Soil Organic Carbon,Carbon Fractions and Nutrients as Affected by Land Use in Semi-Arid Region of Loess Plateau of China

Cropland (CP),native grassland (NG) and two shrub land treatments which were converted from cropland in 1985:seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) (ST),and branchytamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima) (BT) were investigated to evaluate effects of land use conversion on soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil nutrients in the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau of China.Total organic carbon (TOC),light fraction organic carbon (LFOC),heavy fraction organic carbon (HFOC),total N (TN),nitrate nitrogen (NO 3-N) and nitrite nitrogen (NO 2-N),ammonium nitrogen (NH + 4-N),total P,and available P (AP) were measured.The results showed that SOC in NG,ST and BT were 12.7%,27.7% and 34.8% higher than that of the cropland,respectively.LFOC,light fraction (LF) dry matter,ratio of TOC to TN (C/N) and the ratio of TOC to AP (C/P) were higher in the shrub land or native grassland than in the cropland.Cropland had the highest TN,the sum of NO 3-N and NO 2-N,TP and AP due to the use of chemical fertilizers.TOC significantly correlated with LFOC,HFOC and C/N.LFOC significantly correlated with dry matter of the LF and C/N.TN,the sum of NO 3-N and NO 2-N and AP were significantly negatively correlated with TOC and LFOC.Therefore,land use conversion from cropland to shrub land,or maybe grassland,contributed to SOC sequestration and improved soil nutrients stabilization.

Long-term effects of gravel―sand mulch on soil organic carbon and nitrogen in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China

Gravel-sand mulch has been used for centuries to conserve water in the Loess Plateau of north- western China. In this study, we assessed the influence of long-term （1996-2012） gravel-sand mulching of cultiv- ated soils on total organic carbon （TOC）, light fraction organic carbon （LFOC）, microbial biomass carbon （MBC）, total organic nitrogen （TON）, particulate organic carbon （POC）, mineral-associated organic carbon （MOC）, perma- nganate-oxidizable carbon （KMnO4-C）, and non-KMnO4-C at 0-60 cm depths. Mulching durations were 7, 11 and 16 years, with a non-mulched control. Compared to the control, there was no significant and consistently positive effect of the mulch on TOC, POC, MOC, KMnO4-C and non-KMnO4-C before 11 years of mulching, and these organic C fractions generally decreased significantly by 16 years. LFOC, TON and MBC to at a 0-20 cm depth in- creased with increasing mulching duration until 11 years, and then these fractions decreased significantly between 11 and 16 years, reaching values comparable to or lower than those in the control. KMnO4-C was most strongly correlated with the labile soil C fractions. Our findings suggest that although gravel-sand mulch may conserve soil moisture, it may also lead to long-term decreases in labile soil organic C fractions and total organic N in the study area. The addition of manure or composted manure would be a good choice to reverse the soil deterioration that occurs after 11 years by increasing the inputs of organic matter.

Dynamics of organic carbon and nitrogen in deep soil profile and crop yields under long-term fertilization in wheat-maize cropping system

Soil organic carbon(SOC)and nitrogen(N)are two of the most important indicators for agricultural productivity.The primary objective of this study was to investigate the changes in SOC and N in the deep soil profile(up to 100 cm)and their relationships with crop productivity under the influence of long-term(since 1990)fertilization in the wheat-maize cropping system.Treatments included CK(control),NP(inorganic N and phosphorus(P)fertilizers),NPK(inorganic N,P and potassium fertilizers),NPKM(NPK plus manure),and M(manure).Crop yield and the properties of topsoil were measured yearly from 2001 to 2009.C and N contents were measured at five different depths in 2001 and 2009.The results showed that wheat and maize yields decreased between 2001 and 2009 under the inorganic fertilizer(NP and NPK)treatments.The average yield between 2001 and 2009 under the NP,NPK,NPKM,and M treatments(compared with the CK treatment)increased by 38,115,383,and 381%,respectively,for wheat and 348,891,2738,and 1845%,respectively,for maize.Different long-term fertilization treatments significantly changed coarse free particulate(cf POC),fine free particulate(ff POC),intramicroaggregate particulate(i POC),and mineral-associated(m SOC)organic carbon fractions.In the experimental years of 2001 and 2009,soil fractions occurred in the following order for all treatments:m SOC>cf POC>i POC>ff POC.All fractions were higher under the manure application treatments than under the inorganic fertilization treatments.Compared to the inorganic fertilization treatments,manure input enhanced the stocks of SOC and total N in the surface layer(0–20 cm)but decreased SOC and N in the deep soil layer(80–100 cm).This reveals the efficiency of manure in increasing yield productivity and decreasing risk of vertical loss of nutrients,especially N,compared to inorganic fertilization treatments.The findings provide opportunities for understanding deep soil C and N dynamics,which could help mitigate climate change impact on agricultural production and maintain soil health.

Effects of Caragana microphylla plantations on organic carbon sequestration in total and labile soil organic carbon fractions in the Horqin Sandy Land, northern China

Afforestation is conducive to soil carbon（C） sequestration in semi-arid regions. However, little is known about the effects of afforestation on sequestrations of total and labile soil organic carbon（SOC） fractions in semi-arid sandy lands. In the present study, we examined the effects of Caragana microphylla Lam. plantations with different ages（12-and 25-year-old） on sequestrations of total SOC as well as labile SOC fractions such as light fraction organic carbon（LFOC） and microbial biomass carbon（MBC）. The analyzed samples were taken from soil depths of 0–5 and 5–15 cm under two shrub-related scenarios： under shrubs and between shrubs with moving sand dunes as control sites in the Horqin Sandy Land of northern China. The results showed that the concentrations and storages of total SOC at soil depths of 0–5 and 5–15 cm were higher in 12-and 25-year-old C. microphylla plantations than in moving sand dunes（i.e., control sites）, with the highest value observed under shrubs in 25-year-old C. microphylla plantations. Furthermore, the concentrations and storages of LFOC and MBC showed similar patterns with those of total SOC at the same soil depth. The 12-year-old C. microphylla plantations had higher percentages of LFOC concentration to SOC concentration and MBC concentration to SOC concentration than the 25-year-old C. microphylla plantations and moving sand dunes at both soil depths. A significant positive correlation existed among SOC, LFOC, and MBC, implying that restoring the total and labile SOC fractions is possible by afforestation with C. microphylla shrubs in the Horqin Sandy Land. At soil depth of 0–15 cm, the accumulation rate of total SOC under shrubs was higher in young C. microphylla plantations（18.53 g C/（m^2·a）; 0–12 years） than in old C. microphylla plantations（16.24 g C/（m^2·a）; 12–25 years）, and the accumulation rates of LFOC and MBC under shrubs and between shrubs were also higher in young C. microphylla plantations than in old C. microphylla plantations. It can be concluded that the establishment of C. microphylla in the Horqin Sandy Land may be a good mitigation strategy for SOC sequestration in the surface soils.

Changes of Organic Carbon in Soil under Different Land Use Patterns in Alpine Agricultural Region of Qinghai

Using organic carbon density grouping method,the change trends of soil total organic carbon(SOC),light fraction content and light fraction organic carbon under 4 land use patterns of returning cultivated land to forest(cropland,artificial forest,inter-cropping of forest and grassland and original sample plot)in alpine agricultural region of Qinghai were studied.The content of SOC was in order:intercropping of forest and grassland > original sample plot > artificial forest > cropland.There was signi...

Effects of continuous nitrogen addition on microbial properties and soil organic matter in a Larix gmelinii plantation in China

Continuous increases in anthropogenic nitrogen（N） deposition are likely to change soil microbial properties, and ultimately to affect soil carbon（C） storage.Temperate plantation forests play key roles in C sequestration, yet mechanisms underlying the influences of N deposition on soil organic matter accumulation are poorly understood. This study assessed the effect of N addition on soil microbial properties and soil organic matter distribution in a larch（Larix gmelinii） plantation. In a 9-year experiment in the plantation, N was applied at100 kg N ha-1 a-1 to study the effects on soil C and N mineralization, microbial biomass, enzyme activity, and C and N in soil organic matter density fractions, and organic matter chemistry. The results showed that N addition had no influence on C and N contents in whole soil. However,soil C in different fractions responded to N addition differently. Soil C in light fractions did not change with N addition, while soil C in heavy fractions increased significantly. These results suggested that more soil C in heavy fractions was stabilized in the N-treated soils. However,microbial biomass C and N and phenol oxidase activity decreased in the N-treated soils and thus soil C increased in heavy fractions. Although N addition reduced microbial biomass and phenol oxidase activity, it had little effect on soil C mineralization, hydrolytic enzyme activities, d13 C value in soil and C–H stretch, carboxylates and amides, and C–O stretch in soil organic matter chemistry measured by Fourier transform infrared spectra. We conclude that N addition（1） altered microbial biomass and activity without affecting soil C in light fractions and（2） resulted in an increase in soil C in heavy fractions and that this increase was controlled by phenol oxidase activity and soil N availability.

Effect of fire intensity on active organic and total soil carbon in a Larix gmelinii forest in the Daxing'anling Mountains,Northeastern China

Studying contents and seasonal dynamics of active organic carbon in the soil is an important method for revealing the turnover and regulation mechanism of soil carbon pool. Through 3 years of field sampling and lab analysis, we studied the seasonal variations, content differences, and interrelationships of total organic carbon （TOC）, light fraction organic carbon （LFOC）, and particulate organic carbon （POC） of the soil in the forest areas burned with different fire intensities in the Daxing＇anling Mountains. The mean TOC content in the low-intensity burned area was greater than that in the unburned area, moderate-intensity, and high-intensity burned areas in June and November （P 〈 0.05）. LFOC and POC in the low-intensity burned area were greater than that in either moderate-intensity or high-intensity burned areas, with significant differences in LFOC in September and November （P 〈 0.05）. A significant difference in LFOC between the unburned and burned areas was only found in July （P 〈 0.05）. However, the differences in POC between the unburned and burned areas were not significant in all the whole seasons （P 〉 0.05）. Soil LFOC and POC varied significantly with the seasons （P 〈 0.05） in the Daxing＇anling Mountains. Significant linear relationships were observed between soil TOC, LFOC, and POC, which were positively correlated with soil nitrogen and negatively correlated with soil temperature in the Daxing＇anling Mountains.

Conventional tillage improves the storage of soil organic carbon in heavy fractions in the Loess Plateau, China

Soil labile organic carbon （C） plays an important role in improving soil quality. The relatively stable fractions of soil organic C （SOC） represent the bulk of SOC, and are also the primary determinant of the long-term C balance of terrestrial ecosystems. Different land use types can influence the distribution patterns of different SOC fractions. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In the present study, different fractions of SOC were determined in two land use types： a grazed grassland （established on previously cultivated cropland 25 years ago, GG） and a long-term cultivated millet cropland （MC）. The results showed that C concentration and C storage of light fractions （LF） and heavy fractions （HF） presented different patterns along the soil profiles in the two sites. More plant residues in GG resulted in 91.9% higher LF storage at the 0-10 cm soil depth, further contributed to 21.9% higher SOC storage at this soil depth; SOC storage at 20-60 cm soil depth in MC was 98.8% higher than that in GG, which could be mainly attributed to the HF storage 104.5% higher than in GG. This might be caused by the long-term application of organic manure, as well as the protection from plough pan and silt- and clay-sized particles. The study indicated that different soil management practices in this region can greatly influence the variations of different SOC fractions, while the conventional tillage can greatly improve the storage of SOC by in- creasing heavy fractions.

Soil Organic Fractions in Cultivated and Uncultivated Soils of Costal Area in Bangladesh

Assessment of soil organic matter fractions can be instrumental in understanding the causes of limited nitrogen supply, and thus soil fertility restoration. A study was conducted in cultivated and uncultivated saline soil, in order to assay soil organic carbon (SOC), its particle-size fractions and their influence on cultivation and soil fertility at Sundarbans costal area in Bangladesh. Soil samples were taken from the 0 - 15 and 15 - 30 cm depths from four cultivated fields and from four nearby sites in a native mangrove forest as references. Soil samples were physically fractionated into sand (2000-50 μm), silt (50-2 μm) and clay (<2 μm). Total SOC and N were analyzed in bulk samples and each size fraction, and the Carbon Management Index (CMI), a widely used indicator of soil quality, was calculated for each field. The CMI in cultivated soils was far below the 100% in reference soils, reaching 38.16%, 25.70%, 32.21% and 34.43% in Field 1, Field 2, Field 3 and Field 4 respectively. SOC and N concentrations decreased in particle size separates in the order clay > silt > sand. The SOC pool and N in the clay-sized fraction were correlated to soil fertility indicators. More N was stored in the silt + clay size fractions, a generally more stable pool, than in the more labile sand-sized pool. The SOC pool in sand size fractions was far below in cultivated soils than in a reference uncultivated soil. Thus, the sand-sized pool emerged as the most likely cause of limited N supply in cultivated soils.

Soil organic carbon pool along different altitudinal level in the Sygera Mountains, Tibetan Plateau

Labile organic carbon（LOC） is one of the most important indicators of soil organic matter quality and dynamics elevation and plays important function in the Tibetan Plateau climate. However, it is unknown what the sources and causes of LOC contamination are. In this study, soil organic carbon（SOC）, total nitrogen（TN）, microbial biomass carbon（MBC）, microbial biomass nitrogen（MBN） and LOC were analyzed based on different soil horizons and elevations using turnover time in an experimental site（3700 m to 4300 m area） in Sygera. SOC and LOC in higher-elevation vegetation types were higher than that of in lower-elevation vegetation types. Our results presented that the soil microbial biomass carbon（SMBC） and soil microbial biomass nitrogen（SMBN）were positively correlated with SOC. The content of easily oxidized carbon（EOC）, particulate organic carbon（POC） and light fraction organic carbon（LFOC） decreased with depth increasing and the content were the lowest in the 60 cm to 100 cm depth.The total SOC, ROC and POC contents decreased with increasing soil horizons. The SOC, TN, MBC and MBN contents increased with increasing altitude in the Sygera Mountains. The MBC and MBN contents weredifferent with the changes of SOC（p＆lt;0.05）,meanwhile, both LFOC and POC were related to total SOC（p＆lt;0.05）. The physical and chemical properties of soil, including temperature, humidity, and altitude,were involved in the regulation of SOC, TN, MBC,MBN and LFOC contents in the Sygera Mountains,Tibetan Plateau.

Response of growth,metabolism and yield of Dendrocalamopsis oldhami to long-day photoperiod and fertilizer compensation

The effects of long-day photoperiod on growth,photo synthetic fluorescence,carbon and nitrogen metabolism,and yield of Dendrocalamopsis oldhami and the compensation effects of fertilization were investigated.A completely randomized design was used with two light factors(bamboo culms cultivated in solar greenhouse under long-day[Ls]and short-day[Ln]treatments);two organic nitrogen fertilizer levels(application of organic fertilizer[OF]and no organic fertilizer[NF]);and three nitrogen fertilizer levels(Low[N0],medium[N1]and high nitrogen[N2]).Leaf chlorophyll and fluorescence parameters(φPo,PIABS,and ETo/CSm)decreased and DIo/CSmincreased in Ls compared to Ln.Indole acetic acid(IAA)and gibberellic acid(GA3)levels decreased,whereas abscisic acid(ABA)increased.Leaf area decreased and leaf dry mass increased.The contents of carbon and nitrogen metabolism-related enzymes(nitrate reductase,glutamine synthetase,amylase,and sucrose synthase)and products(total nitrogen,organic carbon,soluble sugar,and starch)increased.Single bamboo shoot weight and diameter at breast height decreased,whereas shoot quantity and total yield increased.Fertilizer application significantly affected physiological growth and yield in the two light treatments,thus promoting carbon and nitrogen metabolism.TheφPo,PIABS,IAA,and GA3contents increased slightly,whereas ABA levels decreased.Shoot quantity,individual weight,and total yield improved.IA A,soluble sugar,and total yield to organic manure and light were lower than those of nitrogen levels(FN>FL,FO).Other indicators showed lower responses to different fertilization treatments than the light factor(FL>FN,FO).The ability of D.oldhami to alter its morphological and physiobiochemical traits and yield in response to variations in light applications may translate into high phenotypic plasticity.Fertilization significantly improved photoplasticity of D.oldhami.Under Ls,D.oldhami had high metabolic rates.was easily inhibited by light,and showed accelerated leaf senescence,and shoot quantity and total output increased.However,the quality of individual shoots decreased.Different fertilization treatments affected D.oldhami differently under the two light intensities.Ls sensitivity to nitrogen was higher.Fertilization could delay leaf dormancy and senescence under Ls treatment.Organic fertilizer addition could improve yield more effectively,with OFN1being the optimal fertilization level.

Assessment of Soil C and N Stocks and Fractions across 11 European Soils under Varying Land Uses

In this study, we measured the stocks and pool sizes of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total soil nitrogen (TN), and their natural 13C and 15N abundance across a wide range of temperate European ecosystems. The objectives were to examine any distinct isotope patterns with land use or climate, and how C and N in these different ecosystems are distributed among soil organic matter (SOM) fractions to better predict soil C and N dynamics and longer term persistence. Soils were sampled to 30 cm depth at 11 sites of the Nitro Europe (NEU) network and included four forests, three grasslands and four croplands. Surface soil samples were fractionated using a combined size-density fractionation protocol separating light (LF) from heavy particulate organic matter (hPOM) by density and silt-from-clay-associated SOM by size. Down-profile natural abundance 15N patterns pointed towards a closed N cycle in the forest sites, while 13C patterns suggested differences in plant water use efficiency across the C3 grassland sites. The forests and grassland sites stored the majority of surface SOC and TN in the LF and hPOM pools. Sustained sequestration of C and N in these rather labile pools will rely on management practices that minimize soil disturbance and increase C input. We also found that the mineral fraction (silt and clay) in the cropland soils stored less C and N per unit of fraction mass compared to the forests and grasslands, which points towards a lower mineral-OM stabilization efficiency of cropland soils. Finally, our study revealed total POM (LF plus hPOM) as a strong predictor of SOC and TN differences, particularly among the non-cropped sites. This study shows that these sites, independent of soil type and climate, store a large fraction of C and N in POM pools that are particularly vulnerable to soil disturbance such as caused by land use change.

Soil organic carbon and nitrogen content of density fractions and effect of meadow degradation to soil carbon and nitrogen of fractions in alpine Kobresia meadow

This research was conducted on the non-disturbed native alpine Kobresia meadow(YF) and the severely degraded meadow(SDL) of Dari County of Qinghai Province.By a density fractionation approach,each soil sample was divided into two fractions:light fraction(LF) and heavy fraction(HF).The obtained fractions were analyzed for organic carbon(OC) and nitrogen(N) concentrations.The results showed:(1) the OC concentration in HF and LF was 3.84% and 28.63% respectively while the nitrogen concentration in HF and LF was 0.362% and 1.192% respectively in 0-10 cm depth.C:N ratio was 10.6 in HF and 23.8 in LF respectively.(2) As far as the ratio of OC in given fraction to that in gross sample was concerned,dominance of OC in HF was obvious in the whole soil profile.OC in HF increased from 78.95% to 90.33%,while OC in LF decreased from 21.05% to 9.68% with depths.(3) Soil total OC amounted to 47.47 in YF while 17.63 g.kg-1 in SDL,in which the OC content in HF decreased from 37.31 to 16.01 g.kg-1 while OC content in LF decreased from 10.01 to 1.62 g.kg-1.In other words,results of OC and N content show meadow degradation led to the loss of 57% OC in HF and 84% OC in LF from originally native ecosystem on alpine meadow.In addition,meadow degradation led to the loss of 43% N in HF and 79% N in LF from originally native ecosystem on alpine meadow.(4) The main reason for loss of C and N in LF during meadow degradation was not attributed to the decrease of OC and N concentration in LF and LF,but to the decrease in LF dry weight.Loss of N was far lower than loss of C in HF.This may suggest that there is difference in protection mode of C and N in HF.

长期种植紫花苜蓿对复垦土壤碳氮磷养分转化的影响

为研究长期种植紫花苜蓿对复垦土壤质量改善和生物改土的效果,以种植作物地和撂荒地为对照,分析建筑复垦地多年种植紫花苜蓿土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)含量的化学计量特征变化。结果表明,长期种植紫花苜蓿显著降低土壤电导率(EC),对表层土壤保水效果较好,显著提升土壤有效养分含量(P<0.05);与作物地和撂荒地相比,苜蓿地土壤SOC和TN含量显著提高(P<0.05),但0~20 cm土壤TP含量显著低于作物地。3种土地利用类型0~20 cm土壤化学计量差异显著,苜蓿地土壤C/N显著低于作物地和撂荒地(P<0.05),而土壤C/P和N/P则表现为苜蓿地显著高于作物地和撂荒地(P<0.05)。种植紫花苜蓿有助于提升土壤有机碳氮活性组分,0~20 cm土层苜蓿地颗粒有机碳(POC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量较作物地分别提高88.38%、17.24%和39.16%(P<0.05),苜蓿地颗粒有机氮(PON)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)和酸解有机氮组分含量最高,PON和MBN比作物地显著提高135.29%和17.39%,较撂荒地显著提高207.69%和28.41%。因此,长期种植紫花苜蓿对土壤质量和有机碳氮活性组分均有改善作用,研究结果可为退化土壤修复和复垦土壤生物改土效果提供参考。

填闲作物还田方式对烟田土壤轻重组有机碳的影响

为了提高多年连作烟田的土壤肥力,改善土壤生态环境,在烤烟冬闲期种植油菜、冬牧70、光叶紫花苕等3种作物,同时以冬季空闲不种植任何作物为对照,采取2种方式(掩青和收割)进行处理,通过测定不同处理不同土层的土壤轻、重组有机碳含量、比例及储量,探讨填闲作物收割和掩青处理对烟田土壤轻重组有机碳的影响。结果表明,不同填闲作物和不同还田方式下土壤总有机碳、重组有机碳、轻组有机碳含量均随着土壤深度的增加而降低。与对照相比,填闲作物掩青处理能够显著增加土壤总有机碳、重组有机碳、轻组有机碳含量,尤其是冬牧70在20~40 cm土层增加比较显著,分别增加了22.3%、21.98%、27.78%;填闲作物收割处理会降低土壤轻组有机碳比例和土壤轻组有机碳储量,而掩青处理则会增加土壤轻组有机碳比例和轻组有机碳储量,其中冬牧70掩青在0~20 cm土层增加比较明显,分别增加了18.14%、40.03%。填闲作物掩青处理增加了烟田土壤的含水量和持水量、降低了土壤容重以及增加土壤轻重组有机碳储量。综合来看,冬牧70掩青处理效果最好,能显著增加土壤总有机碳和轻重组有机碳含量,油菜次之。

坡面片蚀泥沙有机碳组分及^(13)C同位素不均匀富集对水动力学参数的响应

[目的]探究片蚀泥沙轻组有机碳(LF_(OC))和重组有机碳(HF_(OC))不均匀富集的水动力学和碳同位素特征,为正确理解水蚀作用下土壤有机碳库变化提供理论与技术支撑。[方法]以陕西省咸阳市杨凌区土为研究对象,采用改进“三区”移动式变坡钢制土槽,结合人工模拟降雨技术,测定径流水动力学参数和泥沙各粒径团聚体有机碳组成及其δ^(13)C值,并辅以棕壤侵蚀泥沙有机碳δ^(13)C值和水力参数,验证土试验结果的准确性。[结果]①雨强和坡度较小时,侵蚀泥沙LF_(OC)和HF_(OC)易发生富集,且相较黏粉粒和微团聚体,大团聚体LF_(OC)与HF_(OC)含量受雨强和坡度的影响更大;②侵蚀泥沙黏粉粒中有机碳δ^(13)C值与其有机碳活跃分数(λ)呈负相关,而其他粒径团聚体有机碳δ^(13)C值与其λ呈显著正相关(p<0.05);③流速与黏粉粒λ显著正相关(p<0.05),雷诺数与各粒径团聚体有机碳δ^(13)C值均呈显著负相关(p<0.01),片蚀过程中流速越大,黏粉粒中LF_(OC)越易于优先输移,而紊流加剧则促进低δ^(13)C值团聚体有机碳的优先输移;④对于侵蚀泥沙黏粉粒,流速和雷诺数越大,其有机碳δ^(13)C值越小,λ越大;对于微团聚体和大团聚体,雷诺数越小,其有机碳δ^(13)C值与λ越大。[结论]片蚀过程中轻重组有机碳流失与流速和雷诺数密切相关。并进一步验证了^(13)C同位素对侵蚀泥沙有机碳示踪的有效性。

Molecular composition and structure of organic matter in density fractions of soils amended with corn straw for five years

Corn straw is an important source of carbon(C),and when applied to soil,it alters the accumulation and distribution of organic C.However,the mechanistic pathways by which newly added C is stored and stabilized in soil remain a subject of interest and debate among scholars.In this study,we investigated the chemistry of organic matter in different density fractions of Haplic Cambisol(sandy clay loam)in a field experiment with corn straw at8900 kg ha^(-1)year^(-1)under no tillage(NT),minimum tillage(MT),and conventional tillage(CT).After five years of corn(Zea mays L.)monocropping,soils were collected from the 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths and processed to obtain the organic matter in light fraction(LFOM),occluded particulate(oPOM),and heavy fraction(HFOM)in the order.The results showed that compared with conventional tillage without corn straw return(CT0),corn straw return(i.e.,NT,MT,and CT)increased soil organic C content by 11.55%-16.58%.Thermogravimetric and Fourier transform infrared analyses demonstrated that the HFOM was characterized by a greater proportion of easily biodegradable substances,which may be due to the deposition of microbially processed materials on the surface of soil minerals.The LFOM and o POM were distinguished by greater phenolic,aromatic C,and thermally stable compounds.Compared with CT0,the NT and MT fields showed higher abundances of hydrophobic,aliphatic,and thermally unstable organic compounds,which increased soil C content and stability in the HFOM.Therefore,NT and MT may be ideal practices to increase soil organic C content.

典型黑土的黑度与土壤有机质组分关系研究

土壤颜色作为土壤的一项重要物理指标,被广泛应用于土壤诊断、分类以及土壤性质判断。在矿物成分大致相同条件下,土壤有机质(SOM)是控制土壤变黑的重要因素。采用基于CIE L*a*b*颜色分析系统的分光测色仪,并结合土壤物理分组方法,对30个典型黑土及其物理组分(轻组、粗颗粒、细颗粒和矿质结合态有机质)的黑度进行了分析,旨在明确黑土SOM含量与其黑度间的定量关系,揭示不同物理组分对土壤黑度的贡献。结果表明:黑土的黑度与SOM、以及各物理组分的黑度与相应组分的有机碳含量之间,均呈显著正相关关系。而且随着组分稳定程度的增加,这种相关性逐渐增强。从不同组分看,轻组和粗颗粒组分的黑度值大于细颗粒和矿质结合态组分,但相关分析表明,轻组和粗颗粒组分的黑度与原土黑度无显著相关关系,二者对土壤黑度的贡献率仅为2.6%。而矿质结合态组分作为土壤腐殖质的主要储存位置,其对土壤的黑度贡献率达81%以上,是黑土呈现黑色的决定性因素。

紫云英翻压还田对稻田土壤团聚体组成及其碳氮的影响

紫云英翻压还田是南方传统稻田土壤培肥增产的主要措施。依托连续12年田间定位试验,通过设置CK(不施化肥,紫云英不还田)、单施化肥(GM0)和4个梯度的紫云英翻压量(GM1-4)处理,分析连续多年紫云英翻压还田对稻田土壤团聚体组分、团聚体中碳氮含量和储量,并通过傅里叶红外光谱测定各粒级有机官能团类型及相对含量,探讨连续多年紫云英翻压还田对土壤团聚体组分及其碳氮分布的影响。结果表明,在该土壤中粒级>2 mm土壤团聚体含量最高,占总量的61.12%~68.53%,其次是2~0.25 mm粒级团聚体。紫云英翻压还田较单施化肥处理提高了>2 mm粒级团聚体所占百分比(5.93%~9.91%)。紫云英翻压还田提高了粒级>0.053 mm团聚体中有机碳含量和各个粒级中全氮含量,其中粒级>0.25 mm团聚体的碳氮含量与紫云英翻压量之间呈现出显著正相关关系。紫云英翻压还田分别显著提高了19.42%~37.09%有机碳和22.31%~40.13%氮的总储量,其中粒级>2 mm团聚体中碳氮储量随着紫云英翻压量的增加而增加。>2 mm粒级团聚体中碳氮的分布也随着紫云英的翻压还田而增加。通过傅里叶红外光谱认为土壤各粒级团聚体中脂肪族有机碳和芳香族有机碳以及N-H官能团含量也随着紫云英翻压还田而增加,其中N-H官能团含量与紫云英翻压量之间呈现出显著的正相关关系。紫云英翻压还田同时提高了各团聚体中1630/2850+2940和1720/2850+2940相对比值,其中>2 mm和2~0.25 mm粒级团聚体中1630/2850+2940相对强度比值与紫云英翻压量之间均呈显著性相关关系。综上,紫云英翻压还田不仅有利于改善稻田土壤团聚体组分,增加有机碳和全氮在土壤团聚体中的储存,还提高了团聚体有机碳的活性和稳定性,从而有助于提升稻田土壤肥力。

田间老化生物质炭对黄土高原旱作农田土壤有机氮组分的影响

【目的】研究田间老化生物质炭对土壤有机氮组分及微生物生物量碳氮的影响,为生物质炭在陇中黄土高原地区培肥改良土壤、提高氮肥利用效率方面的应用提供科学依据。【方法】2015年在甘肃农业大学旱作农业综合试验站开展定位试验,试验包含6个玉米秸秆生物质炭添加量:0、10、20、30、40、50 t/hm^(2),依次记为CK、BC1、BC2、BC3、BC4、BC5处理。2020年小麦收获后(第5茬),调查了春小麦产量,采集0—5、5—10和10—30 cm土层土壤,用Bremner法测定有机氮组分及微生物生物量碳、氮含量。【结果】施用生物质炭5年后依然能显著提高春小麦产量,以BC3处理春小麦产量最高,较CK显著提高了24.76%。与CK相比,生物质炭处理土壤全氮(TN)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)分别显著增加6.55%~10.94%、68.63%~139.74%,微生物生物量碳氮比(BC/BN)增加10.60%~202.44%。有机氮各组分占比表现为:氨基酸态氮(AAN)>非酸解氮(AIN)>酸解铵态氮(AMN)>酸解未知态氮(UAN)>氨基糖态氮(ASN),分别占土壤全氮的27.46%~45.13%、15.47%~31.14%、19.00%~28.66%、1.59%~18.54%和2.76%~8.86%。其中三个酸解氮含量在5个生物质炭处理土壤中均表现为:AAN>AMN>ASN,BC2、BC3、BC4和BC5处理土壤AAN和ASN含量分别较CK显著提高17.58%~81.51%和43.60%~107.55%,BC2和BC3处理土壤AMN含量显著提高15.46%~28.95%。BC3处理土壤的酸解总氮(TAN)、AMN和ASN含量最高,AIN含量最低。【结论】土壤全氮及微生物生物量碳是影响有机氮组分差异的主要因素。10~50 t/hm^(2)施用量下,生物质炭均显著提高了土壤全氮及微生物生物量碳,施用生物质炭30 t/hm^(2)提高土壤酸解总氮、酸解铵态氮和氨基糖态氮含量的效果最显著,土壤供氮能力最强,春小麦产量最高。因此,在黄土高原旱作农业区,合理的生物质炭用量可长期提高土壤供氮能力。