Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells with Superior Thermal/Light Stability and Balanced Efficiency and Transmittance

Semitransparent organic solar cells show attractive potential in the application of building-integrated photovoltaics,agrivoltaics,floating photovoltaics,and wearable electronics,as their multiple functionalities of electric power generation,photopermeability,and color tunability.Design and exploration of semitransparent organic solar cells with optimal and balanced efficiency and average visible light transmittance and simultaneously high stability are in great demand.In this work,based on a layer-by-layer-processed active layer and an ultrathin metal electrode,inverted semitransparent organic solar cells(ITO/AZO/PM6/BTP-eC9/MoO_(3)/Au/Ag)were fabricated.Optimal and balanced efficiency and average visible light transmittance were demonstrated,and simultaneously promising thermal and light stability were achieved for the obtained devices.The power conversion efficiency of 13.78-12.29%and corresponding average visible light transmittance of 14.58-25.80%were recorded for the ST-OSC devices with 25-15 nm thick Ag electrodes,respectively.Superior thermal and light stability with~90%and~85%of initial efficiency retained in 400 h under 85°C thermal stress and AM1.5 solar illumination were demonstrated,respectively.

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and dimensional stability of ZL114A aluminum alloy

The effects of heat treatment process on microstrucature, micro-yield strength and dynamic dimensional stability of ZL114A aluminum alloy were investigated by optical microscopy （OM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, tensile testing and thermal cycling on-line measuring method. Fine dispersed eutectic Si phases are observed, and long strip eutectic Si and massive primary Si phases decrease in ZL114A alloy after high-temperature and long-time solution treatment, which result in the increase of micro-plastic deformation resistance. With the increasing of aging temperature, aging precipitation behaviour of ZLll4A alloy transforms from precipitation of GP zone and fl＇ phases simultaneously at lower temperature to precipitation of stable Mg2Si phases at higher temperature. Because coherent strengthening is the main strengthen mechanism for micro-plastic deformation, precipitation of stable Mg2Si phases is unfavorable to the improvement of micro-plastic deformation resistance. Micro-yield strength cannot characterize dimensional stability comprehensively, and dynamic dimensional stability under alternative temperature should also be tested cooperatively for better evaluation of dimensional stability.

1-Deoxynojirimycin Content and Alfa-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity and Heat Stability of 1-Deoxynojirimycin in Silkworm Powder

Silkworm powder containing 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) has α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and is promising as a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) agent in Japan. Silkworm powder produced in Korea was extracted with 75% ethanol. The extract was derivatized with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl), and DNJ-FMOC content was measured by HPLC. Then, alfa-glucosidase inhibition by silkworm and mulberry powder in pig liver crude enzyme was assayed using 4-nitrophenyl-alfa-D-glucopyranoside as a substrate. Silkworm powder DNJ content (0.39 to 0.58%) was higher than that in mulberry powder (0.08 to 0.12%). The alfa-glucosidase inhibitory activity of silkworm powder was more potent than that of mulberry leaves and green tea. Silkworm powder DNJ was stable upon heating to 121?C for up to 15 min.

The effects of variable specific heat on the stability of hypersonic boundary layer on a flat plate

The gas temperature within hypersonic boundary layer flow is so high that the specific heat of gas is no longer a constant but relates to temperature. How variable specific heat influences on boundary layer flow stability is worth researching. The effect of the variable specific heat on the stability of hypersonic boundary layer flows is studied and compared with the case of constant specific heat based on the linear stability theory. It is found that the variable specific heat indeed has some effects on the neutral curves of both the first-mode and the second-mode waves and on the maximum rate of growth also. Therefore, the relationship between specific heat and temperature should be considered in the study of the stability of the boundary layer.

SYNTHESIS，PROPERTY AND HEAT STABILITY FO RPOLYVINYLCHLORIDSOFANTIMONYTRIS（MERCAPTOACIDESTER）

Antimony mercaplde heat stabilizer for polyvinyl chlorideis synthesized from antimony trioxide and mercaptocarboxylic acid esters, HS(CH2).COoi-C8H17 (n=1～2) at 100～115 C In the presence of 0. 5%～1 % an organic acid catalyst. Some physicochemicalconstants of the compounds, such as density and refractive index, aredetermined. The complexes are hydrolabll in aqueous solutions andthe bond of Sb-S is weaker than that of Sb-o. The forming bondproperty of antimony tris (mercaptoacid ester ) has been elucidatedby measurement of infrared spectra in comparison with mercaptocarboxylic acid esters. The polyvinyl chloride resins containing antimony mercaptide heat stabilizers, do not darken at elevated temperatures and exhibit a high degree of stability. It is proposed that mercaptocarboxylic acid ester freeradicals can esterify PVC microradicals at carbon atoms with upaired electrons.

Heat flow pattern,base of methane hydrates stability zones and BSRs in Shenhu Area,northern South China Sea

Using the collected 433 heat flow values, we estimated the bases of methane hydrate stability zone （BHSZ）, in northern South China Sea （NSCS）. Through comparing BHSZs with the depths of bottom simulating reflectors （BSRs）, in Shenhu Area （SA）, we found that there are big differences between them. In the north of SA, where the water depth is shallow, many slumps developed and the sedimentation rate is high, it appears great negative difference （as large as -192%）. However, to the southeast of SA, where the water depth is deeper, sedimentation rate is relatively low and uplift basement topography exists, it changes to positive difference （as large as ＋45%）. The differences change so great, which haven＇t been observed in other places of the world. After considering the errors from the process of heat flow measurement, the BSR depth, the relationship of thermal conductivity with the sediments depth, and the fluid flow activities, we conclude that the difference should be not caused by these errors. Such big disagreement may be due to the misunderstanding of BSR. The deviant ＂BSRs＂ could represent the paleo-BSRs or just gas-bearing sediment layers, such as unconformities or the specific strata where have different permeability, which are not hydraterelated BSRs.

Decay resistance and dimensional stability improvement of wood by low melting point alloy heat treatment

Wood has no inherent natural resistance against agents of biodegradation. We evaluated the effects of metal bath heat treatment(MBHT) on decay resistance and dimensional stability of Chinese parasol(Firmiana simplex) and Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata) wood. A low melting point alloy was used as heating medium in the treatment of the wood samples at 150, 180, and 210 °C for2, 4, and 8 h. Heat-treated and control samples were exposed to brown rot fungus(Poria placenta) and white rot fungus(Coriolus versicolor) for decay resistance testing and anti-swelling efficiency(ASE). The improved decay resistance with increase temperatures with low mass losses of 7.3 and 7.3% for F. simplex, and 3.9 and 3.6% for C.lanceolata at 210 °C for 8 h against Coriolus versicolor and Poria placenta, respectively. ASE indicated that MBHT contributed to improved dimensional stability of both wood species after treatment. Scanning electron micrograph results indicate that metal bath-treated samples showed strong decay resistance. Therefore, our approach to thermally modify wood should be explored to overcome the energy utilization by using low melting point alloy for the heat treatment of wood.

Factors controlling the latent and sensible heat FLuxes over Erhai Lake under different atmospheric surface layer stability conditions

The stratification of the atmospheric surface layer(ASL)plays an important role in regulating the water vapor and heat exchange across the lake–air interface.Based on one year of data measured by the eddy covariance technique over Erhai Lake in 2015,the ASL stability(ζ)was divided into six ranges,including unstable(-1ζ<-0:1),weakly unstable(-0:1ζ<-0:01),near-neutral1(-0:01ζ<0),near-neutral2(0ζ<0:01),weakly stable(0:01ζ<0:1),and stable(0:1ζ<1).The characteristics of ASL stability conditions and factors controlling the latent(LE)and sensible heat(H)fluxes under different stability conditions were analyzed in this study.The stability conditions of Erhai Lake have noticeably seasonal and diurnal variation,with the nearneutral and(weakly)stable stratification usually occurring before July,with frequencies of 51.7%and 23.3%,respectively,but most of the(weakly)unstable stratification was observed after July,with a frequency of 59.8%.Large evaporation occurred even in stable atmospheric conditions,due to the coupled effects of the relatively larger lake–air vapor pressure difference and wind speed.The relative controls of LE and H by different atmospheric variables are largely dependent on the stability conditions.In stable and unstable ranges,LE is closely correlated with the vapor pressure difference,whereas in weakly unstable to weakly stable ranges,it is primarily controlled by wind speed.H is related to wind speed and the lake–air temperature difference under stable conditions,but shows no obvious relationship under unstable conditions.

Effects of heat treatment process on thin film alloy resistance and its stability

Alloy thin film for advanced pressure sensors was manufactured by means of ion-beam sputtering SiO2 insulation film and NiCr thin film on the 17-4PH stainless steel elastic substrate. The thin film resistance was respectively heat-treated by four processes. The effects on stability of thin film alloy resistance were investigated, and paramaters of heat treatment that make thin film resistance stable were obtained. The experimental result indicates that the most stable thin film resistance can be obtained when it is heat-treated under protection of SiO2 and N2 at 673 K for 1 h, and then kept at 473 K for 24 h. Pressure sensor chips of high precision for harsh environments can be manufactured by this process.

Effects of Heat Treatment on Dimension Stability of Larch Pallet Decks

The useful life of wooden pallets is lower because of the defects in lumbers. The quality of lumber can be significantly enhanced by heat treatment. In this paper,the larch pallet decks samples were heat-treated under the conditions of different time and temperatures. The quantity of water uptake has reduced 16. 8% under the condition of 250 ℃ for 150 min. The resistance of water absorption efficiency increases 165. 34% under the condition of 175 ℃ for 90 min. The anti-shrink efficiency increases 72. 08% under the condition of 250 ℃ for 90min. The results showed that the dimension stability of larch panels can be improved by heat treatment. The condition of 250 ℃ for 180 min is the best heat treating condition to improve the dimension stability.

Effect of Light on Stability of Anthocyanins in Ethanolic Extracts of Rubus fruticosus

Blackberry (Rubus fructicosus) is one of the fruit with the highest concentration of anthocyanins;however, its use is limited for making jams, jellies and liqueur, and recently, fruit concentrates in combination with pomegranate, blueberry and grape. One of the main problems with these pigments is their poor stability in solution, mainly in beverages as liqueur and juices, which depends on factors such as chemical structure, pH, temperature, light, water activity, and presence of oxygen. The effect of light on total monomeric anthocyanins content as well as the degradation rates and browning of two blackberry ethanolic extracts is to establish the conditions for storage of liqueur without adding artificial food coloring. The initial content of anthocyanins on extract without storage was 106 mg?l-1. The study assessed the light irradiation effect on the anthocyanins of blackberry ethanolic extract. The anthocyanins degradation followed the second order reaction kinetics with respect to illuminance of the light source. The t1/2 value at high illuminance (3968.30 lx) was 28.20 hours.

Effect Mechanism of Structure-Changed Water on Heat Stability of Lysozyme

Based on the mechanism of the effect of hydration on the heat stability of lysozyme and the theory of water molecule clusters, the effect of structure-changed water on heat stability of lysozyme has been studied. The results obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the thermal denaturation temperature of lysozyme had been elevated 8.47 K through hydration of lysozyme with processed water whose structure had been changed so it was called "structured water" compared to ordinary water. The reason is that structured water changed the dipole moment of water molecules and easily formed cyclic water hexamer or cage-like water hexamer, so that the interacting force of maintaining three-dimensional conformation of lysozyme could be reinforced.

Improvement of electro-optic performances in white organic light emitting diodes with color stability by buffer layer and multiple dopants structure

A series of white phosphorescent OLED devices with buffer layer and multiple dopant structure is investigated in order to obtain better electro-optic performances and color stability. The color coordinate and color stability are related to the location of multiple dopants layer, and the optimized location can compensate for the change of the blue emission intensity under a high voltage and stabilize the spectrum. The electro-optic performances and color stability can be further improved by changing the composition and thickness of the buffer layer between the emitting layer and the electron transport layer.In device B2, the distance from multiple dopant layer to buffer layer is 2 nm and the thickness of buffer layer is 5 nm,the maximum luminance, current density, and power efficiency can reach 9091 cd/m^2, 364.5 mA/cm^2, and 26.74 lm/W,respectively. The variation of international commission on the illumination（CIE） coordinate of device B2 with voltage increasing from 4 V to 7 V is only（0.006, 0.004）.

SOLUTION OF BACKWARD HEAT PROBLEM BY MOROZOV DISCREPANCY PRINCIPLE AND CONDITIONAL STABILITY

Consider a 1-D backward heat conduction problem with Robin boundary condition. We recover u(x, 0) and u(x, to) for to ∈ (0, T) from the measured data u(x, T)respectively. The first problem is solved by the Morozov discrepancy principle for which a 3-order iteration procedure is applied to determine the regularizing parameter. For the second one, we combine the conditional stability with the Tikhonov regularization together to construct the regularizing solution for which the convergence rate is also established. Numerical results are given to show the validity of our inversion

Heat Stability of HA Antigen in Influenza Virus Rapid Diagnosis Kit

[ Objective] The aim was to select protective agent of HA antigen of influenza virus. [ Method] H3N2 and H1 N1 subtype influenza virus were added into A - F groups to conduct accelerated test at 37 ℃and measure HA titer through hemagglutination test. t Result] Hemagglutination titers of H3 N2 and H, N1 subtype influenza virus were 20 and 32 in group A （ with PBS buffer solution） for 28 d; heat stability of HA antigen proved the best in group F （with BSA, fucose, proclin 300, triton 100） ; hemagglutination titers of HA antigen of H3N2 and H1 N1 subtype virus were 48 and 96 for 28 d. [ Conclusion] Components in group F were best in protection on HA antigen, which can be a candidate of protective agent.

Hyers-Ulam-Rassias Stability for the Heat Equation

In this paper we apply the Fourier transform to prove the Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability for one dimensional heat equation on an infinite rod. Further, the paper investigates the stability of heat equation in ?with initial condition, in the sense of Hyers-Ulam-Rassias. We have also used Laplace transform to establish the modified Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of initial-boundary value problem for heat equation on a finite rod. Some illustrative examples are given.

Heat stability of winter wheat depends on cultivars, timing and protective methods

Heat stress negatively affects wheat production in many regions of the world.At present,sensitivity to heat stress remains one of the least understood aspects of wheat genetics and breeding,and measures for preventing heat stress are understudied.In this study,we used three cultivars of winter wheat(GY2018,SL02-1 and SY20)to evaluate the effect of heat stress at different days after anthesis(DAA)on yield and quality.Heat stability of the cultivars were analyzed and evaluated for the effects of two kinds of regulators on wheat under heat stress conditions.Heat treatment at 7 DAA led to the most substantial reduction in yield while GY2018 had the best heat stability with respect to yield,and demonstrated the most positive effects on several quality traits including protein content,sedimentation volume and glutenin and gliadin contents.Heat treatment at 14 DAA had the least reduction in yield,while SY20 had the best heat stability with respect to yield and heat treatment had minimal effects on quality.Heat treatment at 21 DAA had only a limited effect on yield,while SL02-1 had the best heat stability with respect to yield,but it showed the most negative effects on quality.Stable time at 14 DAA and protein content at 21 DAA can be used as indicators for detecting the stability of quality under heat stress.Among the three studied cultivars,SY20 was the most sensitive to heat stress with the stable time decreasing from 26.4 to 9.1 min,a higher sedimentation volume at 7 DAA,and a lowerγ-gliadin content which increased 2.4-fold under high-temperature treatment.The addition of various regulators had different effects:potassium dihydrogen phosphate(KDP)was more protective of yield with heat stress at 7 DAA,while Duntianbao(DTB)had better effects on quality with heat stress at 21 DAA.

Finite-time Stability of Heating Furnace Temperature Control System

A finite-time stabilization controller for the heating furnace temperature control system is proposed.Based on the extended Lyapunov finite-time stability theory and power integral method,a finite-time stable condition of the heating furnace temperature control system is given.The temperature of the heating furnace is directed by the finite-time stabilization controller to make it stable in finite time.And the quality and quantity of slabs is improved.The simulation example is presented to illustrate the applicability of the developed results.

Changes of Urban Boundary Layer Thermodynamic Stability Induced by Heat Island Effect and Their Influences on Precipitation

[Objective] The aim was to study the characteristics of the changes of the urban boundary layer thermodynamic stability induced by heat island effect and their influences on precipitation.[Method] Proceeding from the thermodynamic equation,the changes of urban boundary layer thermodynamic stability caused by the urban heat disturbance and the mean state of heat island effect were discussed.The influence of the changes of urban boundary layer thermodynamic stability on the precipitation was expounded.Combining with case study of precipitation in Xi’an,the test was verified.[Result] Under interaction between the disturbed temperature and disturbed airflow,the boundary thermal disturbed stability(θ’z) was positive in the urban zone,as well as in the upstream and downstream areas of the city.But the stability in the urban zone was weaker than the suburbs,which favored for the short-time convective precipitation.For the boundary layer mean thermal stability(θ-0-0z) under the interaction between the mean airflow and mean environmental temperature,if the city zone was in the front of the warm ridge,the stability in the upstream of the city weakened which increased the instability of the boundary layer,while it increased in the downstream of the city.It was contrary if the city zone was in the font of the cold trough.For the mean airflow(prevailing wind) and the mean horizontal disturbed temperature,if it was upward motion in the boundary layer,the boundary layer mean thermal disturbed stability(θ’-0z) was negative in the downstream and positive in the upstream.Strong precipitation occured in the upstream of the city.It was contrary if it was descending air in the boundary layer.[Conclusion] The above results served some references for the fine city forecast.

Thermal Stability and Effect of Heat Treatment on Manganese Doped Silica Borotellurite Glass

Glasses with chemical formula of {[(TeO2)0.7(B2O3)0.3]0.8[SiO2]0.2}1-x{MnO2}x where x = 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.05 molar fraction were fabricated using melt quenching technique. The temperature used in the heat treatment process of the glass sample is 600?C. Calorimetric measurement had been carried out to study the thermal properties of the fabricated glass. The crystallization kinetics of the glass system we reexamined under non-isothermal conditions via differential scanning calorimetric (DSC). The glass transition (Tg), onset glass transition (To), maximum crystallization temperature (Tc) and melting temperature (Tm) were determined. Results from DSC proved that the studied glasses have good thermal stability (Ts) in which indicates its high resistance to devitrification. Strong indicator for the glass forming ability of a glass material, Hurby parameter (Kgl) was also calculated in this research.