Responses of Membrane Lipid Peroxidation and Endogenous Hormones of Soybean Seedlings to UV-B Radiation and Rare Earth

[ Objective] The aim was to provide strategies for development of rare earth and control of environmental pollution. [ Method] Responses of membrane lipid peroxidation and endogenous hormones of soybean seedlings to UV-B radiation and rare earth were studied through hydroponics in laboratory. [ Result] The results showed that under irradiation of UV-B（ T1-0.15 W/m^2 and T2-0.45 W/m^2）, chlorophyll and indole-3-acetic acid（IAA） contents firstly decreased during the stress phase （1 -5 d） and then increased during the restoration phase （6 -9 d） while contents of malonadialdehyde（MDA） and abscisic acid（ABA） gradually increased during the imposition of UV-B radiation （1 -5 d） and subsequently decreased during recovery from UV-B stress （6 -9 d） . With adding of La （III） with the concentration of 20 mg · L^-1 , the decline/dse trend of chlorophyll, IAA, MDA and ABA contents was slowed down during the stress period while the rise/decline speed was accelerated during the recovery period. [ Conclusion] It suggests that the regulation of La （ III ） on membrane lipid peroxidation and endogenous hormones could increase chlorophyll and IAA contents, improve the metabolism of reactive oxygen species （ ROS）, inhibit membrane lipid peroxidation, decrease the accumulation amount of ABA and alleviate injury of UV-B radiation to soybean seedlings. Further, the protective potential of La （ III ） was better under low UV-B radiation than under high one.

Photochemical Efficiency of PSⅡ and Membrane Lipid Peroxidation in Leaves of indica and japonica Rice (Oryza sativa) Under Chilling Temperature and Strong Light Stress Conditions

Relationships between fluorescence parameters and membrane lipid peroxidation in leaves of indica and japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) during later growth stage were studied under chilling temperature and strong light stress conditions. Results showed that D1 protein contents of PSⅡ in photosynthetic apparatus dropped, the generation of antheraxanthin (A) and zeaxanthin (Z) of xanthophyll cycle were inhibited partly, PSⅡ photochemical efficiency (F v/F m)and non-photochemical quenching (q N) were also decreased obviously. In addition, endogenous active oxygen scavenger—superoxide dismutase (SOD) reduced, superoxide anion radical (O -· 2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulated, as a result, photooxidation of leaves occurred under chilling temperature and strong light stress conditions. Obvious differences in the changes of the above mentioned physiological parameters between indica and japonica rice were observed. Experiments in leaves treated with inhibitors under chilling temperature and strong light conditions showed that indica rice was more sensitive to chilling temperature with strong light and subjected to photooxidation more than japonica rice. Notable positive correlation between D1 protein contents and F v/F m or (A+Z)/(A+Z+V), and a marked negative correlation between F v/F m and MDA contents were obtained by regression analysis in indica and japonica rice during chilling temperature and strong light conditions. According to the facts mentioned above, it was inferred that PSⅡ photochemical efficiency(F v/F m) was the key index to forecast for the prediction of photooxidation under stress circumstances and the physiological basis were the synthetic capacity of D1 protein and the protection of xanthophyll cycle.

Effects of Exogenous Nitric Oxide on Membrane Lipid Peroxidation in Wheat Seeding Exposed to Enhanced Ultraviolet-B Radiation

[Objective] Effects of different concentrations of nitric oxide on membrane lipid peroxidation of wheat induced by enhanced UV-B radiation were researched,sodium nitroprusside （SNP） was selected as an exogenous nitric oxide（NO）donor.[Method] There are 3 groups including CK,UV treatment group （B）,B＋SNP treatment group,0,1,2,3,4 d sampling after treatment respectively,and physiological and biochemical indexes of MDA content and CAT,POD,SOD and so on were determined,repeated 3 times,and statistical analyzed.[Result] The results showed that,after the enhanced UV-B radiation,activity of the catalase （CAT）,superoxide dismutase （SOD） and of the guaiacol peroxidase （POD） all reduced apparently,and the concentration of malondialdehyde （MDA） increased obviously,leading to oxidative damage in wheat seedlings.Impose different concentrations of SNP after UV-B radiation,may mitigate oxidative damage of wheat seedling from different degrees,which was in agreement with the effect of making the concentration of MDA decrease and the activity of the CAT,SOD and POD all increased.The mitigation role of 0.01 mol/L SNP was more obvious for roots＇ oxidative damage,while 0.1 mmol/L SNP is more effective for oxidative damage of leaves.[Conclusion] Exogenous NO donor SNP had obvious relieve effects on oxidative damage of wheat seedlings caused by UV-B radiation,which can enhance adaptive capacity of plants to adversity stress.

Effects of Vitamin E on the Activities of Protective Enzymes and Membrane Lipid Peroxidation in Leymus Chinensis under Drought Stress

Leymus chinensis seedlings were treated with 0.05--10 mmol/L vitamin E under osmotic stress in the presence of polyethylene glycol（PEG） as the stress reagent. The effects of the different concentrations of exogenous vitamin E on the activities of SOD, POD and free proline, and the MDA contents under drought stress were examined so as to ascertain the mechanism of Leymus chinensis resistance to drought stress and explore the possible preventive measures. The results indicate that the activities of SOD and POD decreased but the free proline and MDA contents increased as drought stress was accentuated, showing an enhancement of oxidative stress that may cause a decline in membrane stabilization. However, the activities of SOD and POD and the free proline content increased, whereas the MDA content reduced in Leymus chinensis pretreated with vitamin E in comparison with that of the control. This indicates that exogenous vitamin E enhanced the antioxidation of Leymus chinensis seedlings. It suggests that cytomembrane can be protected from damage by increasing the free proline content and the activities of SOD and POD that result in enhancing the drought resistance of Leymus chinensis seedlings.

Effects of Low-Phosphorus Stress on Membrane Lipid Peroxidation and Protective Enzyme Activities in Leaves of Different Rice (Oryza sativa)Cultivars

Membrane lipid peroxidation and protective enzyme activity in leaves of low-phosphorus-tolerant rice cultivars Dalidao and Liantangzao 3, and low-phosphorus-sensitive cultivars Huzhanqi and Xinsanbaili were studied under low phosphorus stress with sandy culture. Results indicated that low-phosphorus stress aggravated the membrane lipid peroxidation in rice leaves, and it was more severe in low-phosphorus-sensitive cultivars than that in low-phosphorus-tolerant eultivars. During the period of low-phosphorus stress, the activities of SOD, CAT and POD maintained relatively stable in low-phosphorustolerant cultivars, whereas those increased obviously at early stage and subsequently decreased rapidly in the low-phosphorus-sensitive cultivars, suggesting that the absolute activities of protective enzymes had no relation with the low-phosphorus stress, while the changing trend was reverse.

Effects of Wounding and Exogenous Jasmonic Acid on the Peroxidation of Membrane Lipid in Pea Seedlings Leaves

The changes of malondialdehyde （MDA）, H2O2, and O2^7 content, or the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT）, ascrobate peroxidase （APX）, peroxidase （POD）, phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL）, and polyphenol oxidase （PPO） in pea seedlings （Pisum sativum L.） under wounding and treatment of exogenous jasmonic acid （JA） were investigated. The results showed that the activities of both phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL） and polyphenol oxidase （PPO） were significantly increased by wounding and application of JA. The metabolism of reaction oxidative species （ROS） was enhanced, especially O2^7 and H2O2 appeared to rapidly increase. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, APX and POD were also increased. Treatment of JA of 1 or 10 μmol L^-1 could effectively induce plant defense response, and thus decrease the peroxidation of cell membrane lipid. However, high concentration of JA （100 μmol L^-1） resulted in unbalance of metabolism of ROS and promoted the peroxidation of cell membrane lipid. We thus suggested that JA, under the suitable concentration, could induce defense response of pea seedlings to wounding.

Effect of laser pretreatment on germination and membrane lipid peroxidation of Chinese pine seeds under drought stress

The germination of laser-irradiated Chinese pine seeds was carried out under drought stress.The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD),and the content of malondialdehyde(MDA)were determined.Results showed notably increased germination percentage,root length,vitality index and fresh weight.The SOD and POD protective enzyme system activity of the Chinese pine seedlings obviously rose.It can be concluded that the germi-nation and juvenile resistance of Chinese pine seeds under drought stress are enhanced after laser processing.

Photoinhibition and Photooxidation in Leaves of indica and japonica Rice Under Different Temperatures and Light Intensities

Physiological indices related to the efficiency (F-v/F-m) of light energy conversion in PS II and the peroxidation of membrane lipid were measured in leaves of Oryza sativa L. sp. indica rice cv. 'Shanyou 63' and sp. japonica rice cv. '9516'' under different temperatures and fight intensities for 4 days. No changes in F-v/F-m and membrane lipid peroxidation product (MDA) were observed, so neither photoinhibition nor photooxidation happened in both rice cultivars under moderate temperature and medium light intensity. However, F-v/F-m dropped obviously with no change in MDA contents, and photoinhibition appeared in indica rice cv. 'Shanyou 63' under medium temperature and strong light intensity. Furthermore, both photoinhibition and photooxidation were observed in two rice cultivars under chilling temperature and strong light intensity. Experiments with inhibitors under chilling temperature and strong light intensity showed that indica rice had a decrease in DI protein content and SOD activity, and the extent of inhibition of xanthophyll. cycle and nonphotochemical quenching (qN) was larger, and a higher level of MDA was observed. The photoinhibition and photooxidation in indica rice were more distinct as compared with japonica rice. The authors suggested that PS II light energy conversion efficiency (F-v/F-m) and membrane lipid peroxidation were the key indices for the detection of photooxidation.

Effects of Relative Soil Water Content on Antioxidant Enzyme System in Malus sieversii(Lebed.) Roem

By pot experiment under artificially simulated water stress conditions, soluble protein content, MDA content and SOD, POD, CAT and APX activities in Malus sieversfi leaves were determined to reveal the response mechanism of M. sieversii to changes of relative soil water content. According to the results, with the decrease of relative soil water content, MDA content in M. sieversii leaves increased by mem- brane lipid peroxidation. Cells resist water stress-induced membrane lipid peroxidation and clear the increased reactive oxygen species by improving soluble protein content and SOD, POD, CAT and APX activities. However, various enzymes were involved in the response to water stress under different moisture conditions. In addition, the results indicated that M. sieversii had a good adaptability to higher relative soil water contents.

Protective Roles of Brassinolide on Rice Seedlings under High Temperature Stress

Two indica rice （Oryza sativa L.） materials, Xieqingzao B （sensitive to heat stress） and 082 （tolerant to heat stress） were used to study the role of brassinolide （BR） in protection of rice seedlings from heat stress. Young seedlings were subjected to high temperature （38℃/30℃） and sprayed with 0.005 mg/L of BR. Analysis was conducted on the contents of chlorophyll, protein and malondialdehyde （MDA）, the leakage of electrolyte, the activities of peroxidase （POD） and superoxide dismutase （SOD） and their isozymes expression levels in leaves. Under the high temperature treatment, application of BR significantly increased the contents of chlorophyll and protein, and the activities of POD and SOD, and reduced the content of MDA and the leakage of electrolyte in the leaves of the heat-sensitive material Xieqingzao B, whereas BR had less effect on those of the heat-tolerant material 082 relatively. The BR treatment enhanced the expression of POD isozymes in the leaves of both materials. Under the high temperature stress and BR treatment, the expression of four SOD isozymes reduced in 082, but the expression of two SOD isozymes increased in Xieqingzao B. This suggests that BR plays an important role in protection of rice seedlings from heat stress by enhancing the activities or expression level of protective enzymes in the leaves. The materials with various heat-tolerance might differ in the mechanism of response to heat stress with BR application.

Traits Related to Chilling-Induced Photoinhibition in Leaves of indica and japonica Rice (Oryza sativa)

Physiological indices related to PS II photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and membrane lipid peroxidation were measured in leaves of indica rice cv Shanyou 63 and japonica rice 9516 at different temperatures and light intensities for four days. No obvious changes in Fv/Fm and MDA were observed in both indica and japonica rice at moderate temperature and medium PFD, implying neither photoinhibition nor photooxidation happened in these cases. In indica rice either at medium temperature with higher PFD or at lower temperature with medium PFD Fv/Fm dropped obviously with no changes in MDA contents, and photoinhibition appeared while photooxidation did not occur. However, D1 protein, Fv/Fm, (A+Z)/(A+Z+V), and SOD activities dropped, and O2 - production and MDA content increased accordingly, as well as both photoinhibition and photooxidation appeared in two rice varieties at lower temperature and higher PFD. Experiment with inhibitors at lower temperature and higher PFD showed that as compared with japonica rice the decrements appeared in D1 protein contents, SOD activities, and (A+Z)/(A+Z+V) ratios, the xanthophyll cycle and non-photochemical quench (qN) were inhibited in a more degree, as well as increments of MDA content were greater, thus exhibiting more distinct photoinhibition and photooxidation in indica rice. It is suggested that Fv/Fm and membrane lipid peroxidation product-MDA were the key indices to predict and diagnose photooxidation.

Wheat morphological and biochemical responses to copper oxide nanoparticles in two soils

The widespread application of copper oxide nanoparticles(CuO NPs)in agricultural production has caused growing concerns about their impact on crops.In this study,wheat root elongation was used to evaluate the toxic effect concentrations of CuO NPs in two soils with differing properties,collected from farmlands in Guangdong(GD)and Shandong(SD)provinces,China.Plant morphological and biochemical properties were also assessed to explore the toxicity mechanism of CuO NPs on wheat seedlings.The root elongation results revealed lower toxic effect concentration values in the plants grown in GD soil than in SD soil.Furthermore,the treatment with CuO NPs at 200 mg Cu kg^(-1) significantly reduced wheat root and shoot biomass by 35.8%and 15.8%,respectively,in GD soil.Electron microscopy showed that CuO NPs deformed wheat roots and entered leaf cells,causing deformation and damaging the cell structure.The CuO NP treatments also decreased chlorophyll content,increased antioxidant enzyme activity,and increased membrane lipid peroxidation in wheat leaves.The addition of CuO NPs significantly reduced the Zn(by 17.3%)and Fe(by 26.9%)contents in the leaves of plants grown in GD and SD soils,respectively.However,the contents of Cu,Mg,and Mn were increased by 27.4%–52.5%in GD soil and by 17.9%–71.6%in SD soil.These results suggested that CuO NPs showed greater toxicity to wheat plants grown in acidic soil than in alkaline soil and that the adverse effects of CuO NP treatments on wheat seedlings were due to a combination of CuO NPs and released Cu^(2+).

Toxic effects of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide on the wheat seedlings

The toxic effects of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide （[C8mim]Br） on wheat seedlings were evaluated. Wheat seedlings were cultivated in aqueous solution with [C8mim]Br at different concentrations （0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 mg/L）. The contents of photosynthetic pigment and proline, peroxidation of membrane lipid, and activities of antioxidation enzymes （superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase） in leaves were measured on day 7 after treatment with [C8mim]Br. The results showed that [C8mim]Br significantly decreased the contents of photosynthetic pigments, activities of antioxidant enzymes in the wheat leaves and in dry weight of seedlings, while increased the proline content and membrane lipid peroxidation. The results suggested that [C8mim]Br can inhibit photosynthesis and lead to oxidative stress to wheat seedlings.