Simone de Beauvoir on the Situation and Rights of French Women Colonizer

The goal of this paper is to establish from Simone de Beauvoir＇s perspective what happens when the situation and rights of French women are examined from the purview of their position as colonial subjects--as women colonizer. Following the analysis of Beauvoir as featured in The Ethics of Ambiguity and The Second Sex, the author first begins by examining the situation and rights of French women colonizer as it relates to the situation of the colonized. And then, the author examines the situation and rights of these women from their own stands as women and in relationships to the situation and rights of white French men. The paper concludes that while French women may have experienced white privilege, they suffered from gender oppression deriving from their second-class status as French colonial subjects.

Elections ＆ Human Rights in India and Mauritius： Micro Analysis Through Electoral Integrity

Success of the democracy largely depends on the level of electoral integrity. In this paper, the core notion of ＂electoral integrity＂ refers to agreed international principles and standards of elections, applying universally to all countries worldwide throughout the electoral cycle, including during the pre and post-electoral period. As such, a quantitative and empirical method is employed to insight the quantum of electoral integrity of India and Mauritius where they respect human rights for real democratization. Main focus of the paper is to highlight the success and failure of democracy and how the two countries （India and Mauritius） respect human right but the yardstick of study is based on electoral integrity.

Empirical Analysis on Transfer and Limitation of Land Contractual Management Right

Existing laws have three limitations on transfer of land contractual management right. The survey of 506 farmer households in Zhejiang,Jiangxi and Guangxi provinces indicates that most farmers have the consistent knowledge of limitation on " transfer being approved by the party giving out the contract in advance" with legislative requirements,but it is not effectively implemented in actual operation. As to limitation on transferee,no matter in cognition of farmers,or in real transfer process,the transferee is not totally limited to farmers engaged in agricultural production and management. For the constraint that the transferor should have stable non-agricultural occupation or stable income source, most farmers agree,but more than half of the farmers have not confirmed the transfer action in practice.

On Limitation of Action against Acts of Continuous Infringement of Trademark Right

The right to claim for damages for infringement is of the character of credit and an object of limitation of action. In case of trademark right infringement, the provision on limitation of action of the General Principles of the Civil Law also apply to the trademark proprietor's right to claim for damages for infringement.……

Statistical Diagnosis for Random Right Censored Data Based on Kaplan-Meier Product Limit Estimate

In this work, we consider statistical diagnostic for random right censored data based on K-M product limit estimator. Under the definition of K-M product limit estimator, we obtain that the relation formula between estimators. Similar to complete data, we define likelihood displacement and likelihood ratio statistic. Through a real data application, we show that our proposed procedure is validity.

Right Steps Can limit AIDS Virus

Witheffectivecontrolandpreventionmeasures,thenumberofHIVcarriersandAIDSpatientsinChinacouldbelimitedto1.5millionin2010,saidChenXianyi,aseniorofficialwiththeMinistryofHealth.Butwithoutsuchsteps,therecouldbemorethan10million,Chenwarned.Chenmadetheremar...

The Implementation Mode of No-Fly Zones in International Relations

A No-Fly Zone(NFZ)is a unique mode of humanitarian intervention which is understudied in international relations.This article focuses on the political dimension of NFZs in international relations and investigates their implementations by empirically reviewing all three cases of NFZs to date.There may be efforts by intervening states to highlight humanitarian crises among certain targets to secure UN authorization for the NFZs;yet the implementation of NFZs is also driven largely by the security interests of enforcing states.As a result,there is the potential for those states implementing NFZs to transcend legal authorization and sometimes use excessive force,with likely calamitous results for local populations,or in extreme cases,accomplishing regime change by supporting opposition parties in target states.

On the Regulation of Racist Speech

The legal regulation of racist speech involves limitation on the freedom of speech, which requires prudent trade-offs between freedom and quality. The protection of the freedom of speech, although of great value to a democratic society, does not include the pro tection of racist speech. The justification for regulating racist speech lies in the impact of racial ly-charged speech, not in the content of the speech itself. The regulation of racist speech should take into consideration thecriteriaofsubjectivemalignancy,necessityandproportionality.Due to their social status and special role in a democratic society, the media and political figures should bear a more stringent duty of care because of the harm and consequences of their racist remarks, which are far greater than those of other groups. During the pandemic, legal regula tion is required regarding remarks of politicians and the media that imply discrimination linked to CoVID-19.

Central limit theorem of linear regression model under right censorship

In this paper, the estimation of joint distribution F(y,z) of (Y, Z) and the estimation in thelinear regression model Y = b′Z + ε for complete data are extended to that of the right censored data. Theregression parameter estimates of b and the variance of ε are weighted least square estimates with randomweights. The central limit theorems of the estimators are obtained under very weak conditions and the derivedasymptotic variance has a very simple form.

WTO与国有商业银行立法创制刍议

面对WTO的挑战 ,我国国有商业银行的体制改革和立法创制任务十分繁重 ,而国有商业银行的产权结构改革和建立商业银行有限混业经营体制就是其中的两个重要议题。

Have the Private Benefits in Italian Firms Decreased？

The topic of the paper is the estimate of the benefit of control, according to the Barclay and Holderness method. The reference system of this research is Italy, given that the empirical evidence of the past which had underlined private benefits particularly high among Italian companies and the reference period is 1999-2007. The idea of this research is to demonstrate that, since the Legislative Decree No. 58 of February 24, 1998 （Consolidated Law on Finance, henceforth Consolidated Law）, which has significantly changed the protection of minority shareholders, in Italian, the intensity of private benefits has on average declined sharply. To this end, considering the results of the empirical researches on periods pre-1998 and at the turn of the Consolidated Law, the paper provides evidence that the improvement of minority shareholder protection already shown by these researches is further accentuated over the years, because of the effects that the new regulatory framework has produced. In fact, the basic assumption is that the important laws, as Consolidate Law, require several years to produce the desired results in full. This idea is supported by the findings of research that show an average percentage of private benefits dropped to five percent of the capital. Hence, the investigation is extended to the demonstration of comparability of this estimation with other estimations quoted in literature, verifying the statistical significance of the correlations between the measures estimated and the variables considered as determinants in much of the literature.

企业数据的知识产权保护

企业数据和知识产权的客体之间存有共性。二者的保护基础理论相互融通,并且企业数据权利与知识产权权利结构相近似,这为企业数据的知识产权保护奠定了基础。检视现有知识产权制度框架下保护模式的有限性以识别现有制度与企业数据保护问题之间真正无法重合的地带。构建和完善企业数据保护规则须对企业数据进行类型化结构,基于类型化区分和场景化差异探寻不同保护路径。从解释论角度而言,对于无法纳入既有法定权利范畴的企业数据权益,适用《反不正当竞争法》一般条款规制未被类型化权益,关键在于客观审查数据使用行为是否违反商业道德。从立法论角度而言,可参照知识产权的行为规制赋权化路径,将规制焦点建立在对企业数据的利用行为上,对利用行为进行类型化提炼,建构一种以禁止权和报酬权为核心的不完满的控制权和有限度的排他权。

股东会电子化中股东平等原则的规范构造

出席股东会是股东行使自身权利、治理公司事务的基本路径。委托代理人出席或书面表决等方式系原《公司法》认可的股东现场出席股东会的合法替代方式,但这两种方式均存在不足。鉴于实践效果上电子化表决在提升参与度和确保表决真实性方面起到了积极作用,新《公司法》明确规定公司可以通过电子通信方式召开电子股东会,进一步提高了股东参与度并克服了传统的两类替代方式的弊端。该规定是对实践中已广泛采用的股东会组织方式合法性的确认。然而,新《公司法》等现行法律法规并未充分考虑到电子股东会制度可能引发的股东知情权行权差异和潜在的股东不平等问题,也并未对上述问题以及电子股东会可能发生的程序瑕疵、系统障碍作出针对性的预防和救济规制。实施电子股东会的公司应当保障不同参与方式的股东均可以充分行使权利,制定电子股东会决策程序瑕疵、出现系统故障时的预防和救济措施,以全面有效发挥股东会应有的功能。

企业数据财产权的制度构建

企业数据作为日益重要的新型无形资产,其商业价值与财产内涵凸显。企业数据财产权保护相比于行为规制路径具有诸多制度优势,契合企业数据的财产权客体属性,能够得到劳动财产权理论、激励理论、交易成本理论等理论支撑。然而,传统物权、知识产权等既有财产权方案不足以为企业数据提供全面且恰当的保护。为此,有必要以企业数据为客体创设一种独特的财产权,对具有相当数量内涵、承载实质性投入的企业数据赋权保护,由企业数据制作者享有控制、使用、经营、收益等专有权能与禁止权能。同时,为促进企业数据的开放共享,对财产权客体对象、保护期限与权利范围施加必要的限制,构建公益与私益的平衡机制。

刑事诉讼领域个人信息权的限制与规范

个人信息保护兹事体大,重视对个人信息权的保护已成共识,即便在刑事诉讼领域亦不例外。但刑事诉讼中个人信息权的行使可能与犯罪控制的利益和公众知情权、信息开放利益、科学和艺术研究利益等发生冲突,因此有必要遵循目的限制、必要性、区分对待等原则对刑事诉讼领域的个人信息权予以适当限制。在此基础上,可以提出刑事诉讼中个人信息权行使的四方面考量因素,并由此确立个人信息权行使的方式及其救济途径,以实现个人信息权在刑事诉讼领域的良性发展。

环境健康风险法律规制的限度及其调适

基于问题导向,环境健康风险法律规制呈现为环境联系健康的立法观与系统性的风险规制法制。然而,事实因应导向的环境健康风险法律规制也不可避免地存在过度干预权利、法律控制乏力与解释空间过大的风险,需要在既有理路框架下,由宪法从立法选择与法律实施层面对其进行结构性调适。在立法选择中,有必要重塑环境健康风险预防义务与基本权利并重的立法观,明确环境健康风险系统规制中事权协同的合宪性标准,搭建合理表达预防积极化与比例选择规制措施的规范结构;在法律实施中,需以基本权利作为解释标准,强化环境行政裁量与司法裁判的合宪性控制,避免给私主体增加不必要的损害或负担。

论合同履行请求权普通诉讼时效期间的起算时点

与对诉讼时效制度的程序法理解和实体法理解相应,普通诉讼时效期间起算客观时点的确定方法有权利被侵害与请求权可行使之别,但在各自的理论脉络下两种确定方法的实质均为权利可行使。权利被侵害的确定方法无法适用于合同履行请求权,《中华人民共和国民法典》第一百八十九条、第六百九十四条第一款和《最高人民法院关于审理民事案件适用诉讼时效制度若干问题的规定》第四条第一分句采纳了请求权可行使的确定方法。《最高人民法院关于审理民事案件适用诉讼时效制度若干问题的规定》第四条第二分句与《中华人民共和国民法典》第一百八十九条的规定相悖,属于司法解释的败笔。具有行为请求权性质的履行请求权普通诉讼时效期间自权利人主张权利时起算,但代偿请求权具有不当得利的性质,应适用不当得利债权的起算规则。继续履行请求权属于履行请求权的延续,不存在独立的诉讼时效期间。作为次请求权的损害赔偿请求权不受履行请求权诉讼时效期间的规制,存在自己独立的普通诉讼时效期间起算时点。我国民事立法关于普通诉讼时效期间起算时点的规定呈现出二元结构,体系化不足。

双重股权结构在公司治理中的应用研究

随着中国经济体制改革的加速,外部投资市场资金的流入给上市公司带来了不少机遇。然而,机遇往往伴随着挑战,如何在吸引外部资金的同时,保障创始人的控制权并确保公司的长期稳定发展成为了一个亟待解决的问题。在这样的背景下,双重股权结构应运而生,成为保障创始人控制权的重要手段。文章阐述了双重股权结构的概念、特征、优势与不足,并结合公司治理对双重股权结构的应用提出了针对性的建议,对促进我国资本市场和企业的健康发展具有重要意义。

论数据财产权的权利限制

数据财产权的概念已得到越来越多的认可,但在具体的权利建构上尚未形成共识。保护和限制是权利的一体两面,现行研究偏向于正向确权保护,忽视了反向权利限制的功能与价值。考虑数据上私人利益与公共利益的二元性,数据价值实现需要流通和利用的特殊要求,以及数据治理由个人主义走向社会治理的理念转变,引入权利限制制度具有正当性和必要性。在功能定位上,宜采用赋权使用模式,肯定特定使用人有权使用,从而合理配置数据二次利用利益。在内容建构上,一是公共领域的保留,将数据财产权的客体限定为经过处理的衍生数据;二是权利行使的限制,保护数据来源者、在先权利主体和其他特定主体的利益;三是禁止权利滥用,对自我优待和拒绝许可进行特别规制。

表决权滥用的法律规制——以决议效力为中心

表决权滥用规制的理论基础为股东间利益调整、禁止权利滥用法理以及股东平等原则,主要的规制模式包括表决权限制与禁止表决权滥用。表决权限制由于对股东权利限制过大、适用范围狭窄以及实际作用不明等,不宜作为规制表决权滥用的一般规范。而对于违反禁止表决权滥用的公司决议而言,决议有效说不足以全面保护少数股东;无效说存在不符合资本多数决原则、决议无效的理论基础不明、适用对象不清晰等问题;表决权滥用决议的可撤销说能够兼顾少数股东保护及多数决原则,并符合保护交易安全的要求。在具有利益关系的多数股东或控制股东滥用表决权、故意损害少数股东或公司利益且其表决权行使与决议结果之间存在因果关系时,少数股东得主张撤销决议,由此规制表决权滥用。