The rapid development of China’s automobile industry has brought ever-increasing impact on resources,energy and environment,the energy-saving and new energy vehicles come into being accordingly.This article firstly s...The rapid development of China’s automobile industry has brought ever-increasing impact on resources,energy and environment,the energy-saving and new energy vehicles come into being accordingly.This article firstly systematically introduces the technical route of energy-saving and new energy vehicles of China,focusing on the key bottleneck problems arising from the construction process of current assessment system of the technical route for energy-saving and new energy vehicles,establishes the energy-saving and new energy vehicle business model assessment index system afterward based on the comparative analysis on energy-saving and new energy vehicle business assessment model and the full life cycle theory,and finally makes prospects and forecasts on vital problems of system boundary,dynamic optimization,simulation system of full life cycle assessment of energy-saving and new energy vehicle.展开更多
The ground state properties of superheavy nuclei are systematically calculated by the macroscopic-microscopic (MM) model with the Nilsson potential.The calculations well produced the ground state binding energies,α-d...The ground state properties of superheavy nuclei are systematically calculated by the macroscopic-microscopic (MM) model with the Nilsson potential.The calculations well produced the ground state binding energies,α-decay energies,and half lives of superheavy nuclei.The calculated results are systematically compared with availableexperimental data.The calculated results are also compared with theoretical results from other MM models and fromrelativistic mean-field model.The calculations and comparisons show that the MM model is reliable in superheavy regionand that the MM model results are not very sensitive to the choice of microscopic single-particle potential.展开更多
Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology [1]. In this paper, we provide seven Pillars of WUM: Medium of the World;Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters;Creation...Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology [1]. In this paper, we provide seven Pillars of WUM: Medium of the World;Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters;Creation of Matter;Multicomponent Dark Matter;Macroobjects;Volcanic Rotational Fission;Dark Matter Reactors. We describe the evolution of the World from the Beginning up to the birth of the Solar System and discuss the condition of the Early Earth before the beginning of life on it.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">This work presents the results of the characterization of a standalone photovoltaic system for the electrification of a household located in rural area in the western...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">This work presents the results of the characterization of a standalone photovoltaic system for the electrification of a household located in rural area in the western region of Cameroon: Nziih-Bafou in Dschang (5.35</span><span style="white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">N, 10.05</span><span style="white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E and 1900 m). In order to cope with the</span><span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">maintenance charges and reduce the investment cost, a small mill was added to the appliances of the household for income generation. The assessment of the energy demand was made by taking into account the reactive energy due to the heavy</span><span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">consumption of energy by the mill’s motor, especially during ignition. The sizing of all the system’s components was carried out with the prospect of determining an optimum design in accordance with daily electricity demand, site irradiance profile and climatic conditions. In this context, tilt angles applicable to the PV structure and that allow</span><span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to receive the maximum irradiance as a function of the periods of the year were determined using the Hay model.</span><span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This approach provides the system with incident irradiance greater than or at the limit equal to that received by a horizontal surface on the same site</span><span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">compared to the case of a single tilt angle where the irradiance on the inclined plane is often lower than that</span><span "=""> </span><span "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">on the horizontal. The economic analysis of the PV system showed an </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">initial cost of $4448</span></span><span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and the Life Cost Cycle amounted to $24,495. This</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> amount corresponds to a present cost per kilowatt hour of $0.44. The Net Present Value</span><span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(NPV) of the project ($7793) over its lifetime (20 years)</span><span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">shows a payback period of less than 4 years.</span>展开更多
The building sector is the largest consumer of energy in industrial countries. Saving energy in new buildings or building renovations can thus lead to significant global environmental impacts. In this endeavor, buildi...The building sector is the largest consumer of energy in industrial countries. Saving energy in new buildings or building renovations can thus lead to significant global environmental impacts. In this endeavor, building information <span>modeling (BIM) and building energy modeling (BEM) are two important to</span>ols to make the transition to net-zero energy buildings (NZEB). So far, little attention has been devoted, in the literature, to discuss the connection between BIM, BEM, and Life-cycle assessment (LCA), which is the main topic of this article. A literature review of 157 journal articles and conference proceedings published between 1990 and 2020 is presented. This review outlines knowledge gaps concerning BIM, BEM, and environmental impact assessment. It suggests that defining the process with the right technology (at the right time) would result in a more integrated design process (IDP) and bridge current gaps. The most efficient way to improve process and technology is related to the competences of the architects, engineers and constructors (AEC). The review also indicates that the IDP in the early design phases (EDP) is in need of improvement for architects and engineers, where a better connection between design phases, specific levels of development (LOD) and BIM tools is needed. <span>Competences, process and technology are the three main themes addressed in the review. Their relation to design phases and LOD is discussed. The aim </span>is to propose possible solutions to the current hinders in BIM-to-BEM (BIM2BEM) and BIM-for-LCA (BIM4LCA) integration.展开更多
为分析在我国现有能源结构下发展氢燃料电池重卡相比传统能源重卡有何优势,本文基于生命周期评价方法,利用美国阿贡国家实验室研发的GREET(Greenhouse gases,Regulated Emissions,and Energy use in Transportation)模型,采用控制变量...为分析在我国现有能源结构下发展氢燃料电池重卡相比传统能源重卡有何优势,本文基于生命周期评价方法,利用美国阿贡国家实验室研发的GREET(Greenhouse gases,Regulated Emissions,and Energy use in Transportation)模型,采用控制变量法对比分析煤制氢和可再生能源制氢路径下的氢燃料电池重卡和柴油重卡的全生命周期空气污染物气体排放情况,并对可能影响车辆排放的因素进行敏感性分析,最后以榆林市重卡车队为例进行车队替换模型分析。模拟结果表明:采用可再生能源制氢路径的氢燃料电池重卡相比柴油重卡平均减少了68.74%的各类空气污染物排放;采用煤制氢路径的氢燃料电池重卡在CO、NO_(x)和CO_(2)这3种气体的排放水平均低于柴油重卡;可再生能源发电制氢比普通电解制氢平均减少氢燃料电池重卡92.41%的空气污染物排放;长途氢燃料电池重卡比短途氢燃料电池重卡减少12.57%的空气污染物排放;采取氢燃料电池重卡替换柴油重卡的策略预计到2030年能减少13.77%的车队整体空气污染物排放。本文在公路运输范畴内对氢能重卡的空气污染物排放水平进行分析,为后续氢能重卡的推广提供依据。展开更多
基于300 mm 0.18μm MS 5 V工艺平台设计并流片了1k×16一次性可编程OTP器件,并对存储单元的结构、工作原理及工艺等可能影响数据保持寿命的因素进行了分析。根据Arrhenius寿命模型对不同样品设置了高温老化实验测试,收集数据并对OT...基于300 mm 0.18μm MS 5 V工艺平台设计并流片了1k×16一次性可编程OTP器件,并对存储单元的结构、工作原理及工艺等可能影响数据保持寿命的因素进行了分析。根据Arrhenius寿命模型对不同样品设置了高温老化实验测试,收集数据并对OTP器件的保持特性进行建模。通过225℃、250℃和275℃条件下的高温老化加速实验,拟合样品最大数据保持时间曲线。在生产过程中可能出现的最差产品条件下,对1/(kT)与数据保持时间曲线进行数学拟合,计算在不同失效条件下的浮栅电荷泄漏的激活能和最大数据保持时间。展开更多
充分利用灵活性资源的调节作用能够优化电网的可用输电能力(available transfer capability, ATC),提高系统运行的安全性和经济性,因此提出一种计及源荷储多调节资源的两阶段随机动态ATC优化方法。首先,采用动态场景分析法对新能源出力...充分利用灵活性资源的调节作用能够优化电网的可用输电能力(available transfer capability, ATC),提高系统运行的安全性和经济性,因此提出一种计及源荷储多调节资源的两阶段随机动态ATC优化方法。首先,采用动态场景分析法对新能源出力不确定性建模,建立激励型需求响应模型和基于放电深度的储能等效循环寿命成本模型。其次,第一阶段构建日前两阶段源荷储随机优化经济调度模型,以优化结果作为基态,建立日前随机动态ATC计算模型以确定阻塞时段。然后,第二阶段构建日前随机动态ATC双层优化模型,上层以阻塞时段的ATC最大为目标,下层以基态运行成本最小为目标,上层确定储能和负荷响应情况与下层基态机组出力情况相互交互,采用Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT)条件将下层模型转化以实现双层模型的求解。算例分析表明,通过优化源荷储运行方式能够在提升ATC的同时兼顾系统运行的经济性。展开更多
文摘The rapid development of China’s automobile industry has brought ever-increasing impact on resources,energy and environment,the energy-saving and new energy vehicles come into being accordingly.This article firstly systematically introduces the technical route of energy-saving and new energy vehicles of China,focusing on the key bottleneck problems arising from the construction process of current assessment system of the technical route for energy-saving and new energy vehicles,establishes the energy-saving and new energy vehicle business model assessment index system afterward based on the comparative analysis on energy-saving and new energy vehicle business assessment model and the full life cycle theory,and finally makes prospects and forecasts on vital problems of system boundary,dynamic optimization,simulation system of full life cycle assessment of energy-saving and new energy vehicle.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.10125521 and 10535010the State Key Basic Research and Development Program of China under Grant Nos.G2000077400 and 2007CB815004+1 种基金the CAS Knowledge Innovation Project under Grant No.KJCX2-SW-N02the Fund of the Education Ministry of China under Grant No.20010284036
文摘The ground state properties of superheavy nuclei are systematically calculated by the macroscopic-microscopic (MM) model with the Nilsson potential.The calculations well produced the ground state binding energies,α-decay energies,and half lives of superheavy nuclei.The calculated results are systematically compared with availableexperimental data.The calculated results are also compared with theoretical results from other MM models and fromrelativistic mean-field model.The calculations and comparisons show that the MM model is reliable in superheavy regionand that the MM model results are not very sensitive to the choice of microscopic single-particle potential.
文摘Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology [1]. In this paper, we provide seven Pillars of WUM: Medium of the World;Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters;Creation of Matter;Multicomponent Dark Matter;Macroobjects;Volcanic Rotational Fission;Dark Matter Reactors. We describe the evolution of the World from the Beginning up to the birth of the Solar System and discuss the condition of the Early Earth before the beginning of life on it.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">This work presents the results of the characterization of a standalone photovoltaic system for the electrification of a household located in rural area in the western region of Cameroon: Nziih-Bafou in Dschang (5.35</span><span style="white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">N, 10.05</span><span style="white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E and 1900 m). In order to cope with the</span><span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">maintenance charges and reduce the investment cost, a small mill was added to the appliances of the household for income generation. The assessment of the energy demand was made by taking into account the reactive energy due to the heavy</span><span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">consumption of energy by the mill’s motor, especially during ignition. The sizing of all the system’s components was carried out with the prospect of determining an optimum design in accordance with daily electricity demand, site irradiance profile and climatic conditions. In this context, tilt angles applicable to the PV structure and that allow</span><span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to receive the maximum irradiance as a function of the periods of the year were determined using the Hay model.</span><span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This approach provides the system with incident irradiance greater than or at the limit equal to that received by a horizontal surface on the same site</span><span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">compared to the case of a single tilt angle where the irradiance on the inclined plane is often lower than that</span><span "=""> </span><span "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">on the horizontal. The economic analysis of the PV system showed an </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">initial cost of $4448</span></span><span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and the Life Cost Cycle amounted to $24,495. This</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> amount corresponds to a present cost per kilowatt hour of $0.44. The Net Present Value</span><span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(NPV) of the project ($7793) over its lifetime (20 years)</span><span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">shows a payback period of less than 4 years.</span>
文摘The building sector is the largest consumer of energy in industrial countries. Saving energy in new buildings or building renovations can thus lead to significant global environmental impacts. In this endeavor, building information <span>modeling (BIM) and building energy modeling (BEM) are two important to</span>ols to make the transition to net-zero energy buildings (NZEB). So far, little attention has been devoted, in the literature, to discuss the connection between BIM, BEM, and Life-cycle assessment (LCA), which is the main topic of this article. A literature review of 157 journal articles and conference proceedings published between 1990 and 2020 is presented. This review outlines knowledge gaps concerning BIM, BEM, and environmental impact assessment. It suggests that defining the process with the right technology (at the right time) would result in a more integrated design process (IDP) and bridge current gaps. The most efficient way to improve process and technology is related to the competences of the architects, engineers and constructors (AEC). The review also indicates that the IDP in the early design phases (EDP) is in need of improvement for architects and engineers, where a better connection between design phases, specific levels of development (LOD) and BIM tools is needed. <span>Competences, process and technology are the three main themes addressed in the review. Their relation to design phases and LOD is discussed. The aim </span>is to propose possible solutions to the current hinders in BIM-to-BEM (BIM2BEM) and BIM-for-LCA (BIM4LCA) integration.
文摘为分析在我国现有能源结构下发展氢燃料电池重卡相比传统能源重卡有何优势,本文基于生命周期评价方法,利用美国阿贡国家实验室研发的GREET(Greenhouse gases,Regulated Emissions,and Energy use in Transportation)模型,采用控制变量法对比分析煤制氢和可再生能源制氢路径下的氢燃料电池重卡和柴油重卡的全生命周期空气污染物气体排放情况,并对可能影响车辆排放的因素进行敏感性分析,最后以榆林市重卡车队为例进行车队替换模型分析。模拟结果表明:采用可再生能源制氢路径的氢燃料电池重卡相比柴油重卡平均减少了68.74%的各类空气污染物排放;采用煤制氢路径的氢燃料电池重卡在CO、NO_(x)和CO_(2)这3种气体的排放水平均低于柴油重卡;可再生能源发电制氢比普通电解制氢平均减少氢燃料电池重卡92.41%的空气污染物排放;长途氢燃料电池重卡比短途氢燃料电池重卡减少12.57%的空气污染物排放;采取氢燃料电池重卡替换柴油重卡的策略预计到2030年能减少13.77%的车队整体空气污染物排放。本文在公路运输范畴内对氢能重卡的空气污染物排放水平进行分析,为后续氢能重卡的推广提供依据。
文摘基于300 mm 0.18μm MS 5 V工艺平台设计并流片了1k×16一次性可编程OTP器件,并对存储单元的结构、工作原理及工艺等可能影响数据保持寿命的因素进行了分析。根据Arrhenius寿命模型对不同样品设置了高温老化实验测试,收集数据并对OTP器件的保持特性进行建模。通过225℃、250℃和275℃条件下的高温老化加速实验,拟合样品最大数据保持时间曲线。在生产过程中可能出现的最差产品条件下,对1/(kT)与数据保持时间曲线进行数学拟合,计算在不同失效条件下的浮栅电荷泄漏的激活能和最大数据保持时间。
文摘充分利用灵活性资源的调节作用能够优化电网的可用输电能力(available transfer capability, ATC),提高系统运行的安全性和经济性,因此提出一种计及源荷储多调节资源的两阶段随机动态ATC优化方法。首先,采用动态场景分析法对新能源出力不确定性建模,建立激励型需求响应模型和基于放电深度的储能等效循环寿命成本模型。其次,第一阶段构建日前两阶段源荷储随机优化经济调度模型,以优化结果作为基态,建立日前随机动态ATC计算模型以确定阻塞时段。然后,第二阶段构建日前随机动态ATC双层优化模型,上层以阻塞时段的ATC最大为目标,下层以基态运行成本最小为目标,上层确定储能和负荷响应情况与下层基态机组出力情况相互交互,采用Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT)条件将下层模型转化以实现双层模型的求解。算例分析表明,通过优化源荷储运行方式能够在提升ATC的同时兼顾系统运行的经济性。