In order to clarify the formation mechanism of linear dunes on the northern margin of Qarhan Salt Lake, northwestern China, we analyzed the grain-size and sorting parameters of the dune and interdune sands. The surfac...In order to clarify the formation mechanism of linear dunes on the northern margin of Qarhan Salt Lake, northwestern China, we analyzed the grain-size and sorting parameters of the dune and interdune sands. The surface sands （0-30 ram） from the dune base to the crest of both flanks and interdune corridors were sampled along transects from upwind to downwind through the dune field. The results indicated that the grain-size distribution differed at different positions between and within the dunes. The frequency curve for dune sands mainly showed a bimodal distribution, while the interdune sediments showed a trimodal distribution. The grain size distribution of the linear dunes showed a finer crest pattern, i.e. the crests were composed of sands that were generally finer, better sorted than those of base sands. In addition, at the dune field scale, the dune crest sands were tending to become much finer but sorting became worse along the downwind transects. However, the grain-size parameters of sediments in the interdune corridors showed no clear pattern. The results demonstrated that the grain size and sorting parameters exhibited a systematic change not only at the individual scale but also at the dune field scale. Our results quantitatively estimate the limited role of cohesive sediments on the formation of linear dune under unidirectional wind regime. More attention should be paid to a long-term wind regime observation, internal sedimentary structures and their formation ages.展开更多
The particle size is considered as a fundamental property of nanoparticles used for cargo delivery (CDS) purpose. The objective of this study was the particles size quantification of polydopamine nanoparticles (PDANS)...The particle size is considered as a fundamental property of nanoparticles used for cargo delivery (CDS) purpose. The objective of this study was the particles size quantification of polydopamine nanoparticles (PDANS) via the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with chemometrics tools. The successful synthesis of PDANS was proved using several characterization methods. Compared with the model extracted using raw spectral data, the accuracy and stability of the new model extracted from pre-processed data were significantly improved. The PDANS particle size samples have been predicted with acceptable accuracy. The correlation (R2) between NIRS and the TEM granulometrie data was 99.81%, while the root mean square error of calibration RMSEC was 0.196 nm. This research shows that NIRS combined with a regression method is a viable tool for the quality determination of CD system.展开更多
We propose a method to improve the secret key rate of an eight-state continuous-variable quantum key distribution（CVQKD） by using a linear optics cloning machine（LOCM）. In the proposed scheme, an LOCM is exploited...We propose a method to improve the secret key rate of an eight-state continuous-variable quantum key distribution（CVQKD） by using a linear optics cloning machine（LOCM）. In the proposed scheme, an LOCM is exploited to compensate for the imperfections of Bob＇s apparatus, so that the generated secret key rate of the eight-state protocol could be well enhanced. We investigate the security of our proposed protocol in a finite-size scenario so as to further approach the practical value of a secret key rate. Numeric simulation shows that the LOCM with reasonable tuning gain λ and transmittance τcan effectively improve the secret key rate of eight-state CVQKD in both an asymptotic limit and a finite-size regime.Furthermore, we obtain the tightest bound of the secure distance by taking the finite-size effect into account, which is more practical than that obtained in the asymptotic limit.展开更多
深度神经网络具有脆弱性,容易被精心设计的对抗样本攻击.梯度攻击方法在白盒模型上攻击成功率较高,但在黑盒模型上的迁移性较弱.基于Heavy-ball型动量和Nesterov型动量的梯度攻击方法由于在更新方向上考虑了历史梯度信息,提升了对抗样...深度神经网络具有脆弱性,容易被精心设计的对抗样本攻击.梯度攻击方法在白盒模型上攻击成功率较高,但在黑盒模型上的迁移性较弱.基于Heavy-ball型动量和Nesterov型动量的梯度攻击方法由于在更新方向上考虑了历史梯度信息,提升了对抗样本的迁移性.为了进一步使用历史梯度信息,本文针对收敛性更好的Nesterov型动量方法,使用自适应步长策略代替目前广泛使用的固定步长,提出了一种方向和步长均使用历史梯度信息的迭代快速梯度方法(Nesterov and Adaptive-learning-rate based Iterative Fast Gradient Method,NAI-FGM).此外,本文还提出了一种线性变换不变性(Linear-transformation Invariant Method,LIM)的数据增强方法 .实验结果证实了NAI-FGM攻击方法和LIM数据增强策略相对于同类型方法均具有更高的黑盒攻击成功率.组合NAI-FGM方法和LIM策略生成对抗样本,在常规训练模型上的平均黑盒攻击成功率达到87.8%,在对抗训练模型上的平均黑盒攻击成功率达到57.5%,在防御模型上的平均黑盒攻击成功率达到67.2%,均超过现有最高水平.展开更多
C^1 natural element method （C^1 NEM） is applied to strain gradient linear elasticity, and size effects on mi crostructures are analyzed. The shape functions in C^1 NEM are built upon the natural neighbor interpolati...C^1 natural element method （C^1 NEM） is applied to strain gradient linear elasticity, and size effects on mi crostructures are analyzed. The shape functions in C^1 NEM are built upon the natural neighbor interpolation （NNI）, with interpolation realized to nodal function and nodal gradient values, so that the essential boundary conditions （EBCs） can be imposed directly in a Galerkin scheme for partial differential equations （PDEs）. In the present paper, C^1 NEM for strain gradient linear elasticity is constructed, and sev- eral typical examples which have analytical solutions are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the constructed method. In its application to microstructures, the size effects of bending stiffness and stress concentration factor （SCF） are studied for microspeciem and microgripper, respectively. It is observed that the size effects become rather strong when the width of spring for microgripper, the radius of circular perforation and the long axis of elliptical perforation for microspeciem come close to the material characteristic length scales. For the U-shaped notch, the size effects decline obviously with increasing notch radius, and decline mildly with increasing length of notch.展开更多
Automobile insurance is one of the most popular research areas, and there are a lot of different methods for it .We uses linear empirical Bayesian estimation for the study of automobile insurance, giving the estimator...Automobile insurance is one of the most popular research areas, and there are a lot of different methods for it .We uses linear empirical Bayesian estimation for the study of automobile insurance, giving the estimator of the policy’s future claim size. Thus, a new point of view is given on the pricing of automobile insurance.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41171010, 41130533, 41301003)
文摘In order to clarify the formation mechanism of linear dunes on the northern margin of Qarhan Salt Lake, northwestern China, we analyzed the grain-size and sorting parameters of the dune and interdune sands. The surface sands （0-30 ram） from the dune base to the crest of both flanks and interdune corridors were sampled along transects from upwind to downwind through the dune field. The results indicated that the grain-size distribution differed at different positions between and within the dunes. The frequency curve for dune sands mainly showed a bimodal distribution, while the interdune sediments showed a trimodal distribution. The grain size distribution of the linear dunes showed a finer crest pattern, i.e. the crests were composed of sands that were generally finer, better sorted than those of base sands. In addition, at the dune field scale, the dune crest sands were tending to become much finer but sorting became worse along the downwind transects. However, the grain-size parameters of sediments in the interdune corridors showed no clear pattern. The results demonstrated that the grain size and sorting parameters exhibited a systematic change not only at the individual scale but also at the dune field scale. Our results quantitatively estimate the limited role of cohesive sediments on the formation of linear dune under unidirectional wind regime. More attention should be paid to a long-term wind regime observation, internal sedimentary structures and their formation ages.
文摘The particle size is considered as a fundamental property of nanoparticles used for cargo delivery (CDS) purpose. The objective of this study was the particles size quantification of polydopamine nanoparticles (PDANS) via the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with chemometrics tools. The successful synthesis of PDANS was proved using several characterization methods. Compared with the model extracted using raw spectral data, the accuracy and stability of the new model extracted from pre-processed data were significantly improved. The PDANS particle size samples have been predicted with acceptable accuracy. The correlation (R2) between NIRS and the TEM granulometrie data was 99.81%, while the root mean square error of calibration RMSEC was 0.196 nm. This research shows that NIRS combined with a regression method is a viable tool for the quality determination of CD system.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61379153 and 61572529)
文摘We propose a method to improve the secret key rate of an eight-state continuous-variable quantum key distribution（CVQKD） by using a linear optics cloning machine（LOCM）. In the proposed scheme, an LOCM is exploited to compensate for the imperfections of Bob＇s apparatus, so that the generated secret key rate of the eight-state protocol could be well enhanced. We investigate the security of our proposed protocol in a finite-size scenario so as to further approach the practical value of a secret key rate. Numeric simulation shows that the LOCM with reasonable tuning gain λ and transmittance τcan effectively improve the secret key rate of eight-state CVQKD in both an asymptotic limit and a finite-size regime.Furthermore, we obtain the tightest bound of the secure distance by taking the finite-size effect into account, which is more practical than that obtained in the asymptotic limit.
文摘深度神经网络具有脆弱性,容易被精心设计的对抗样本攻击.梯度攻击方法在白盒模型上攻击成功率较高,但在黑盒模型上的迁移性较弱.基于Heavy-ball型动量和Nesterov型动量的梯度攻击方法由于在更新方向上考虑了历史梯度信息,提升了对抗样本的迁移性.为了进一步使用历史梯度信息,本文针对收敛性更好的Nesterov型动量方法,使用自适应步长策略代替目前广泛使用的固定步长,提出了一种方向和步长均使用历史梯度信息的迭代快速梯度方法(Nesterov and Adaptive-learning-rate based Iterative Fast Gradient Method,NAI-FGM).此外,本文还提出了一种线性变换不变性(Linear-transformation Invariant Method,LIM)的数据增强方法 .实验结果证实了NAI-FGM攻击方法和LIM数据增强策略相对于同类型方法均具有更高的黑盒攻击成功率.组合NAI-FGM方法和LIM策略生成对抗样本,在常规训练模型上的平均黑盒攻击成功率达到87.8%,在对抗训练模型上的平均黑盒攻击成功率达到57.5%,在防御模型上的平均黑盒攻击成功率达到67.2%,均超过现有最高水平.
基金supported by the SDUST Spring Bud (2009AZZ021)Taian Science and Technology Development (20112001)
文摘C^1 natural element method （C^1 NEM） is applied to strain gradient linear elasticity, and size effects on mi crostructures are analyzed. The shape functions in C^1 NEM are built upon the natural neighbor interpolation （NNI）, with interpolation realized to nodal function and nodal gradient values, so that the essential boundary conditions （EBCs） can be imposed directly in a Galerkin scheme for partial differential equations （PDEs）. In the present paper, C^1 NEM for strain gradient linear elasticity is constructed, and sev- eral typical examples which have analytical solutions are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the constructed method. In its application to microstructures, the size effects of bending stiffness and stress concentration factor （SCF） are studied for microspeciem and microgripper, respectively. It is observed that the size effects become rather strong when the width of spring for microgripper, the radius of circular perforation and the long axis of elliptical perforation for microspeciem come close to the material characteristic length scales. For the U-shaped notch, the size effects decline obviously with increasing notch radius, and decline mildly with increasing length of notch.
文摘Automobile insurance is one of the most popular research areas, and there are a lot of different methods for it .We uses linear empirical Bayesian estimation for the study of automobile insurance, giving the estimator of the policy’s future claim size. Thus, a new point of view is given on the pricing of automobile insurance.
