Effects of temperatures on the development and reproduction of the armyworm, Mythimna roseilinea: Analysis using an age-stage, two-sex life table

The armyworm Mythimna roseilinea（Walker） is a major pest of grain crops in South China. So far little is known about its basic biology and ecology, making prediction of population dynamics difficult. This study examined the relationships of individual development and population growth with temperature based on an age-stage, two-sex life table of M. roseilinea reared on maize in the laboratory at 18, 21, 24, 27 and 30℃. The highest values of net reproductive rate（R_0） and fecundity were observed at 21 and 24℃, respectively. Both the intrinsic rate of increase（r） and finite rate of increase（λ） increased significantly and mean generation time（T） decreased significantly with increasing temperature. M. roseilinea was able to develop, survive and lay eggs at all temperature regimes tested. Development rates of the egg, larval, pupal, as well as the whole pre-oviposition stages had a positive linear relationship with temperature. The calculated development threshold temperatures of egg, larval, pupal, pre-oviposition and total pre-oviposition stages were 13.29, 8.39, 14.35, 7.42, and 12.24℃, respectively, and their effective accumulated temperatures were 63.59, 445.00, 211.11, 89.02, and 698.95 degree-days, respectively. These results provide insight into temperature-based phenology and population ecology of this insect pest and will allow population prediction and management available in the field.

Correlation of personality with individual reproductive success in shrub-nesting birds depends on their life history style

Two questions in the research of animal personality—whether there is a correlation between a personality trait and individual reproductive success,and what is the genetic basis underlying a personality trait—remain unresolved.We addressed these two questions in three shrub-nesting birds,the Azure-winged Magpie(Cyanopica cyanus,AM),White-collared Blackbird(Turdus albocinctus,WB),and Brown-cheeked Laughingthrush(Trochalopteron henrici,BL).The personality type of an individual was first identified according to its response to a territorial intruder.Then,we compared the fleeing distance,breeding parameters,and differential expressed genes(DEGs) in the brain transcriptome between bold and shy breeders.In the three species,bold breeders exhibited more aggressiveness towards an intruder of their territory than did shy breeders.The reproductive success of bold breeders was significantly higher than that of shy breeders in AM but not in WB and BL.The three species shared one DEG,crabp1,which was up-regulated in bold relative to in shy individuals.By regulating the expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone,higher crabp1 gene expression can decrease cellular response to retinoic acid.Therefore,bold individuals are insensitive to external stresses and able to exhibit more aggressiveness to intruders than their shier counterparts.Aggressiveness is beneficial to bold individuals in AM but not in WB and BL because the former could evoke neighbors to make the same response of defending against intruders but the latter could not.Although a personality trait may have the same genetic basis across species,its correlation with reproductive success depends largely on the life history style of a species.

A preliminary study on life history of marine red alga Stylonema alsidii(Zandardini)Drew f.ramosum Zheng et Li

Stylonema alsidii(Zandardini)Drew f.ramosum Zheng et Li is a common species in the genus Stylonema,but there are limited reports on morphological taxonomy and a lack of studies on life history and the regulation of early development.The early development,discoid formation,and erect thallus growth of Stylonema alsidii f.ramosum were observed under laboratory conditions.In addition,the influence of main environmental factors such as temperature and light intensity on its development was briefly studied,and various stages of its life history were observed.The result shows:(1)there are two reproductive modes:asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction;(2)the morphology of this species varies in different degrees under laboratory culture conditions;(3)sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction can coexist under suitable conditions.Five pathways of life history were inferred from experimental phenomena.Mature sporophytes form mature gametophytes by producing initially isolated or initially attached monospore,and mature gametophytes form mature sporophytes by fertilization of eggs and sperms.The sexual and asexual reproduction processes of Stylonema alsidii f.ramosum were reported for the first time,and this is also the first report on sexual reproduction in the genus Stylonema.

Life Tables for the Experimental Population Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley at Different Temperatures

[Objective] The study was to investigate the effect of temperature on pop- ulation dynamics of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, so as to providing references for the control and prevention of this pest. [Method] The experimental populations were kept in laboratory and fed on cotton plants, and the major parameters of the population were recorded. [Result] By the construction of age specific life tables and reproductive life tables for the P. solenopsis experimental population at 24, 27, 30 ~C, more than 10 parameters were obtained, including mean generation time, survival rates of different stages and sexes, life expectancy, spawning period, fecundity amount per female, sexual ratio, net reproductive rate, intrinsic increase rate, finite increase rate, population trend index, curve of survival rate, and curve of daily fe- male oviposition, which revealed the effect of temperature on growth and develop- ment, life expectancy and fecundities of P. solenopsis. [Conclusion] The reproductive potential of the P. solenopsis population is very great at suitable temperature, making it easy to outbreak. The research provided scientific basis for population dynam- ics investigation, predication and integrated control of P. solenopsis.

The Reproduction of Artistic Conception——An Appreciation of the Two Chinese Translations of A Psalm of Life

本文从诗歌审美的两要素——诗歌形式与诗歌意境将英诗"生命礼赞"两中文译本与原文作了对比研究。刘宓庆教授认为,诗歌审美的两要素直接关系到诗歌的美学价值,而对它们的成功再现自然也成为文学翻译中的关键。本文通过对比分析得出结论:虽然两个中文译本都有各自的缺憾,但从总体上来说它们都成功再现了原诗的意境,也证明在翻译过程中对诗歌审美两要素的权衡和达成使原诗意境的重现成为可能。

Adaptation of real earthquake records for their reproduction by a shaking table with limited stroke

Shaking tables with moving platforms are widely used in laboratory testing of structural models and full-sized devices. In most cases, the platform＇s movement should reproduce real ground acceleration records. However, the stroke of the platform, required for reproduction of real records, is usually rather large. This limitation does not allow an accurate realization of the ground motion by the shaking table. Commonly, in order to overcome this problem, original records are modified, which causes a significant change in the acceleration records＇ spectra. That is why structural responses to the original and to the modified records are different. A new method for modification of original acceleration records is proposed, in which the original record is corrected by an additional artificial one that changes the shaking platform＇s displacement. The corrected record is obtained as a sequence of impulses, The magnitude and duration of each impulse, as well as their location on the time scale, are obtained by an optimization procedure. The optimization is implemented according to a performance index, aimed to minimize the influence of the correcting acceleration record on the specmam of the original one. The proposed method has higher reproduction accuracy, compared to other known methods. Its effectiveness is demonstrated by comparison of response spectra and dynamic behaviors of three multi-story structures subjected to natural and modified seismic excitations.

THE POSSIBILITY ANALYSIS OF NATURAL POPLAR-BIRCH FOREST RECOVERY TO BROAD-LEAF KOREAN PINE FOREST THROUGH THE METHOD OF LIFE TABLE IN THE XIOAXING'AN MOUNTAINS

The basic principle of life table method is deseribed, and the method of tree height instead of tree age in static life table is suggested, and it is also discussed that the possibility of natural poplar -birch forest recover to broad-leaf Korean pine forest on low pitches in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains by this method. If there is no particular situation, Korean pines after high than 5m under natural Poplar-birch forest will basically survive and make their way into dominant callopy accompanied by climax broad-leaf species.

Effects of Aschersonia aleyrodis on the life table and demographic parameters of Bemisia tabaci

The present study reports the sublethal effects of the entomopathogenic fungus, Aschersonia aleyrodis（Webber） on Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）（Homoptera： Aleyrodidae）. A fungal suspension of A. aleyrodis isolate Aa005 containing 1×107 conidia mL^-1 was sprayed against B. tabaci on eggplant leaves under greenhouse conditions. The effects of fungal application on survival as well as life table parameters of the whitefly were observed at different post inoculation periods. The results indicated that A. aleyrodis can significantly affect the survival of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd nymphal instars of B. tabaci. Developmental periods of different instar nymphs were not affected by fungal application. A. aleyrodis spores persisted well and significantly affected the survivorship of young instar nymphs of B. tabaci at different post incubation periods. Life table results suggested that A. aleyrodis has no impact on general fecundity and longevity of B. tabaci. When the pathogen was exposed to the open environment and maintained for a relatively longer period, a reduction in the reproductive rate and intrinsic rate of increase was caused by the fungal spores, though the sublethal effects were not as good as the control treatment. The results suggest that the ability of spores to suppress an increase in whitefly population persists well after incubation of spores to the external environment（up to 9 days）.

Life Table of Natural Population of Gastrolina depressa

[Objective]The paper was to understand the population development regularity of Gastrolina depressa in natural environment in Guizhou Province.[Method]The population dynamics of G.depressa was studied by establishing life table of natural population of G.depressa via field observation and calculating dynamic trend index of population.[Result]The mortality rates in egg stage,pupal stage and adult stage accounted for 26.42%,10.96%and 8.22%of the total mortality rate,respectively.The mortality rate in larval stage was the highest,accounting for 54.40%of the total mortality rate,higher than the total mortality rate in the other three stages.The population dynamic trend index I=9.25,I>1 indicated that the population showed an upward trend.[Conclusion]Under the natural conditions,the population of G.depressa shows upward trend,and human intervention is needed to control the population.The larval stage is the weak stage of the insect,which is the best time to control the insect.

Effect of Artificial and Corn Leaves Diets on Development, Survival and Reproduction of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Sierra Leone

The use of artificial diets to mass reared insect stock under laboratory conditions, promotes knowledge about the biology, behavior, and nutritional requirements of insects;with such information being fundamental for the formulation of efficient integrated pest management programs (IPM) strategies. However, the artificial diets used for rearing Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the laboratory in this study, do not contain wheat germ, used for routine laboratory rearing. The aim of this study was to compare food preference and consumption by S. frugiperda larvae, as well as evaluate insect developmental parameters in the standard diet and the bean-based diets under laboratory conditions. Four artificial diets were used: a standard diet based on broad beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) used to rear S. frugiperda (D1), a diet with the substitution of two types of beans, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) (D2) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L) (D3);and a diet of fresh corn leaves (D4), the host plant of the pest species. Using a multiple-choice test, we observed that the larvae preferred diets D4 followed by D1. The relative consumption rate (RCR), relative growth rate (RGR), relative metabolic rate (RMR), approximate digestibility (AD), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), and the metabolic cost (CM) for S. frugiperda fifth instar larvae varied among diets. The diet D4 resulted in better ingestion, digestion, assimilation, and conversion of food, but with a metabolic cost to assimilate the food. The different bean varieties present in the diet influenced larval length, larval periods, larval survival, pupal periods, sex ratio, pupal weight, and pupal survival;but fecundity and longevity of adults were not affected. The different bean-based diets did positively influence population growth, with the most outstanding being D4. From the results of this study, the most adequate diet for rearing S. frugiperda in the laboratory is D4.

Positive Stable Frailty Approach in the Construction of Dependence Life-Tables

Dependence may arise in insurance when the insureds are clustered into groups e.g. joint-life annuities. This dependence may be produced by sharing a common risk acting on mortality of members of the group. Various dependence models have been considered in literature; however, the focus has been on either the lower-tail dependence alone or upper-tail dependence alone. This article implements the frailty dependence approach to life insurance problems where most applications have been within medical setting. Our strategy is to use the conditional independence assumption given an observed association measure in a positive stable frailty approach to account for both lower and upper-tail dependence. The model is calibrated on the association of Kenyan insurers 2010 male and female published rates. The positive stable model is then proposed to construct dependence life-tables and generate life annuity payment streams in the competitive Kenyan market.

航空发动机振动环境谱统计归纳方法及振动试验台复现

为满足航空发动机及机载产品研制过程贴近使用环境的振动考核试验需求,需根据发动机实测振动数据给出振动考核试验所需的输入谱图。依据GJB/Z 126-99中给出的环境测量数据归纳方法,建立了发动机实测振动环境谱统计归纳方法并通过程序实现。利用发动机多架次实测试飞振动数据统计归纳得到发动机测点位置的振动实测谱。基于能量等效及信号频域特征分布一致原则,将归纳得到的实测谱转化为可用于振动台输入的振动环境谱,并在振动台上进行了振动信号的复现试验。结果表明:振动台输出信号与发动机实测振动信号频域分布特征一致,在统计频率带宽范围内振动总量最大相差5.7%,证明了转化方法是合理的,为航空发动机机载设备贴近使用环境的振动考核试验方法提供了真实的输入谱图。

江苏宝华山宝华玉兰种群结构与动态特征分析

为了揭示极危(CR)植物宝华玉兰〔Yulania zenii(W.C.Cheng)D.L.Fu〕野生种群的结构和动态特征,对江苏省句容市宝华山宝华玉兰野生资源进行全面调查,并运用静态生命表、存活曲线和生存分析等方法综合分析宝华玉兰种群结构和动态变化。结果表明:宝华山全境现存宝华玉兰野生开花植株115株,主要分布于宝华山北坡中部。宝华玉兰种群以中树和大树〔10 cm≤胸径(DBH)<25 cm〕为主,占比达66.1%,属于衰退型种群。从静态生命表看,宝华玉兰种群的生命期望随着径级的增加逐渐下降,种群存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ型。生存分析结果显示:宝华玉兰种群趋势具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点。种群动态量化分析结果表明:宝华玉兰种群动态总体呈增长趋势,但增长极为缓慢。基于上述研究结果,建议采取人工播种、补植实生苗等方式加强对宝华玉兰种群的保护和管理,促进其种群的更新和良性发展。

气候变化事件对头足类繁殖、年龄生长与早期生活史影响的研究进展

头足类是重要的渔业资源之一,其渔业生物学特性极易受到海洋环境变化的影响。气候系统中的能量主要储存载体是海洋。近年来频发的气候变化事件引发海洋环境因子变动,直接或间接地改变了头足类的渔业生物学特性,对头足类的渔业生产造成影响。为此,本文归纳和总结了气候变化对头足类繁殖、年龄生长与早期生活史等3个方面的影响,并提出了展望。结果表明,气候变化事件的发生极易影响头足类动物的渔业生物学特性,海洋环境因子中的温度和初级生产力变动为主要影响因素。目前,相关研究对象多为柔鱼科和枪乌贼科等经济种类,选用的海洋环境因子也多为海洋环境温度,今后应结合其他海洋环境数据研究气候变化事件对其他种类的影响。本文旨为研究气候变化事件对头足类渔业生物学特性的影响提供理论依据,为近年来气候变化事件频发下头足类渔业的可持续发展提供科学指导。

利用自我重复取样匹配技术组建生命表:以梨小食心虫为例

【目的】针对一些昆虫在进行生命表研究时由于个体从出生到死亡的发育、存活和繁殖数据无法连续记录或难以记录的问题,本研究旨在引入一种适宜该类昆虫的生命表组建技术,并证明该技术的可靠性。【方法】将24个以传统方式组建的昆虫连续记录生命表拆分为未成熟期与成虫期生命表,再利用自我重复取样匹配技术重新组建新的完整生命表,与原始生命表的主要种群参数进行比较与验证。利用该技术重新组建包含滞育期的梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta生命表,并借助模拟软件预测越冬种群增长趋势,将预测的种群数据与田间取样数据进行对比。【结果】24个种群基于0.5百分位净增殖率(R_(0))和周限增长率(λ)采用自我重复取样匹配构建的生命表的种群参数与原始生命表一致。梨小食心虫自我重复取样匹配生命表无滞育期与含180 d滞育期的生命表周限增长率(λ)、内禀增长率(r)与平均世代周期(T)有显著差异,但净增殖率(R_(0))与平均繁殖率(F)无显著差异。进行种群增长预测时,忽略滞育期会高估田间种群的增长潜力,呈现不现实的快速增长,而包含180 d滞育期的同时降低繁殖率并增加越冬期幼虫的死亡率的生命表,可得到更接近田间观察的实际种群结构。【结论】本研究展示了分别独立收集未成熟期和成虫期数据,利用两性生命表软件经100000次自我重复取样和匹配,进而组建完整生命表的技术。借助年龄-龄期两性生命表理论的计算机模拟可以预测害虫种群增长,有助于确定防治的最佳时期和制定有效的害虫管理方案,以促进农业可持续发展。

集合论、笛卡尔乘积和多项式定理在生命表研究中的应用:以取食玉米粒和茶树叶片的棉铃虫生命表为例

【目的】自我重复取样技术(bootstrap technique)广泛用于计算生命表各参数的方差、标准误和置信区间(confidence interval),而配对自我重复取样检验(paired bootstrap test,PBT)则用于检测处理间的生命表参数差异。本研究以取食玉米粒和茶树叶片的棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera生命表为例,进一步解释集合论、笛卡尔乘积和多项式定理在害虫种群生物学研究中的应用。【方法】利用年龄-龄期两性生命表对取食玉米粒和茶树叶片的棉铃虫种群参数进行分析,利用集合论、笛卡尔乘积和多项式定理将种群统计分析以明确数学的方法呈现,以检测所有可能的自我重复取样样本、精确计算种群参数置信区间以及处理之间差异的置信区间,计算可育和不育样本的概率。【结果】取食茶树叶片的棉铃虫其成虫前期存活率、内禀增长率(r)、周限增长率(λ)、净增殖率(R_(0))、平均世代周期(T)均显著低于取食玉米粒的,说明茶树叶片不是棉铃虫的适宜寄主植物。因取食茶树叶片棉铃虫种群不育样本数较多,利用bootstrap重复取样接受可育与不育样本时,其结果与不用bootstrap技术计算的差异小于5%;若取样时仅接受可育样本,结果与原数值差异显著,误差较大(>5%)。使用笛卡尔配对检验(Cartesian paired test,CPT)比较取食两种食物的棉铃虫种群的R0的差异时,可计算两种处理bootstrap抽样结果所有可能差异的精确置信区间,而使用自我重复取样检验通常会导致置信区间的估值过高或过低,尤其是自我重复取样数较小时。多项式定理可以揭示可育和不育样本的自我重复取样结果。自我重复取样抽样记录必须保留,以便在后续分析中进一步应用。【结论】本研究进一步明确了两性生命表理论的数学基础,也为昆虫学研究中的生命表技术的应用提供数学支撑。

哈贝马斯对生活世界概念的批判性重构

胡塞尔晚年提出的生活世界概念是现代哲学社会科学的核心概念之一。在具体分析各种不同的生活世界概念的基础上,哈贝马斯基于普遍语用学立场从“文化一社会一个性”三个层面对生活世界概念进行了批判性重构,不仅阐发了生活世界结构要素与生活世界再生产过程,而且揭示了生活世界与交往行为的“互补关系”,以及生活世界再生产过程为生活世界结构要素获得所作出的贡献,从而为自己提出“系统一生活世界”二阶社会构想、生活世界殖民化理论提供了前提条件。尽管哈贝马斯的生活世界殖民化理论并不足以揭示后期资本主义危机之根源,甚至还有为后期资本主义社会辩护的嫌疑,但哈贝马斯基于普遍语用学立场重构生活世界概念的努力还是值得肯定的,从而使得生活世界概念在哈贝马斯社会哲学中获得了特殊意义。

村落中的“公主”——城市化进程中的成长陷阱

中国近40年的城市化进程,对女性成长具有特殊意味。有这样一群农村姑娘,她们本是家庭、村落或学校的宠儿,充满内在的骄傲,对人生有着特别的渴望期许,但最终走上了成功与幸福相对立的道路。对她们而言,成长中的陷阱遍布爱情、家庭与事业各个方面。在这里,赫然存在一种文化中断。这种文化中断不是根源于波伏瓦所说的“幸福的被动性”或布迪厄所说的“男性统治”及其背后的“象征暴力”,也不是由于家庭资本或社会经济地位的特殊影响,而是与一套外在的打断系统息息相关。正是这套打断系统在她们生活中再造了相互观看与占有、情感结构与事业组织、理论生活与生产性劳动的现实区分。而城乡二元体制,则是这种打断系统制度化的核心。从这里,我们看到了城市、学校与理论知识这样一套公共支持系统与女性成长的内在关联。

7种榕属植物叶片的理化性质及对朱红毛斑蛾生长发育的影响

为探究相较于其余5种榕属植物,朱红毛斑蛾Phauda flammans偏好小叶榕Ficus concinna及垂叶榕F.benjamina的原因。本文通过测量比较7种常用的园林绿化榕属植物营养物质、次生代谢物质以及物理性状,采用室内饲养观察与调查统计的方法评估朱红毛斑蛾在小叶榕和垂叶榕上的发育历期和种群生命表参数。结果发现,与黄葛树、无花果、对叶榕、高山榕和印度榕相比,小叶榕和垂叶榕叶片可溶性糖含量分别为98.47μg/g与65.21μg/g;可溶性蛋白含量分别为4.18 mg/g与0.95 mg/g;含水量分别为0.84%与0.95%;叶片厚度分别为3.59 mm与2.65 mm;硬度分别为3.91 mN与3.49 mN;朱红毛斑蛾仅在小叶榕和垂叶榕上能完成生活史;与垂叶榕相比,取食小叶榕后的幼虫、蛹和成虫的生长发育历期更短,分别为50.25 d、11.48 d和4.28 d,种群存活率和繁殖率更高,且自然死亡排除控制指数为1.68,低于垂叶榕。说明小叶榕和垂叶榕叶片含有较高的营养物质、较低含量的次生代谢物质、较小的叶片硬度,导致朱红毛斑蛾偏好小叶榕和垂叶榕,并能完成生活史。因此在基于榕树植物的园林绿化造景过程中,应注意树种的搭配,降低朱红毛斑蛾对城市园林景观和生态效益的影响。

棉蚜对不同品种枸杞的适应性

为了明确棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)对宁夏地区不同主栽枸杞品种的适应性,利用年龄-阶段两性生命表对棉蚜取食不同品种枸杞后生长发育及种群参数进行研究。结果表明,取食不同枸杞品种的棉蚜产蚜期、产蚜量和寿命存在显著差异。其中取食‘宁杞1号’的棉蚜产蚜期、总寿命、成虫寿命和产蚜量分别为8.61 d、15.22 d、9.58 d和11.78头,显著低于‘宁杞5号’(分别为9.71 d、16.14 d、10.78 d和15头)、‘宁杞7号’(分别为9.71 d、15.87 d、10.52 d和14.21头)和‘宁杞10号’(分别为11.08 d、17.80 d、12.24 d和17.40头)。取食不同枸杞品种的棉蚜净增殖率(R0)、总繁殖率(GRR)、内禀增长率(r)、平均世代周期(T)和周限增长率(λ)等参数存在显著差异。其中取食‘宁杞1号’棉蚜的R0、GRR、r和λ值(分别为7.07、14.13、0.21 d^(-1)和1.24 d^(-1))均显著低于‘宁杞5号’(分别为10.5、16.9、0.26 d^(-1)和1.29 d^(-1))、‘宁杞7号’(分别为11.37、18.47、0.27 d^(-1)和1.30 d^(-1))和‘宁杞10号’(分别为14.5、20.41、0.28 d^(-1)和1.32 d^(-1));取食‘宁杞1号’棉蚜的t值(9.17 d)显著低于‘宁杞10号’(9.5 d),高于‘宁杞7号’(9.01 d)。综上表明,棉蚜取食4个枸杞品种均能正常发育并完成整个世代,但在不同品种枸杞上的适应性不同,在‘宁杞10号’品种上的适应性最好,‘宁杞5号’和‘宁杞7号’次之,‘宁杞1号’的适应性最低。因此,可以考虑利用棉蚜适应性较低的品种作为宁夏地区主栽枸杞对棉蚜进行防控。