Automated Smart Utilization of Background Lights and Daylight for Green Building Efficient and Economic Indoor Lighting Intensity Control

The ways which are used today in order to light houses, offices, and most of the indoor areas are inefficient as a lot of energy is consumed unnecessarily during the day time. Mainly this problem because the interior lighting design consider the worst case when the light service is at night, which is not always valid. Also in most cases the lighting system design relies on people to control the lights switching on and off. This problem is also one of the design concerns in Green Building. In this paper, a solution to this problem and a method for people’s comfort who use the indoor facilities in industrial buildings is presented. In the proposed smart lighting system, lights switch on automatically when there is somebody in the room or in the occupied space and switch off when there is no occupancy. In addition to this known technique, adjustment of the brightness level of the lights will be possible via the personal computer or any other smart device. In this method, for the illumination level in the area, where is needed to be controlled for better energy saving, the light automatically is measured by the sensor and considering the amount of background lights coming from outside, automatically the brightness of lights is controlled to reach the preset level that determined for that room. By the means of this method, it is possible to provide better user comfort, avoid human forcedness to switch the light on and off, and hence effective energy saving. Arduino controller is used to build the controller and to demonstrate the results. Economic analysis was done to calculate the percentage of the energy saving that can be obtained by implementing the proposed smart lighting controller. As an outcome of the economic analysis, energy saving norm for an office with a standard size was calculated.

Controlled LED Lighting for Horticulture: A Review

As energy gradually becomes a more valuable commodity, the desire for reduced energy losses strengthens. Lighting is a critical field on this matter, as it accounts for a large percentage of the global electricity consumption and modern lighting systems are greatly more efficient than incandescent, discharge, and fluorescent lights. Previous research has proven that plants do not require the entire visible spectrum but react only to specific wavelengths, making it possible to control their growth and yield via artificial lighting. The flexibility of control of Light Emitting Diode (LED) lights allows for the combination of great energy losses reduction and controlled plant growth, achieving the improvement of two major parameters in a single action. This review paper summarizes the current research on the effect different light wavelengths have on specific plant species and discusses the applications of LED lighting for horticulture, yield storage, and disease protection.

Intelligent 3-Way Priority-Driven Traffic Light Control System for Emergency Vehicles

The problem of traffic congestion is a significant phenomenon that has had a substantial impact on the transportation system within the country. This phenomenon has given rise to numerous intricacies, particularly in instances where emergency situations occur at traffic light intersections that are consistently congested with a high volume of vehicles. This implementation of a traffic light controller system is designed with the intention of addressing this problem. The purpose of the system was to facilitate the operation of a 3-way traffic control light and provide priority to emergency vehicles using a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensor and Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) Architecture Based Microcontroller. This research work involved designing a system to mitigate the occurrence of accidents commonly observed at traffic light intersections, where vehicles often need to maneuver in order to make way for emergency vehicles following a designated route. The research effectively achieved the analysis, simulation and implementation of wireless communication devices for traffic light control. The implemented prototype utilizes RFID transmission, operates in conjunction with the sequential mode of traffic lights to alter the traffic light sequence accordingly and reverts the traffic lights back to their normal sequence after the emergency vehicle has passed the traffic lights.

Safer Design and Less Cost Operation for Low-Traffic Long-Road Illumination Using Control System Based on Pattern Recognition Technique

The paper covers analysis and investigation of lighting automation system in low-traffic long-roads. The main objective is to provide optimal solution between expensive safe design that utilizes continuous street lighting system at night for the entire road, or inexpensive design that sacrifices the safety, relying on using vehicles lighting, to eliminate the problem of high cost energy consumption during the night operation of the road. By taking into account both of these factors, smart lighting automation system is proposed using Pattern Recognition Technique applied on vehicle number-plates. In this proposal, the road is sectionalized into zones, and based on smart Pattern Recognition Technique, the control system of the road lighting illuminates only the zone that the vehicles pass through. Economic analysis is provided in this paper to support the value of using this design of lighting control system.

Deep Reinforcement Learning for Addressing Disruptions in Traffic Light Control

This paper investigates the use of multi-agent deep Q-network(MADQN)to address the curse of dimensionality issue occurred in the traditional multi-agent reinforcement learning(MARL)approach.The proposed MADQN is applied to traffic light controllers at multiple intersections with busy traffic and traffic disruptions,particularly rainfall.MADQN is based on deep Q-network(DQN),which is an integration of the traditional reinforcement learning(RL)and the newly emerging deep learning(DL)approaches.MADQN enables traffic light controllers to learn,exchange knowledge with neighboring agents,and select optimal joint actions in a collaborative manner.A case study based on a real traffic network is conducted as part of a sustainable urban city project in the Sunway City of Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia.Investigation is also performed using a grid traffic network(GTN)to understand that the proposed scheme is effective in a traditional traffic network.Our proposed scheme is evaluated using two simulation tools,namely Matlab and Simulation of Urban Mobility(SUMO).Our proposed scheme has shown that the cumulative delay of vehicles can be reduced by up to 30%in the simulations.

Highly Efficient and Stable Hybrid White Organic Light Emitting Diodes with Controllable Exciton Behavior by a Mixed Bipolar Interlayer

Highly efficient and stable hybrid white organic light-emitting diodes （HWOLEDs） with a mixed bipolar interlayer between fluorescent blue and phosphorescent yellow emitting layers are demonstrated. The bipolar interlayer is a mixture of p-type diphenyl （l0-phenyl-lOH-spiro [acridine-9,9＇-fluoren]-3Lyl） phosphine oxide and n-type 2＇,2- （1,3,5-benzinetriyl）-tris（1-phenyl-l-H-benzimidazole）. The electroluminance and Commission Internationale de l＇Eclairage （CIE1931） coordinates＇ characteristics can be modulated easily by adjusting the ratio of the hole- predominated material to the electron-predominated material in the interlayer. The hybrid WOLED with a p-type：n-type ratio of 1：3 shows a maximum current efficiency and power efficiency of 61.1 ed/A and 55.8 lm/W, respectively, with warm white CIE coordinates of （0.34, 0.43）. The excellent efficiency and adaptive CIE coordi- nates are attributed to the mixed interlayer with improved charge carrier balance, optimized exciton distribution, and enhanced harvesting of singlet and triplet excitons.

Quality Control System for Light Industry

In the next three to five years, China’s light industry will upgrade major product quality generally to world level. This will be done by strengthening quality control and supervision and the improvement in technology. The campaign was announced by Yu Zhen, president of the China National Council of Light Industry at the beginning of this year.

Energy-Saving and Control of General Indoor Lighting Elements Fed from a Micro-Controlled Hybrid Power Generation System

In this study, an off grid wind-solar hybrid power generation system was established at Afyon Kocatepe University to meet the energy need of lighting system of three different laboratories. It is planned to efficiently use the energy obtained from the designed hybrid power generation system. For this purpose, PIC 16F877 was used in controlling of lighting load of laboratories. The off-grid wind-solar hybrid power generation system consists of 570 W 24 V mono crystal solar panels, 600 W wind power generation system and accumulator groups. The load control circuit made with PIC 16F877 is designed in a manner that will control the lighting armature groups individually activate and deactivate the armature groups according to intensity of illumination in environment. Besides, separately from generation and storing units constituting the hybrid power generation system, data in kWh are recorded by means of software in 10 seconds intervals. With the obtained power generation and storing data, analyzing of power consumption data when the load control system in active or passive position is made. According to analysis results, with controlling of lighting load and using of energy obtained from off grid wind-solar hybrid power generation system, 20.6% energy saving has been ensured.

Simulation of optical and electrical synaptic functions in MoS_(2)/α-In_(2)Se_(3) heterojunction memtransistors

Memtransistors combine memristors and field-effect transistors, which can introduce multi-port control and have significant applications for enriching storage methods. In this paper, multilayer α-In2Se3and MoS2were transferred to the substrate by the mechanical exfoliation method, then a heterojunction MoS_(2)/α-In_(2)Se_(3) memtransistor was prepared. Neural synaptic simulations were performed using electrical and optical pulses as input signals. Through measurements, such as excitatory/inhibitory post-synaptic current(EPSC/IPSC), long-term potentiation/depression(LTP/LTD), and paired-pulse facilitation/depression(PPF/PPD), it can be found that the fabricated device could simulate various functions of neural synapses well, and could work as an electronic synapse in artificial neural networks, proposing a possible solution for neuromorphic storage and computation.

Traceless photodegradable polymer cocoons for universal protein delivery and light-controlled gene editing

Polymer conjugation was found highly valuable in clinic to improve the bioavailability of protein therapeutics.However,it is still a tremendous challenge to achieve a complete release of original proteins from the conjugated hybrid under external stimulus to recover active proteins in the targeted tissue.Herein,we report a general light-controlled protein delivery methodology by weaving a photodegradable polymer cocoon around proteins,which could reliably protect them from degradation in the dark while efficiently releasing them under illumination without any residual atoms.The surface charge of the polymer shell is easily tunable to facilitate efficient cell uptake.The versatility of this strategy is demonstrated by the delivery of the Cas9/sg RNA complex that realized light-controlled gene editing both in vitro and in vivo,and such repertoire is of particular value in regard to minimizing the off-target toxicity of CRISPR-Cas9-based gene therapy.

Mathematical Modeling,Field Calibration and Numerical Simulation of Low-Speed Mixed Traffic Flow in Cities

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Photoinduced superlubricity on TiO_(2) surfaces

Superlubricity control is of great interest in both industry and scientific research,and several methods have been proposed to achieve this goal.In this work,ultraviolet(UV)light was introduced into titanium dioxide(TiO_(2))and silicon nitride(Si_(3)N_(4))tribosystems to accomplish photoinduced superlubricity.The friction coefficients(COFs)between Si_(3)N_(4) balls and TiO_(2) plates in the mixtures of sulfuric acid(H^(2)SO_(4))solution and glycerol solution were obviously reduced,and the system entered the superlubricity region(COF<0.01)after UV illumination at a speed of 56 mm/s.However,the COF was much larger without UV treatment than that with UV treatment.The formation of silica(SiO_(2))layers on the surfaces of Si_(3)N_(4) balls and the elastohydrodynamic effects were determined to be fundamental to the low friction in this experiment,and the enhancement of the combination between the TiO_(2) surface and the hydroxy group of glycerol by UV illumination was the key to the photoinduced superlubricity in this system.These findings showed one method for achieving superlubricity by introducing a light field that could be further applied to special working conditions.

Genomic basis for light control of plant development

Light is one of the key environmental signals regulating plant growth and development.Therefore,understanding the mechanisms by which light controls plant development has long been of great interest to plant biologists.Traditional genetic and molecular approaches have successfully identified key regulatory factors in light signaling,but recent genomic studies have revealed massive reprogramming of plant transcriptomes by light,identified binding sites across the entire genome of several pivotal transcription factors in light signaling,and discovered the involvement of epigenetic regulation in light-regulated gene expression.This review summarizes the key genomic work conducted in the last decade which provides new insights into light control of plant development.

Light controlled prebreakdown characteristics of a semi-insulating GaAs photoconductive switch

A 4 mm gap semi-insulating （SI） GaAs photoconductive switch （PCSS） was triggered by a pulse laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm and a pulse energy of 0.5 mJ. In the experiment, when the bias field was 4 kV, the switch did not induce self-maintained discharge but worked in nonlinear （lock-on） mode. The phenomenon is analyzed as follows： an exciton effect contributes to photoconduction in the generation and dissociation of ex- citons. Collision ionization, avalanche multiplication and the exciton effect can supply carrier concentration and energy when an outside light source was removed. Under the combined influence of these factors, the S1-GaAs PCSS develops into self-maintained discharge rather than just in the light-controlled prebreakdown status. The characteristics of the filament affect the degree of damage to the switch.

Optimizing urban traffic control using a rational agent

This paper is devoted to developing and evaluating a set of technologies with the objective of designing a methodology for the implementation of sophisticated traffic lights by means of rational agents. These devices would be capable of optimizing the behavior of a junction with multiple traffic signals, reaching a higher level of autonomy without losing reliability, accuracy, or efficiency in the offered services. In particular, each rational agent in a traffic signal will be able to analyze the requirements and constraints of the road, in order to know its level of demand. With such information, the rational agent will adapt its light cycles with the view of accomplishing more fluid traffic patterns and minimizing the pollutant environmental emissions produced by vehicles while they are stopped at a red light, through using a case-based reasoning(CBR) adaptation. This paper also integrates a microscopic simulator developed to run a set of tests in order to compare the presented methodology with traditional traffic control methods. Two study cases are shown to demonstrate the efficiency of the introduced approach, increasing vehicular mobility and reducing harmful activity for the environment. For instance, in the first scenario, taking into account the studied traffic volumes, our approach increases mobility by 23% and reduces emissions by 35%. When the roads are managed by sophisticated traffic lights, a better level of service and considerable environmental benefits are achieved, demonstrating the utility of the presented approach.

Variable optical attenuators with ability to independently control two orthogonal linearly polarized light amplitudes

New techniques for controlling the amplitudes of two orthogonal linearly polarized light are presented. One is based on adjusting the DC voltage into a Mach–Zehnder modulator（MZM） to alter the amplitude of the light traveling on the slow axis of a fiber into the modulator with little changes in the fast-axis light amplitude.Another is based on adjusting the input DC voltages of a dual-polarization MZM operating in the reverse direction, which enables independent control of the two input orthogonal linearly polarized light amplitudes.Experimental results demonstrate that more than 30 dB difference in slow-and fast-axis light power can be obtained by controlling an MZM input DC voltage, and over 24 dB independent power adjustment for light traveling on the slow and fast axes into a dual-polarization MZM.

Lighting control with Myo armband based on customized classifier

This paper focuses on gesture recognition and interactive lighting control.The collection of gesture data adopts the Myo armband to obtain surface electromyography(sEMG).Considering that many factors affect sEMG,a customized classifier based on user calibration data is used for gesture recognition.In this paper,machine learning classifiers k-nearest neighbor(KNN),support vector machines(SVM),and naive Bayesian(NB)classifier,which can be used in small sample sets,are selected to classify four gesture actions.The performance of the three classifiers under different training parameters,different input features,including root mean square(RMS),mean absolute value(MAV),waveform length(WL),slope sign change(SSC)number,zero crossing(ZC)number,and variance(VAR)are tested,and different input channels are also tested.Experimental results show that:The NB classifier,which assumes that the prior probability of features is polynomial distribution,has the best performance,reaching more than 95%accuracy.Finally,an interactive stage lighting control system based on Myo armband gesture recognition is implemented.

Light controlled imaging probes for intracellular target recognition： photochromism as a tool to enhance sensing precision

Chemosensors and imaging probes have been the focus of significant research interest over the past few decades.In part due to ease of preparation and simplicity in manipulation,fluorescent probes have been extensively used for biomedical applications.When used for in vitro cell imaging[1,2]。

Loss-induced control of light propagation direction in passive linear coupled optical cavities

Redirecting the flow of light on the basis of the absorption/gain properties of optical systems is of great interest in many research fields, ranging from optical routing to optical cloaking. In this paper we investigate the control of the direction of the light propagation through loss-induced absorption in passive linear coupled optical systems. The considered optical system consists of a mode-splitting resonant cavity formed by coupling a Fabry–Perot(FP) cavity with a ring resonator. The coalescence of the asymmetric resonances, generated through mode-splitting dynamics, is the spectral result of the parity time symmetry breaking at FP resonance wavelengths.For specific values of the FP overall loss, a predominant backward propagation in the FP ring resonator occurs.In fiber optics technology, this device shows an ability to invert the sense of propagation of the light, quantified through the contrast ratio, in the order of 20 dB. This value can be obtained by externally varying the FP loss coefficient for a fixed set of the other physical parameters of the FP ring resonator. Our results can open a new way toward novel high-performance optical modulation and routing schemes.