaysia) conducted the survey on 6,923 herbal chain players, consisted from upstream to downstream activities. A face-to-face interview was conducted using a structured questionnaire to gather the information. This paper highlighted the relationship between concentration of the herbal industry and urbanization’s status of the areas. The finding shows that a statistically significant difference exists between category of herbal activities and status of the areas. The upstream activities are more concentrated in rural areas, while most of downstream activities in urban areas. It is in line with central place of theory on how settlements and places are located in relation to one another and their functions. Therefore, to further develop the herbal industry, the government should consider strategic location by category of industrial activities in policies planning, programmes implementation and providing infrastructural support needed by the industry.展开更多
文摘A case study is introduced and discussed concerning water dispute of misuse and pollution between up\| and down\|stream parts. The relations between water usage and local industrial structures are analyzed. Results show it is important to change industrial structures of the target region along with controlling water pollution by technical and engineering methods. Three manners of upstream-downstream cooperation are presented and discussed based on the actual conditions of Guangting Reservoir watershed. Two typical scenarios are supposed and studied along with the local plan on water resources development. The best solution for this cooperation presents a good way to help the upstream developing in a new pattern of eco-economy.
文摘Competition is the catalyst of corporate innovation,which is the foundation of a country's core competitiveness.From the view of vertical industrial chain,this paper examines how downstream competition affects upstream firms'innovation output.Given innovation helps reduce the production cost of each product,increasing demand of intermediate products caused by downstream competition enhances the marginal revenue of upstream firms'innovation,thus leading to an innovation incentive effect.To identify causality,we utilize China's WTO accession,a quasinatural experiment,to calculate downstream competition combined with import tariff reduction and input-output table,and then run a difference-in-difference regression.Using the data of Annual Survey of Industrial Firms and State Intellectual Property Office,our results find that downstream competition has a significantly positive impact on upstream firms'innovation,and this effect is more pronounced in firms with less industry competition,greater initial innovation capacity and weaker financial constraints.Moreover,the number of firms,the degree of industry competition and the scale of intermediate products in the downstream sector increase,confirming the market size channel.In sum,our findings document that downstream competition can motivate upstream firms to innovate through vertical industrial chain,providing some useful insights for China to build a fair market competition environment and promote innovation-driven growth regime.
文摘Malaysia aspires to become developed and high income nation by year 2020. Under the Tenth Malaysia Plan, herbal industry was the first Entry Point Project for Agricultural National Key Economic Area in Economic Transformation Programme. To understand the current status of the herbal industry, FRIM (Forest Research Institute Malaysia) conducted the survey on 6,923 herbal chain players, consisted from upstream to downstream activities. A face-to-face interview was conducted using a structured questionnaire to gather the information. This paper highlighted the relationship between concentration of the herbal industry and urbanization’s status of the areas. The finding shows that a statistically significant difference exists between category of herbal activities and status of the areas. The upstream activities are more concentrated in rural areas, while most of downstream activities in urban areas. It is in line with central place of theory on how settlements and places are located in relation to one another and their functions. Therefore, to further develop the herbal industry, the government should consider strategic location by category of industrial activities in policies planning, programmes implementation and providing infrastructural support needed by the industry.
