ESTIMATION OF FATIGUE LIFE UNDER RANDOM LOADING WITH PLASTIC HYSTERESIS ENERGY THEOREM

Fatigue damage of materials includes static damage and cyclic damage.Static damage is a ratio of the plastic energy in first static loading to the statictoughness, while cyclic damage is the ratio of the cyclic plastic hysteresis energy to thefatigue toughness. In the calculation, cyclic hardening (or softening) of a material istaken into account, which results in the increase (or decrease) of the yield stress. Forsimplification, it is assumed that stress and strain in cyclic loading vary in accordancewith the hysteresis loop. Fatigue toughness of a material can be detennined bysymmetric cyclic stress controlled fatigue test. A method, rational and convenient forengineering, is proposed to estimate the fatigue life under random loading based onplastic hysteresis energy theorem. Preliminary verification by test is satisfactory.

MULTIAXIAL CREEP-FATIGUE LIFE EVALUATION UNDER PROPORTIONAL LOADING

A new method was proposed for the multiaxial creep-fatigue life evaluation under proportional loadings. Because this method was derived from the strain range partitioning method with a multiaxiality factor, it was possible to consider the influence of both creep-fatigue interaction and multiaxial stress state on fatigue life. In order to predict the combined axial-torsional fatigue life the damage under combined loading was defined as linear summation of the damages under axial loading and torsional loading. Axial-torsional creep-fatigue tests were carried out using tubular specimens of 316LC austenitic stainless steel and the ferritic rotor steel. This rotor steel was developed for the permanent magnet type eddy current retarder in heavy trucks. Experimentally obtained lives of both steels were well corresponded with the lives predicted by the proposed method. It was found that the proposed method was effective in multiaxial fatigue life evaluation under proportional creep-fatigue loadings.

Fatigue Life Prediction under Service Load Considering Strengthening Effect of Loads below Fatigue Limit

Lightweight design requires an accurate life prediction for structures and components under service loading histories. However, predicted life with the existing methods seems too conservative in some cases, leading to a heavy structure. Because these methods are established on the basis that load cycles would only cause fatigue damage, ignore the strengthening effect of loads. Based on Palmgren-Miner Rule （PMR）, this paper introduces a new method for fatigue life prediction under service loadings by taking into account the strengthening effect of loads below the fatigue limit. In this method, the service loadings are classified into three categories： damaging load, strengthening load and none-effect load, and the process for fatigue life prediction is divided into two stages： stage I and stage II, according to the best strengthening number of cycles. During stage I, fatigue damage is calculated considering both the strengthening and damaging effect of load cycles. While during stage II, only the damaging effect is considered. To validate this method, fatigue lives of automobile half shaft and torsion beam rear axle are calculated based on the new method and traditional methods, such as PMR and Modified Miner Rule （MMR）, and fatigue tests of the two components are conducted under service loading histories. The tests results show that the percentage errors of the predicted life with the new method to mean life of tests for the two components are –3.78% and –1.76% separately, much lesser than that with PMR and MMR. By considering the strengthening effect of loads below the fatigue limit, the new method can significantly improve the accuracy for fatigue life prediction. Thus lightweight design can be fully realized in the design stage.

Reflection on the Human-Nature Relationship: Reinterpretation of Emily Dickinson’s “My Life had stood——a Loaded Gun”

Emily Dickenson’s poems have long enjoyed considerable acclaims from critics and common readers for her delicate and profound writing of life and death,love,nature,etc.Her short poem“My Life had stood—a Loaded Gun”is one receiving relatively few academic discussion.Among the rather few existent studies,many discuss Dickenson’s feminist ideas,religious bewilderment,literary creation views or even personal feeling in this poem.This article,instead,gives an interpretation of this poem from an ecocritical perspective.It points out that Emily Dickenson in this poem expresses her condemnation on human’s cruelty and indiffer?ence to nature.After a thorough interpretation of Dickenson’s reflection on human-nature relationship in this poem,the article fur?ther explores Dickenson’s attitudes toward nature through her personal writing background and clues in her other works to support this interpretation.

Fatigue Life of Slewing Bearings under Combined Radial,Axial and Tilting Moment Loads

A calculation method of fatigue life for slewing bearings under combined radial, axial and tilting moment loads was proposed. Single row four-point contact ball slewing bearing being used as a case, the statics model of the slewing bearing was established and a set of equilibrium equations were obtained. By solving the equilibrium equatioas, the rolling element loads were obtained and the equivalent rolling element loads were calculated further. By using the geometrical parameters of the bearing, the rating rolling element loads were calculated, and the fa- tigue life of the bearing was calculated by using the rating rolling element loads and the equivalent rolling element loads. A calculation example shows the feasibility of the proposed method.

Influence of Thermal Load on Mechanical Property of Cemented Carbide Material and Heavy Cemented Carbide Inserts Life

A large amount of cutting heat is produced during the heavy cutting process,and insert life is restricted by the effect of thermal load.The thermal load experiment of cemented carbide SCS,WF and YT15 is carried out,and the results show that the bending strength and fracture toughness of cemented carbide material decrease obviously under cyclic thermal load,while in the cooling process,the material mechanical property changes worse suddenly.The high-temperature mechanical property of SCS is the most stable,and that of YT15 is the worst.Further,a relation model among cutting temperature,cutting parameters and insert life is established.Finally,the measures to improve heavy cemented carbide inserts life are summarized from the aspects of cutting parameters selection,insert optimization design and TiCN,Al2O3,TiN complex insert coating.The research results are expected to provide support and reference for heavy cutting technology and insert technology.

Service Life Prediction of Lining Concrete of Subsea Tunnel under Combined Compressive Load and Carbonation

Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay subsea tunnel is the second self-built tunnel in China with the designed service life over 100 years.The durability of lining concrete are one of an important factors to determinate the service life of tunnel.Considering the main environmental loads and mechanical loads of subsea tunnel,the durability properties of lining concrete under combined action of compressive load and carbonation has been studied through the critical compressive load test,accelerated carbonation test,natural carbonation test and capillary suction test.The tests results show that critical compressive load apparently accelerates the carbonation and deteriorates the anti-permeability of concrete.Under the combined action of critical compressive load and carbonation,the durability of lining concrete decreases.Based on the carbonization life criteria and research results,for the high-performance concrete with proposed mix ratio,the predicted service life of lining concrete for Jiaozhou bay subsea tunnel is about 80 years which fails to reach the required service life.It is necessary to adopt other measurements simultaneously to improve the durability of lining concrete.

Overloading and Pavement Service Life <br/>—A Case Study on Narayanghat-Mugling Road, Nepal

The ability of a pavement structure in carrying out its function reduces in line with the increase of traffic load, especially if there are overloaded heavy vehicle passing through the road. This study was done to know the effect of overloading vehicles on the road pavement and remaining service life of the pavement. In this study, the service life of pavement due to overloaded vehicles was analyzed using the AASHTO 1993. In Narayanghat-Mugling road the composition of traffic seems to be 83.76% heavy vehicles, 9.18% medium vehicle and 7.05% light vehicle. For the direction of Narayanghat-Mugling, the pavement service life might be reduced by 59.90% due to overloading condition, while for the opposite direction, the service life would not reduced caused by the same factor. The impact of overload conditions on the road pavement showed premature failure;that is, a condition which the damage reduced the life of roads before the design life of the road is reached. From the results, it can be concluded that overloaded vehicles on the road are very influential to the reduction in pavement service life. Therefore, it is expected that road users to comply with existing regulations in the conduct of transportation. As overloading is increasing, it has to be controlled by rules and regulations with penalty to control the overloading. So fines must be associated with intensified enforcement when considered in further strategy. Regular monitoring, inspection and enforcement are the effective ways to control overloading. Use of technology (Automatic overloading information system) may be the effective way to control the overloading.

腐蚀疲劳交替下2A12-T4航空铝合金的寿命分析研究

基于飞机服役期间经历“地面腐蚀与空中疲劳”的交替损伤模式,考虑载荷间的相互作用,研究了航空铝合金2A12-T4在预腐蚀与“腐蚀+疲劳”交替模式下疲劳寿命的退化与损伤累积规律。同级加载条件下提出利用腐蚀疲劳耦合损伤指数和迟滞载荷用来描述考虑交替腐蚀疲劳损伤模式,用各级疲劳损伤间的相互影响及腐蚀损伤与疲劳损伤在服役工作期间的耦合作用来描述腐蚀、疲劳间的相互促进、加速劣化的现象。基于损伤力学和非线性累积理论,考虑载腐蚀疲劳耦合指数与迟滞载荷对传统的Miner线性累积损伤理论进行修正。建立了飞机结构材料的寿命计算模型,并将模型计算结果与试验结果进行对比验证。确定了腐蚀实验中的腐蚀耦合损伤,并利用低载锻炼效应理论得出均匀分布的迟滞载荷。计算结果表明,本文提出的寿命计算模型的结果与实验结果比较吻合。

计及LCA碳排放的源荷双侧合作博弈调度研究

为实现新型电力系统的低碳经济目标,提出一种计及生命周期评价(lifecycleassessment, LCA)的源荷双侧合作博弈优化调度模型。首先,考虑灵活可调度的柔性负荷,构建含热电联产机组、燃气锅炉、电转气等设备的源荷双侧合作运行框架。然后,运用LCA方法分析源荷双侧中不同能源链的温室气体排放,并结合碳交易机制,建立碳交易成本计算模型。最后,基于合作博弈策略,建立以源荷合作联盟总成本最小为目标的源荷双侧协同运行优化模型,并利用改进的Shapley值法对成员合作收益进行分配。算例分析表明,所提模型有利于降低系统运行的总成本、减少系统碳排放量、提升可再生能源消纳量,有效促进系统低碳经济的发展。

临床护士工作生活质量现状及潜在剖面分析

目的 了解临床护士工作生活质量现状,并对其影响因素进行潜在剖面分析。方法 对便利抽样法抽取的1 438名临床护士采用一般资料调查表、护士工作相关生活质量量表(WRQoL)、临床护士额外任务负荷问卷(ETLS)及心理授权量表(PES)进行调查分析。对护士工作生活质量进行潜在剖面分析,并通过单因素与多因素分析对护士工作生活质量进行差异性检验。结果研究共回收有效问卷1 227份。临床护士工作生活质量可分为3个潜在类别:工作生活低质量组(58.19%)、工作生活中等质量组(25.35%)、工作生活高质量组(16.46%)。单因素分析显示,3组护士在文化程度、职务、是否承担教育护士岗位职责、每月夜班频次、参与心理减压培训情况、ETLS评分及PES评分方面比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或0.01)。多因素分析显示,职务、承担教育护士岗位职责、参与心理减压培训情况、心理授权、额外任务负荷是护士工作生活质量分类的影响因素。结论 临床护士工作生活质量分类特征明显,医院管理者可以根据影响因素对不同类别特征的临床护士进行有针对性的心理干预,以提高护士的工作生活质量水平。

飞机牵引滑行工况下前起落架疲劳寿命仿真分析

为使机场运行更加高效经济,提出一种由牵引车将飞机高速牵引滑行至跑道起飞端的新模式。在牵引滑行工况下,前起落架要承受长时间长距离的高速重载荷牵引,同时受牵引车的加速和制动特性的影响,可能导致前起落架疲劳寿命降低。于是,针对飞机前起落架在该工况下的载荷分析以及疲劳寿命验证十分重要。通过Adams软件建立多体动力学模型,模拟真实工况,对不同牵引滑行速度下的牵引车-飞机系统仿真,获取到前起落架的载荷谱信息。结合前起落架有限元模型静力学分析和载荷谱,通过频域寿命分析法,在nCode软件中计算得到前起落架的疲劳寿命。结果表明,高速牵引滑行工况产生的大载荷加剧前起落架疲劳损伤,疲劳损伤从减震支柱凸耳向下阻力臂延展,疲劳寿命缩短3个数量级,需要对前起落架下阻力臂进行结构优化。本文中的研究可以为新牵引滑行模式下前起落架的疲劳寿命结构优化提供参考。

复杂载荷、极端环境下焊接结构疲劳寿命预测研究综述

焊接接头易出现缺陷和应力集中,在疲劳载荷作用下将成为疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的薄弱区域。与均质材料相比,接头各区域微观组织及应力局部化使得焊接结构疲劳问题进一步复杂化。区别于理想实验条件,实际焊接结构服役环境复杂,疲劳寿命预测须考虑环境因素与焊接结构耦合特性。为此,对影响焊接结构的内在因素进行总结分析,从复杂载荷和极端服役环境两方面对现有焊接结构寿命预测模型进行综述,结合最新研究进展对改进焊接结构疲劳寿命评估方法提出建议。

轴向荷载作用下小规格拉铆钉和普通螺栓疲劳性能对比研究

拉铆钉因其良好的防松动、抗疲劳和防腐性能以及较强的环境适应性等特点而被广泛应用于航空航天、轨道交通、桥梁建筑等领域。为解决光伏支架中螺栓连接易发生疲劳的问题,现研究一种国产新型拉铆钉的轴向疲劳性能,用以代替普通螺栓连接进而提高光伏支架的疲劳寿命。对LMY8和LMY10小规格拉铆钉及同规格的普通螺栓进行了轴向荷载作用下的静力试验和疲劳试验,并利用ABAQUS软件进行了拉铆钉铆接过程的模拟,利用FE-Safe软件对拉铆钉疲劳寿命进行了模拟。研究结果表明:在同样条件下,铆钉的疲劳性能优于普通螺栓的疲劳性能;拉铆钉在轴向荷载作用下的疲劳断口位于套环和锁紧环槽啮合的第一圈螺纹处,此处应力集中是拉铆钉发生疲劳失效的主要原因;拉铆钉的疲劳寿命会随着最小荷载的增大而提高,随最大荷载的增大而降低;由疲劳云图可知,拉铆钉在承受轴向循环荷载作用时,铆钉头部下方R角过渡处也会产生较大的应力,此区域也是易发生疲劳失效的部位。

某迫榴炮击针疲劳寿命仿真与提升研究

击针大多采用细长及变截面结构,在循环撞击力作用下,易引起结构应力集中及交变应力,经常出现疲劳断裂故障,严重影响自动武器的可靠性,甚至威胁到作战人员安全。某迫榴炮击针在试验中偶发断裂现象,疲劳寿命约200发左右,为了提升该击针疲劳寿命,基于载荷传递过程,建立了击针在火药气体反冲力下高速运动与限位块的瞬态撞击模型,获取击针撞击过程交变应力,通过循环载荷作用下击针疲劳寿命评估,计算击针疲劳寿命与试验现象基本一致,验证了计算模型的准确性。在此基础上,开展了不同材料击针疲劳寿命提升研究,研究表明,将击针材料由PCrNi3Mo更换为30CrNi2MoVE后,击针疲劳寿命由215发提升到1670发,提升效果显著,改进后的击针经实弹射击试验验证在规定寿命周期内未发生断裂现象。

CALCULATIONS TO ITS FATIGUE DAMAGE FRACTURE AND TOTAL LIFE UNDER MANY－STAGE LOADING FOR A CRANK SHAFT

Suggests some calculating formulas and methods with respect to the damage evolvingrate da / dN|i and the fatigue life and in varied history from uncrack to microcrackinitiation until fracture for a crankshaft, which are suitable to stress concentration positionsabout its journal fillets and oil holes on a crankshaft, that it is undergone to bending, twistingand shearing loading and subjected to unsymmetric cyclic many-stage loading. Last the total lifein whole process is estimated by

环境和疲劳荷载作用下开裂混凝土寿命预测研究进展

混凝土是一种准脆性材料,大量混凝土结构在设计使用寿命期间会不可避免地出现裂缝并带着裂缝工作。裂缝的存在会直接影响到混凝土结构使用寿命,特别是在侵蚀性环境因素或疲劳荷载作用下。本文对钢筋混凝土裂缝扩展过程进行了分析,对不同侵蚀环境作用下开裂混凝土结构劣化机制、寿命预测研究方法及预测模型等进行了系统的梳理和对比。阐述了疲劳裂纹扩展理论在开裂混凝土结构疲劳寿命预测中的应用现状与优势,并归纳了基于该理论的部分寿命预测方法及预测模型。此外,还对侵蚀环境与疲劳荷载耦合作用下开裂混凝土结构寿命预测方法进行了总结与讨论,指出了现有开裂混凝土结构寿命预测研究尚存在的问题,并对今后的研究方向提出了建议。

基于实测载荷的挖掘机动臂精细化焊缝疲劳寿命分析

针对挖掘机动臂疲劳失效多发于焊缝连接处的问题,建立精细化的焊缝疲劳寿命预测模型,基于实测载荷对挖掘机动臂疲劳寿命进行分析。以某特定型号的液压挖掘机动臂为分析对象,基于载荷反演技术获得挖掘机动臂在石方和土方环境作业下的铰点载荷,对动臂焊缝部位进行精细化有限元建模,结合焊缝材料的S-N曲线以及线性MineR损伤理论,分别预测动臂焊缝部位在石方和土方环境下的疲劳寿命。分析表明,焊缝部位在石方和土方环境下最低疲劳寿命分别为5.815×10^(5)和1.160×10^(6)次,此分析方法可为同类型机械焊缝结构疲劳寿命分析提供参考。

延伸护理在老年获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者抗病毒治疗中的应用

目的探究延伸护理对提高老年获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者抗病毒治疗依从性、疗效及生活质量的影响。方法选取2015年1月-2021年12月北京佑安医院接受初始抗病毒治疗的200例老年获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者作为研究对象,按照抽签法随机分为对照组与试验组,各100例。对照组接受常规护理以及健康教育,试验组则在对照组基础上给予延伸护理。随访1年,比较两组的服药依从性、疗效和生活质量。结果随访1年时,试验组的服药依从性高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);试验组CD4+T淋巴细胞计数增幅高于对照组(P<0.05);两组治疗后病毒载量均检测不到。试验组在生活质量的生理领域、心理领域、社会关系领域和环境领域评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论延伸护理有利于提高老年获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者的服药依从性和抗病毒效果,提高患者的生活质量,值得临床推广及应用。