Ultralow detection limit of giant magnetoresistance biosensor using Fe3O4–graphene composite nanoparticle label

A special Fe3O4nanoparticles–graphene（Fe3O4–GN） composite as a magnetic label was employed for biodetection using giant magnetoresistance（GMR） sensors with a Wheatstone bridge. The Fe3O4–GN composite exhibits a strong ferromagnetic behavior with the saturation magnetization MS of approximately 48 emu/g, coercivity HC of 200 Oe, and remanence Mr of 8.3 emu/g, leading to a large magnetic fringing field. However, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles do not aggregate together, which can be attributed to the pinning and separating effects of graphene sheet to the magnetic particles. The Fe3O4–GN composite is especially suitable for biodetection as a promising magnetic label since it combines two advantages of large fringing field and no aggregation. As a result, the concentration x dependence of voltage difference ｜？V｜ between detecting and reference sensors undergoes the relationship of ｜？V｜ = 240.5 lgx ＋ 515.2 with an ultralow detection limit of 10 ng/mL（very close to the calculated limit of 7 ng/mL） and a wide detection range of 4 orders.

Achieving Ultra-Low Detection Limit Using Nanofiber Labels for Rapid Disease Detection

Early diagnosis of diseases is critical in its effective management. Traditional disease detection methods require specialized equipment and trained personnel. With the introduction of rapid diagnostic test kits (RDTs), disease detection has become easier and faster. However, these RDTs have failed to compete with the specialized laboratory equipment due to their high detection limits and false alarm rates. This paper presents a novel method of using carbon nanofibers (CNFs) grown on glass microballoons (NMBs) to achieve ultra-low detection limits in RDTs. The NMBs have millions of nanosized CNFs grown on each microballoon, with each CNF having a strong bonding affinity for antibodies. The NMBs conjugated with secondary antibodies have therefore a significantly higher probability of capturing minute antigen concentrations in solution. Furthermore, the dark color formation at the capture zone makes visual disease detection possible. Human Immunoglobulin G (IgG) was selected as the model analyte to study the performance of NMBs using a sandwich immunoassay protocol. Ultra-low electrical detection limit of (4 pg/ml) and rapid re- sponse (~1 minute) was achieved using this method.

Estimation of multivariate detection limits of four quality parameters in licorice using MEMS–NIR spectrometry coupled with two sampling accessories

In this work,multivariate detection limits(MDL)estimator was obtained based on the microelectro-mechanical systems–near infrared(MEMS–NIR)technology coupled with two sampling accessories to assess the detection capability of four quality parameters(glycyrrhizic acid,liquiritin,liquiritigenin and isoliquiritin)in licorice from di®erent geographical regions.112 licorice samples were divided into two parts(calibration set and prediction set)using Kennard–Stone(KS)method.Four quality parameters were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)method according to Chinese pharmacopoeia and previous studies.The MEMS–NIR spectra were acquired from¯ber optic probe(FOP)and integrating sphere,then the partial least squares(PLS)model was obtained using the optimum processing method.Chemometrics indicators have been utilized to assess the PLS model performance.Model assessment using chemometrics indicators is based on relative mean prediction error of all concentration levels,which indicated relatively low sensitivity for low-content analytes(below 1000 parts per million(ppm)).Therefore,MDL estimator was introduced with alpha error and beta error based on good prediction characteristic of low concentration levels.The result suggested that MEMS–NIR technology coupled with fiber optic probe(FOP)and integrating sphere was able to detect minor analytes.The result further demonstrated that integrating sphere mode(i.e.,MDL0:05;0:05,0.22%)was more robust than FOP mode(i.e.,MDL0:05;0:05,0.48%).In conclusion,this research proposed that MDL method was helpful to determine the detection capabilities of low-content analytes using MEMS–NIR technology and successful to compare two sampling accessories.

Theoretical and experimental assessment of a novel method to establish the complete measurement range of the calorimeter and its limit of detection and quantification

For determining the accuracy of a calorimeter over the instrument’s entire measuring range,a novel method has been established.For this new approach,(a)benzoic acid(C_(6)H_(5)CO_(2)H) as a certified reference material(CRM),(b)SiO_(2) and(c)a mixture of CRM benzoic acid and SiO_(2) have been used.To illustrate the essential difference between 1)the novel analytical method for control of the entire measurement range and 2)the calorimeter calibration,both applications of benzoic acid(BA)have been demonstrated.An experimental result showed that BA was successfully used to check the whole calorimeter measurement range.The results also showed that the same new method was successfully applied to determine the limit of detection and quantification.A new instrument testing process and a new measurement technique have thus been established.In this way,the cost of using CRM to control the accuracy of measuring the entire measuring range of the calorimeter,as shown in this paper,is minimized.The requirements of the ISO/IEC 17025:2017 standard are satisfied.ISO/IEC 17025:2017,together with ISO 9001:2015(quality management systems),ISO 14001:2015(relate to environmental protection)and ISO45001:2018(occupational safety),constitute an integrated quality system by which a testing laboratory may also accredit.

DISCUSSION ON DECISION LIMIT AND DETECTION LIMIT IN SPECTROSCOPY

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Using a Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Rapid Detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in Chicken Carcass

Chicken is one of the most popular meat products in the world. Salmonella Typhimurium is a common foodbome pathogens associated with the processing of poultry. An optical Surface Plasmon Resonance （SPR） biosensor was sensitive to the presence of Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken carcass. The Spreeta biosensor kits were used to detect Salmonella Typhimurium on chicken carcass successfully. A taste sensor like electronic tongue or biosensors was used to basically ＂taste＂ the object and differentiated one object from the other with different taste sensor signatures. The surface plasmon resonance biosensor has potential for use in rapid, real-time detection and identification of bacteria, and to study the interaction of organisms with dif- ferent antisera or other molecular species. The selectivity of the SPR biosensor was assayed using a series of antibody con- centrations and dilution series of the organism. The SPR biosensor showed promising to detect the existence of Salmonella Typhimurium at 1 x 106 CFU/ml. Initial results show that the SPR biosensor has the potential for its application in pathogenic bacteria monitoring. However, more tests need to be done to confirm the detection limitation.

Ultrasensitive and stable X-ray detection using zero-dimensional lead-free perovskites

Sensitive and reliable X-ray detectors are essential for medical radiography,industrial inspection and security screening.Lowering the radiation dose allows reduced health risks and increased frequency and fidelity of diagnostic technologies for earlier detection of disease and its recurrence.Three-dimensional(3 D)organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites are promising for direct X-ray detection-they show improved sensitivity compared to conventional X-ray detectors.However,their high and unstable dark current,caused by ion migration and high dark carrier concentration in the 3 D hybrid perovskites,limits their performance and long-term operation stability.Here we report ultrasensitive,stable X-ray detectors made using zero-dimensional(0 D)methylammonium bismuth iodide perovskite(MA3Bi2I9)single crystals.The 0 D crystal structure leads to a high activation energy(Ea)for ion migration(0.46 e V)and is also accompanied by a low dark carrier concentration(~10^6 cm^-3).The X-ray detectors exhibit sensitivity of 10,620μC Gy-1 air cm-2,a limit of detection(Lo D)of 0.62 nG yairs-1,and stable operation even under high applied biases;no deterioration in detection performance was observed following sensing of an integrated X-ray irradiation dose of^23,800 m Gyair,equivalent to>200,000 times the dose required for a single commercial X-ray chest radiograph.Regulating the ion migration channels and decreasing the dark carrier concentration in perovskites provide routes for stable and ultrasensitive X-ray detectors.

Heavy Metal Detection in Soils by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Using Hemispherical Spatial Confinement

Spatial confinement has great potential for Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy （LIBS） instruments after it has been proven that it has the ability to enhance the LIBS signal strength and repeatability. In order to achieve in-situ measurement of heavy metals in farmland soils by LIBS, a hemispherical spatial confinement device is designed and used to collect plasma spectra, in which the optical fibers directly collect the breakdown spectroscopy of the soil samples. This device could effectively increase the stability of the spectrum intensity of soil. It also has other advantages, such as ease of installation, and its small and compact size. The relationship between the spectrum intensity and the laser pulse energy is studied for this device. It is found that the breakdown threshold is 160 cm-2, and when the laser fluence increases to 250 J/cm2, the spectrum intensity reaches its maximum. Four different kinds of laser pulse energy were set up and in each case the limits of detection of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were calculated. The results show that when the laser pulse fluence was 2.12 GW/cm2, we obtained the smallest limits of detection of these heavy metals, which are all under 10 mg/kg. This device can satisfy the needs of heavy metal in-situ detection, and in the next step it will be integrated into a portable LIBS instrument.

Hydrogen sulphide detection using near-infrared diode laser and compact dense-pattern multipass cell

Sub-ppmv level detection of hydrogen sulphide(H2 S) using a 1.578-μm distributed feedback tunable diode laser combining with wavelength modulation spectroscopy and second harmonic detection scheme is reported. A home-developed novel compact dense-pattern multipass gas cell with an effective optical path length of 29.37 m is used to improve sensitivity and reduce sample volume. Detection parameters are optimized, including modulation frequency and amplitude. The analysis of Allan variance shows that a minimum detectable concentration 60 ppbv is obtained with a lock-in time constant of 10 ms, and a detection limit of 13 ppbv can be achieved by average in 300 s. The demonstrated H2 S sensor has a strong penitential application in natural gas process for regulating and controlling H2 S concentration.

LIBS Detection of Heavy Metal Elements in Liquid Solutions by Using Wood Pellet as Sample Matrix

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy （LIBS） has been applied to the analysis of heavy metals in liquid samples. A new approach was presented to lower the limit of detection （LOD） and minimize the sample matrix effects, in which dried wood pellets absorbed the given amounts of Cr standard solutions and then were baked because they have stronger and rapid absorption properties for liquid samples as well as simple elemental compositions. In this work, we have taken a typical heavy metal Cr element as an example, and investigated the spectral feasibility of Cr solutions and dried wood pellets before and after absorbing Cr solutions at the same experimental conditions. The results were demonstrated to successfully produce a superior analytical response for heavy metal elements by using wood pellet as sample matrix according to the obtained LOD of 0.07 ppm for Cr element in solutions.

Development and evaluation of a DNA microarray assay for the simultaneous detection of nine harmful algal species in ship ballast and seaport waters

Rapid,high-throughput and reliable methods are urgently required to accurately detect and monitor harmful algae,which are responsible for algal blooms,such as red and green tides. In this study,we successfully developed a multiplex PCR-based DNA microarray method capable of detecting nine harmful algal species simultaneously,namely A lexandrium tamarense,Gyrodinium instriatum,Heterosigma akashiwo,Karenia mikimotoi,Prorocentrum donghaiense,Prorocentrum minimum,Ulva compressa,Ulva ohnoi and Ulva prolifera. This method achieved a limit of detection(LOD) of 0.5 ng of genomic DNA(orders of magnitude of the deci-nanogram range) in the tested algae cultures. Altogether,230 field samples from ship ballast waters and seaport waters were used to evaluate the DNA microarray. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the DNA microarray assay in detecting field samples were 96.4% and 90.9%,respectively,relative to conventional morphological methods. This indicated that this high-throughput,automatic,and specific method is well suited for the detection of algae in water samples.

Improved sensitivity on detection of Cu and Cr in liquids using glow discharge technology assisted with LIBS

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy-assisted glow discharge(LIBS-GD)for analysis of elements in liquid was proposed,and it was applied to detect heavy metals in highly sensitive mixed solutions of Cu and Cr.During the experiments of GD and LIBS-GD,the experimental parameters have been optimized and the optimal voltage is 450 V,laser energy is 60 mJ,and the delay time is 4000 ns.Furthermore,the calibration curves of Cu and Cr under GD and LIBS-GD experiments have been established,and the limits of detection(LODs)of Cu and Cr were obtained with the method of GD and LIBS-GD,respectively.The LOD of Cu decreased from3.37(GD)to 0.16 mg l(LIBS-GD),and Cr decreased from 3.15 to 0.34 mg l.The results prove that the capability of elemental detection under LIBS-GD has improved compared with the GD method.Therefore,LIBS-GD is expected to be developed into a highly sensitive method for sewage detection.

靶向药物甲磺酸伊马替尼的分子标志物BCR-ABL融合基因定量检测平台的质量评价方法的研究

目的:使用BCR-ABL定量标准品,评价BCR-ABL融合基因检测试剂盒(数字PCR法)的性能。方法:提取BCR-ABL定量标准品的RNA,测定其浓度和纯度。使用BCR-ABL融合基因定量检测试剂盒(数字PCR法)和数字PCR仪进行检测,得到标准品的BCR-ABL融合基因的分子学反应。结果:用于准确度项目检测的标准品WS2和WS3的BCR-ABL融合基因的MR绝对偏差均不超过±0.5 log,用于检出限项目检测的标准品WS4能检出BCR-ABL融合基因突变阳性,用于重复性项目检测的标准品WS1和WS4的BCR-ABL融合基因的MR的变异系数(CV)均<3.0%。结论:BCR-ABL融合基因定量检测试剂盒(数字PCR法)的准确度、检出限和重复性的性能指标符合制定的《断裂点簇集区-艾贝尔逊白血病病毒(BCR-ABL)融合基因检测试剂盒》标准的相应要求,为标准的实施提供了技术支撑。

食品中氯芬新残留检测技术及风险评估研究进展

氯芬新在农业种植过程中的广泛使用,可能造成食品中氯芬新农药残留的问题。我国制定的氯芬新残留的限量标准主要集中在水果蔬菜等植物源性食品中,对于动物源性食品则尚未制定。目前氯芬新残留检测的前处理技术主要是采用基于固相吸附的萃取方法,氯芬新残留的检测技术则以液相色谱法和液相色谱-串联质谱法为主。有关氯芬新残留在食品中的风险评估还比较少,主要集中在蔬菜水果等植物源性食品中,评估结果均表明其残留不会对人体造成危害。本文针对氯芬新残留检测的前处理方法、检测方法以及风险评估作相关综述,并对其检测方法提出展望,以期为后续食品中氯芬新残留的研究提供技术支持和文献参考。

NO_(2)传感材料合成及其气敏特性分析

局部放电是空气开关柜一种较为常见的电气现象,会引起绝缘介质劣化,甚至导致绝缘破坏。气体组分分析法通过检测空气开关柜中放电产生NO_(2)的含量可以确定局部放电程度。该文采用水热法合成PdO修饰的多孔纳米ZnO材料,制作可用于检测局部放电特征气体NO_(2)的气体传感器。研究表明:传感器在250℃的最优工作温度下,对体积分数为100×10^(-6)NO_(2)气体响应为44.06,响应时间为24 s,恢复时间为29 s,检测下限为0.1×10^(-6),且灵敏度与NO_(2)浓度呈现良好的线性关系,可为气体组分分析法检测局部放电提供参考。

YSZ基极限电流型NO_(x)传感器研究进展

随着汽车尾气排放标准更加严格,NO_(x)传感器作为主要排放处理技术-选择性催化还原系统(SCR)的核心部件成为当下的研究热点。YSZ作为固体电解质的极限电流型传感器在监测精度和控制成本上有着显著作用。综述了近年极限电流型氧传感器和NO_(x)传感器的研究进展。介绍了传感器的历史发展、结构和工作机理。重点阐述了扩散层、电极层的材料选择和结构组成对传感器性能的影响。基于目前集成MEMS气体薄膜传感器的发展以及传感单元结构多腔耦合组合模型的不断完善,提出未来亟待解决的问题,预测可能的发展方向。

基于TDLAS的气体检测技术对比与分析

根据可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术测量气体浓度的基本原理,对三种主要测量方法,即直接吸收光谱技术(DAS)、波长调制技术(WMS)、频率调制光谱技术(FMS)进行详细分析,并根据TDLAS技术的应用情况,分别将系统组成、技术要点、检测极限、系统成本和适用环境进行对比分析。

西门子Altellica IM1600全自动化学发光分析仪检测甲状腺激素5项的性能及检出限验证

目的探讨应用西门子Altellica IM1600全自动化学发光分析仪检测三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T_(3))、甲状腺素(T_(4))、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT_(3))、游离甲状腺素(FT_(4))及促甲状腺素(TSH)水平的性能。方法参照行标及CNAS性能验证相关文件,对西门子Altellica IM1600全自动化学发光分析仪检测甲状腺激素5项的精密度、准确度、线性范围、最低检出限等进行验证和评价。结果甲状腺激素5项批内精密度为1.60%~4.04%,均小于1/4 Tea(6.25%),批间精密度为1.90%~8.01%,均小于1/3 Tea(8.33%);甲功5项的偏倚范围为-3.93%~3.70%,<1/2 Tea(12.5%),在允许偏差范围之内,准确度验证合格;线性验证斜率为0.973~1.007,R^(2)≥0.99,线性验证良好;检出限验证中空白检出限(LoB)与定量检出限(LoD)均符合厂家说明书要求,且在临床可接受范围内。结论西门子Altellica IM1600全自动化学发光分析仪检测甲状腺激素5项性能符合要求,能够满足临床诊断需求。

水凝胶波导探针的制备及对罗丹明B的超高灵敏检测

波导型倏逝波传感器依赖于待测物与倏逝场的相互作用,其检测能力受制于倏逝波的强弱。一般而言,波导的倏逝波强度在内部传输光中占比很低,因此传感器灵敏度受到很大限制。提出的一种基于水凝胶聚合物的波导探针可以克服上述缺点。水凝胶具有的三维网状结构,可以方便待测物渗入波导内部,因此可以利用局域在波导内部的传输光进行探测,大幅提高探测光的利用效率。此外,实验通过其他聚合物单体的添加成功抑制了水凝胶波导遇水溶胀变形带来的额外光损。由于纯水凝胶制备的波导在吸水溶胀后会导致变形,从而带来额外的光损耗,因此除水凝胶之外还需掺入其他聚合物以维持波导的基本形状。实验表明,该水凝胶聚合物波导传感器对罗丹明B水溶液的吸收检测极限为1.0×10^(−9) g/mL,荧光检测极限为1.0×10^(−19)g/mL。相比于其他波导型倏逝波传感器,荧光检测极限提高了约7个数量级。该水凝胶聚合物波导传感器制备方法简单,成本低廉,可适应性高,灵敏度高,在医疗及环境监测等多个领域都有着广泛的应用前景。

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法检测除盐水系统痕量阳离子

提出了采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测量除盐水中Ca、Mg、Al的方法,对分析条件进行优化,并对上述离子的方法检出限、准确度、回收率进行测定与评估。结果表明:ICP-AES法可快速、准确、稳定地测量除盐水中Ca、Mg、Al,其中各离子的方法检出限为Ca 0.5μg/L、Mg 0.5μg/L、Al 2μg/L,各离子的加标回收率在98%~102%,相对标准偏差均小于1.5%。所提方法弥补了3~6号机组除盐水制水系统新增Ca、Mg、Al等阳离子没有专门分析方法的不足,实现了一次进样同时检测多种离子,提高了对田湾核电站二期除盐水系统水质的检测能力,对后续除盐水系统调试、运行期间水质的分析具有重要意义。