Nanotechnologies meeting natural sources:Engineered lipoproteins for precise brain disease theranostics

Biological nanotechnologies have provided considerable opportunities in the management of malignancies with delicate design and negligible toxicity,from preventive and diagnostic to therapeutic fields.Lipoproteins,because of their inherent blood-brain barrier permeability and lesion-homing capability,have been identified as promising strategies for high-performance theranostics of brain diseases.However,the application of natural lipoproteins remains limited owing to insufficient accumulation and complex purification processes,which can be critical for individual therapeutics and clinical translation.To address these issues,lipoprotein-inspired nano drug-delivery systems(nano-DDSs),which have been learned from nature,have been fabricated to achieve synergistic drug delivery involving site-specific accumulation and tractable preparation with versatile physicochemical functions.In this review,the barriers in brain disease treatment,advantages of state-of-the-art lipoprotein-inspired nano-DDSs,and bio-interactions of such nano-DDSs are highlighted.Furthermore,the characteristics and advanced applications of natural lipoproteins and tailor-made lipoprotein-inspired nano-DDSs are summarized.Specifically,the key designs and current applications of lipoprotein-inspired nano-DDSs in the field of brain disease therapy are intensively discussed.Finally,the current challenges and future perspectives in the field of lipoprotein-inspired nano-DDSs combined with other vehicles,such as exosomes,cell membranes,and bacteria,are discussed.

Carbamylated lipoproteins in diabetes

Diabetic dyslipidemia is characterized by quantitative and qualitative abnormalities in lipoproteins.In addition to glycation and oxidation,carbamylation is also a post-translational modification affecting lipoproteins in diabetes.Patients with type 2 diabetes(T2D)exhibit higher levels of carbamylated low-density lipoproteins(cLDL)and high-density lipoproteins(cHDL).Accumulating evidence suggests that cLDL plays a role in atherosclerosis in diabetes.cLDL levels have been shown to predict cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality.cLDL facilitates immune cell recruitment in the vascular wall,promotes accumulation of lipids in macrophages,and contributes to endothelial dysf-unction,endothelial nitric oxide-synthase(eNOS)inactivation and endothelial repair defects.Lastly,cLDL induces thrombus formation and platelet aggregation.On the other hand,recent data have demonstrated that cHDL serum level is independently associated with all-cause and cardiovascular-related mortality in T2D patients.This relationship may be causative since the atheroprotective properties of HDL are altered after carbamylation.Thus,cHDL loses the ability to remove cholesterol from macrophages,to inhibit monocyte adhesion and recruitment,to induce eNOS activation and to inhibit apoptosis.Taken together,it seems very likely that the abnormalities in the biological functions of LDL and HDL after carbamylation contribute to atherosclerosis and to the elevated cardiovascular risk in diabetes.

Hepatitis C virus relies on lipoproteins for its life cycle

Hepatitis C virus(HCV) infects over 150 million people worldwide. In most cases, HCV infection becomes chronic causing liver disease ranging from fibrosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Viral persistence and pathogenesis are due to the ability of HCV to deregulate specific host processes, mainly lipid metabolism and innate immunity. In particular, HCV exploits the lipoprotein machineries for almost all steps of its life cycle. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge concerning the interplay between HCV and lipoprotein metabolism. We discuss the role played by members of lipoproteins in HCV entry, replication and virion production.

High-density lipoproteins:an emerging target in the prevention of cardiovascular disease

High-density lipoproteins （HDLs） have been well established to protect against the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. It has become apparent that in addition to the promotion of reverse cholesterol transport, HDLs possess a number of additional functional properties that may contribute to their beneficial influence on the arterial wall. A number of exciting therapeutic strategies have been developed that target HDL and its ability to protect against the development of atherosclerotic plaque. This paper will review how the promotion of the functional properties of HDL inhibits the formation of atherosclerotic plaque and stabilises lesions in patients with established disease.

High density lipoproteins and type 2 diabetes:Emerging concepts in their relationship

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) frequently exhibit macrovascular complications of atherosclerotic cardiovascular(CV) disease. High density lipoproteins(HDL) are protective against atherosclerosis. Low levels of HDL cholesterol(HDL-C) independently contribute to CV risk. Patients with T2 DM not only exhibit low HDL-C, but also dysfunctional HDL. Furthermore, low concentration of HDL may increase the risk for the development of T2 DM through a decreased β cell survival and secretory function. In this paper, we discuss emerging concepts in the relationship of T2 DM with HDL.

Metabolism of high density lipoproteins in liver cancer

Liver plays a vital role in the production and catabolism of plasma lipoproteins. It depends on the integrity of cellular function of liver, which ensures homeostasis of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. When liver cancer occurs these processes are impaired and high-density lipoproteins are changed.

Selective Removal of Low-Density Lipoproteins from Blood by Induced Precipitation with AAS in Vitro(Ⅰ)

1 INTRODUCTION It’s evident that high level of cholesterol in blood is associated with the formation and devel-opment of familial hypercholestrolemia(FH)and atherosclerosis(AS).In general,choles-terol in blood is mainly combined with low-density lipoproteins(LDL),very low-densitylipoproteins(VLDL)and high density lipoproteins(HDL).About 60%-80% cholesterolexists in LDL and VLDL.LDL and VLDL have been recognized as the principal

Effect of low-density lipoproteins, spermatozoa concentration and glycerol on functional and motility parameters of bull spermatozoa during storage at 4℃

An extender has been developed with low-density lipoproteins （LDLs） that eliminates the microbial risks associated with the use of whole egg yolk. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of substituting egg yolk with LDLs for use as an extender in sperm preservation at 4 ℃, as well as on spermatozoa motility, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity, at two different concentrations （80×10^6 and 240× 10^6 sperm per ml） for 8 days and to evaluate glycerol toxicity in both extenders. A total of 12 ejaculates were collected from three bulls. Spermatozoa motility was examined using computer-assisted semen analysis. Plasma membrane integrity was determined using the hypo-osmotic swelling test and acrosome integrity with the fluorescein isothiocyanate-Pisum sativum agglutinin test. The semen was subsequently divided into four aliquots and diluted with Tris-egg yolk-glycerol （TEG）, Tris-egg yolk without glycerol （TE）, LDL with glycerol （LDL＋） and LDL without glycerol （LDL-）, at 80×10^6 and 240 ×10^6sperm per ml. This study showed that the LDL＋ and LDL- extenders were more effective at preserving spermatozoa motility, plasma membrane integrity and acrosome integrity than TEG and TE （P〈0.05） during 8 days of incubation. After 3 days of incubation, a toxicity of glycerol was observed in TEG, whereas no significant difference was observed between LDL＋ and LDL-. We can therefore conclude that the LDL extender can be used to refrigerate semen at 4 ~C instead of TEG and TE at 80×10^6and 240×10^6 sperm per ml for elite bulls. This finding can be used to define a policy for the storage of high-quality bull semen.

ApoB-containing lipoproteins promote infectivity of chlamydial species in human hepatoma cell line

AIM:To evaluate the direct binding of two main chlamydial biovars(C.trachomatis and C.pneumoniae) to plasma lipoproteins and its effect on chlamydial infection rate in human hepatoma cell line(HepG2 cells). METHODS:Murine plasma lipoproteins were fractionated and isolated using fast-performance liquid chromatography(FPLC),spotted on nitrocellulose membrane and incubated with chlamydial suspensions. Direct binding of chlamydial particles to lipoprotein fractions has been studied using lipopolysaccharide-specific antibodies in immuno-dot blot binding assay and immunoprecipitation analysis.Immunostaining protocol as well as flow cytometry analysis have been employed to study the infectivity rate of chlamydial species in HepG2 cells. RESULTS:Elementary bodies of both C.trachomatis and C.pneumoniae bind ApoB-containing fractions of plasma lipoproteins.That binding becomes stronger when heat-denatured FPLC fractions are used, suggesting a primary role of apolipoproteins in interaction between chlamydial particle and lipoprotein. Both chlamydial biovars efficiently propagate in human hepatoma cell line-HepG2 cells even in serum free conditions forming late-stage inclusion bodies and releasing extracellular elementary bodies.Preincubation of C.trachomatis and C.pneumoniae with native ApoB-containing lipoproteins enhances the rate of chlamydial infection in HepG2 cells.CONCLUSION:A productive infection caused by C. trachomatis and C.pneumoniae may take place in human-derived hepatocytes revealing hepatic cells as possible target in chlamydial infection.Obtained results may suggest the participation of lipoprotein receptors in the mechanism of attachment and/or entry of chlamydial particles into target cells.

Changes Induced by Physical Activity, Weight Loss and Calorie Restriction in Body Composition, Lipoproteins and Functional Capacity in Obese Congolese Women

Background. The effects of physical exercises combined with a low-calorie diet on weight loss, body composition, lipoproteins profile, and physical fitness had been well described. However, Central Africa’s studies investigating these kinds of diets and exercise regimens are lacking. Objective. To investigate the effects of adding 14-weeks exercises to a hypocaloric diet on changes in body composition, lipoproteins concentrations, and physical capacities in obese Congolese women. Population and Methods. In total, 34 obese women aged 30 - 39 years (mean age: 33.7 ± 2.4 years) assigned to 14-weeks training program and low energy ketogenic diet. Body composition was assessed using classic methods and impedancemetry. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting serum insulin were assessing using enzymatic colorimetric and radioim-munoradiometric methods. HOMA-IR and lipoproteins concentrations were assessed using standardized laboratory methods. VO2peak was measured on a treadmill during a progressive exercise test. Speed, cadence and stride length were measured along the 10-m level walkway. Muscular endurance was measured using the tests of sit-up and inflections-extensions of elbows. All the variables of the study were assessed at the beginning, in the 7-weeks, and in the 14-weeks of training methods. Results. Declines in body weight (16%), percent fat (12.1%), fat weight (26.4%), abdominal fat (34.2%), and waist circumference (10.4%) were found. A significant decrease in FPG (13%), fasting serum insulin (60.9%), HOMA-IR (64.7%), total cholesterol (12.2%), LDL-cholesterol (20.3%), triglycerides (92.8%), and VLDL-triglycerides (17.5%) was shown. In contrast, significant increase in HDL-cholesterol (27.13%) was found. The peak oxygen consumption VO2peak relative to body weight improved more in the 14-weeks training program (13.4%). Obese women exhibited higher values in the 14-weeks training program for speed gait (16.5%), cadence (9.1%), and stride length (15.7%) during normal walk and rapid walk. Weight loss combined with a low-calorie diet and 14-weeks training program improved significantly muscular endurance capacities. Conclusion. Exercise added to hypocaloric diet leads to decreases in body composition, to improve in insulin sensitivity, to enhancement of VO2peak and functional fitness. This may be helpful for the treatment of the metabolic complications of abdominal obesity.

Preparation and Adsorption Properties of PAM Based Adsorbents for Plasma Lipoproteins

Crosslinked macroporous polyacrylamide (PAM) was prepared with inverse phase suspension polymerization technique. After treatment with hydrazine, the polymer was functionalized with chloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DEPAA), and maleic acid, respectively, and PAM based adsorbents bearing carboxyl functional groups for low density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis use were obtained. The blood compatibility and the adsorption properties for plasma lipoproteins of PAM based adsorbents were investigated.

Expression of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Monocytes and Effects of Native and Oxidized Very Low Density Lipoproteins

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1), a potent chemoattractant, is thought to play an important role in migration of monocytes into atherosclerotic lesions. The present study was designed to investigate the capacity of human peripheral blood monocytes to express MCP-1 and effects of native very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and oxidized VLDL(OX-VLDL) on the expression. The total RNA was extracted from cultured monocytes, which were exposed to VLDL and OX-VLDL, and the media conditioned by monocytes were collected. MCP-1 mRNA expression was examined by Northern blot analysis. MCP-1 protein in conditioned media was determined by using sandwich ELISA. The results showed that monocytes can express MCP-1 after a 24 h incubation at 37℃，and the expression was markedly increased by a exposure to OX-VLDL, whereas the expression was slightly increased when exposed to VLDL. It suggests that the capacity of monocytes to produce MCP-1 that recruits and activates circulating monocytes may be of considerable importance in atherogenesis, and oxidation of VLDL enhances its potential to promote atherogenesis.

Intravascular infusion of autologous delipidated plasma induces antiatherogenic lipoproteins and causes regression of atherosclerosis <br>—Studies in non-primates, monkeys and humans

Atherosclerosis is the primary pathophysiological cause of heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. It is responsible for more than 20% of deaths worldwide each year. Treatments for atherosclerosis may include lifestyle changes, drugs, and medical procedures or surgery. There is a need for a rapid and effective treatment for this disease. In 1976, it was hypothesized that a multifunctional plasma delipidation process when applied to hyperlipidemic patients would lead to rapid regression of atherosclerosis. The procedure has now been applied to a variety of non-primates, primates and humans. In all models studied, large quantities of antiatherogenic lipoprotein particles were generated that led to the mechanisms of reverse cholesterol transport. Trends to regression and actual regression of atherosclerosis have now been reported using a specific plasma delipidation process consisting of lipid extraction from plasma with mixtures of butanol and ethers.

The pleiotropic vasoprotective functions of high density lipoproteins(HDL)

The pleiotropic functions of circulating high density lipoprotein（HDL） on peripheral vascular health are well established. HDL plays a pivotal role in reverse cholesterol transport and is also known to suppress inflammation,endothelial activation and apoptosis in peripheral vessels. Although not expressed in the central nervous system, HDL has nevertheless emerged as a potential resilience factor for dementia in multiple epidemiological studies. Animal model data specifically support a role for HDL in attenuating the accumulation of P-amyloid within cerebral vessels concomitant with reduced neuroinflammation and improved cognitive performance. As the vascular contributions to dementia are increasingly appreciated, this review seeks to summarize recent literature focused on the vasoprotective properties of HDL that may extend to cerebral vessels, discuss potential roles of HDL in dementia relative to brainderived lipoproteins, identify gaps in current knowledge, and highlight new opportunities for research and discovery.

Lipids, Lipoproteins and Apolipoproteins Abnormalities inPatients undergoing Dialysis

Twenty hemodialysis (HD) patients and 20 patients on continuous am-bulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) were investigated for lipids, lipoproteins andapolipoproteins abnormalities. HD patients had elevated serum triglyceride, de-creased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C ) and apolipoprotein A-I(Apo A-I ), whi1e CAPD patients had elevated total cho1esterol, triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), Apolipoprotein B (Apo B), Apo B/Apo A-Iratio, and decreased HDL-C, Apo A-I. Because of the molecular sievingeffects of peritoneum, CAPD have a negative effect on these abnormalities. CAPDpatients might be at greater risk of developing coronary artery disease than HD patients who are also at increased riskas compared with normals.

Influence of poloxamer 407 on fractional and subfractional composition of serum lipoproteins of mice

Using a novel small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) method for determination of fractional and subfractional composition of lipoproteins (LPs), a significant elevation of total cholesterol-lipop- roteins (C-LP) and, especially, total triglyceride- lipoproteins (TG-LP), was shown in this work. Among the LP fractions, poloxamer 407 was shown to significantly increase proatherogenic total C-LDL, TG-LDL and, especially, their precursors C-VLDL and TG-VLDL, while only exhibiting a moderate increase in the antiatherogenic C-HDL and TG-HDL fractions. With regard to the VLDL subfractions, significant elevations were observed in both subfractions studied;namely, C-VLDL1-2 and C-VLDL3-5. Similar chang- es were noted in the TG-VLDL1-2 and TG- VLDL3-5 subfractions. The C-IDL and TG-IDL subfractions were increased significantly (?20- to 30- fold), while the C-LDL1-3 subfraction was moderately (?3- to 5-fold) increased at 48 hrs and at day 4. In the moderately elevated (?2- to 4-fold) anti-atherogenic HDL fraction, the C-HDL2 subfraction was increased more significantly (?4- fold) compared to the C-HDL3 subfraction;how- ever, both C-HDL subfractions returned to base- line by day 4. The elevation in the TG-HDL2 subfraction was observed only at 24 hrs. Mouse models of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis are useful to evaluate the role of “individual” LPs, as well as their fractions and subfractions, in hyperlipidemia and the genesis of atherosclerosis.

Associations between C-Reactive Protein and Apolipoproteins, Lipoprotein (a) and Conventional Serum Lipids in Outpatients: Correlations and Time Trends

Background: Correlations between CRP and serum lipids are weak, and there are conflicting and incomplete results in the literature. The aim of the present study was to clarify the strength and independence of relationships between CRP and serum lipids in outpatients. Methods: Inclusion criteria were outpatients where all the following analyses were requested in clinical routine: high sensitivity CRP, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, ApoB, ApoA-1 and Lp(a). Data for patients meeting the above criteria during a period of six years (2004-2010) were copied from Aleris Medilab’s Laboratory Information System to the software Statistica. Basic statistics and correlations were calculated for 2771 patients. In patients with two (n = 959) or more sampling times changes over time were calculated. The study was a quality assurance project without access to patient files. Results: Median age was 59 years and median serum CRP concentration was 1.5 mg/L. The strongest correlations (Spearman R) were seen between CRP and triglycerides (0.25), ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio (0.21) and HDL-cholesterol (&minus;0.18). Stepwise regression analysis showed that ApoB, total cholesterol, log triglycerides and log Lp(a) together explained 8% of the variation in log CRP. Unfavourable time trends for CRP and triglycerides counteracted a significant decrease in LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol. Conclusion: In a large cohort of outpatients CRP showed stronger correlation with triglycerides and ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio than with LDL-cholesterol and Lp(a). LDL-cholesterol concentrations changed favorably over time whereas CRP and triglycerides did not.

补骨脂素通过PCSK9/LDLR信号通路抗高脂饮食诱导的高脂血症研究

目的基于前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素9(proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9,PCSK9)探讨补骨脂素对高脂血症的影响及作用机制。方法首先使用分子对接法对补骨脂素与PCSK9蛋白结合能力进行预测。随后分别采用高脂饮食诱导的高脂血症小鼠模型和HepG2细胞红色荧光标记低密度脂蛋白(Dil-LDL)摄取法考察补骨脂素对模型小鼠血脂水平和HepG2细胞Dil-LDL摄取的影响。C57BL/6J 50只小鼠适应性喂养1周,未造模小鼠作为正常组,造模后的高脂血症小鼠随机分为模型组和20、40、80 mg/kg补骨脂素组,每组10只。全自动生化仪检测丙氨酸转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)水平,以及总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high densit lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)水平。20μg/mL Dil-LDL观察补骨脂素对HepG2细胞脂质摄取的影响,分为对照组和10、20、40、80μmol/L补骨脂素组。酶标仪检测各组荧光强度;Real-time PCR和Western blot法检测补骨脂素对PCSK9和低密度脂蛋白受体(low-density lipoprotein receptor,LDLR)基因和蛋白表达的影响。结果分子对接结果显示补骨脂素与PCSK9对接结合能为-6.04 kcal/mol,提示补骨脂素可能与PCSK9结合。进一步在在体动物模型验证中发现,与高脂饮食诱导的模型组相比,20 mg/kg补骨脂素可显著降低高脂血症小鼠血清中ALT、TC和LDL-C水平(P<0.05),40 mg/kg补骨脂素显著降低高脂血症小鼠血清ALT、AST、TC、TG和LDL-C水平(P<0.05或P<0.01)。细胞实验结果显示,与对照组相比,10μmol/L、20μmol/L和40μmol/L补骨脂素可显著增强HepG2细胞Dil-LDL摄取能力(P<0.01)。与对照组相比,40μmol/L…补骨脂素可显著提高LDLR mRNA和蛋白表达(P<0.05),并降低PCSK9 mRNA和蛋白表达水平(P<0.01)。…结论补骨脂素具有抗高脂饮食导致的高脂血症作用,机制可能与下调PCSK9/LDLR信号通路有关。

HbA1c、LDL-C、HDL-C联合检测在2型糖尿病肾病中的诊断价值

目的:探究糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)联合检测在2型糖尿病肾病中的诊断价值。方法:选取2019年1月—2021年12月南京中医药大学附属苏州市中医医院收治的120例2型糖尿病患者作为研究对象。根据患者是否发生糖尿病肾病将其分为合并肾病组(n=35)和未合并肾病组(n=85)。收集两组患者一般资料。检测两组Hb A1c、LDL-C、HDL-C。比较两组一般资料及Hb A1c、LDL-C、HDL-C水平。分析2型糖尿病肾病的危险因素。分析HbA1c、LDL-C、HDL-C对2型糖尿病肾病的诊断价值。结果:合并肾病组糖尿病病程长于未合并肾病组,吸烟史占比高于未合并肾病组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。合并肾病组HbA1c、LDL-C水平均高于未合并肾病组,HDL-C水平低于未合并肾病组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。logistic分析结果显示,HbA1c、LDL-C、吸烟史、糖尿病病程均是2型糖尿病患者合并糖尿病肾病的危险因素,HDL-C是保护因素(P<0.05)。HbA1c、LDL-C、HDL-C联合检测的AUC最高。结论:HbA1c、LDL-C、HDL-C联合检测应用于2型糖尿病肾病诊断中,具有较高的诊断价值,为临床对2型糖尿病肾病的早期诊断提供新思路。

银杏素调节TGF⁃β1/Smad通路对ox⁃LDL诱导血管内皮细胞损伤的影响

目的探讨银杏素调节转化生长因子⁃β1(TGF⁃β1)/Smad信号通路对ox⁃LDL诱导血管内皮细胞损伤的影响。方法将人脐静脉血管内皮细胞HUVEC分为对照组(未处理的HUVEC细胞)、模型组(50μg/mL ox⁃LDL处理的HUVEC细胞)、银杏素组(50μg/mL ox⁃LDL+12.5μmol/L银杏素处理HUVEC细胞)、SRI⁃011381组(50μg/mL ox⁃LDL+10μmol/L的TGF⁃β1/Smad激活剂SRI⁃011381处理HUVEC细胞)、银杏素+SRI⁃011381组(50μg/mL ox⁃LDL+12.5μmol/L银杏素+10μmol/L的SRI⁃011381共同处理HUVEC细胞)。ELISA试剂盒检测HUVEC细胞丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、IL⁃6、IL⁃1β、TNF⁃α水平;CCK⁃8法检测HUVEC细胞增殖;流式细胞术检测HUVEC细胞凋亡率;Western blot检测细胞上皮间质转化(EMT)、TGF⁃β1/Smad通路相关蛋白表达。结果与对照组相比,模型组IL⁃1β、IL⁃6、TNF⁃α、MDA水平、细胞凋亡率、TGF⁃β1、Smad3、神经型钙黏附蛋白(N⁃cadherin)、波形蛋白(Vimentin)蛋白水平显著增加(P<0.05),A值、GSH、SOD水平、上皮钙黏附素(E⁃cadherin)蛋白水平显著降低(P<0.05);与模型组相比,银杏素组IL⁃1β、IL⁃6、TNF⁃α、MDA水平、细胞凋亡率、TGF⁃β1、Smad3、N⁃cadherin、Vimentin蛋白水平显著下降(P<0.05),A值、GSH、SOD水平、E⁃cadherin蛋白水平显著升高(P<0.05),而SRI⁃011381组趋势相反,SRI⁃011381减弱了银杏素对ox⁃LDL诱导的HUVEC细胞损伤的抑制作用。结论银杏素可能通过下调TGF⁃β1/Smad信号通路对ox⁃LDL诱导的血管内皮细胞损伤起到改善作用。