Increasing Liquid Yield and Diesel Fraction in Delayed Coking Process: Mechanism of Liquid Formation

The thermal upgrading of two residual oils tory-scale continuous delayed coking unit. The goal with different characteristics was studied in a labora- was to investigate the influence of the process vari- ables such as temperature, reaction time and additive on liquid yield and products distribution. A maximum liquid yield of 73% was achieved compared to 69% with the commercial unit. This yield was even increased to 75% under the effect of an additive. The fractionation of liquid oil by simulated vacuum distillation showed a high yield of diesel （46.9%）, compared to 28% for the commercial unit.

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUID CRYSTALLINE COPOLY (ρ-HYDR0XYBENZ0ATE/BISPHENOL A TEREPHTHALATE)

Various aspects of the rheological behaviour of liquid crystalline copolyesters, i.e.,samples of copoly (p-hydroxybenzoate / bisphenol A terephthalate), were explored by usingInstron capillary rheometer. The experimental results indicated that the apparent viscositywas affected significantly by shear rate, melt temperature and p-hydroxybenzoate unit con-tent. The flow activation energies △E_η are in the range of 205.1 to 74.5 kJ/mol, dependingon the shear rate of 10-1000 s^(-1), at temperature 568-603K. These copolyesters exhibit ayield phenomenon in the shear flow, and the values of yield stress decrease with increasingtemperature. It is quite unusual that the extrudate of the copolyester shows the smallerswelling ratio even than unity at the lower temperature and lower shear rates.

Application of in-house method for determinationof radium isotopes in environmental samples usingthe Liquid Scintillation counting technique

A method for determination of 226Ra and 228Ra in environmental samples using the α-β coincidence liquid scintillation counting (LSC) has been developed. Radium were preconcentrated from environmental samples by coprecipitation with BaSO4, then purified from others radionuclide interferences using the cation column exchange (Bio-Rad AG 50 W-X4 resin with 200-400 mesh size and H+ form) and operating in warm temperature which is between 70-80oC. Then, the Ba(Ra)SO4 precipitate was filtered through the Millipore filter paper, dried and weighed to calculate chemical yield. The activity concentration of radium isotopes in mixture of liquid scintillation cocktails were measured using LSC after being stored for over 21 days to allow the growth of the progeny nuclides. The method has been validated with a certi-fied reference material supplied by the International Atomic Energy Agency and reliable results were obtained. The radiochemical yields for radium were 59% - 90% and recovery was 97% and 80% for 226Ra and 228Ra, respectively. Sixteen seawater and fish flesh samples collected in Kapar coastal water have been analyzed with the developed method. The obtained radium activity concentrations in seawater were in the range of 02.08 ± 0.82 mBq/L to 3.69 ± 1.29 mBq/L for 226Ra and 6.01 ± 3.05 mBq/L to 17.07 ± 6.62 mBq/L for 228Ra. Meanwhile, the activity concentrations of 226Ra and 228Ra in fish flesh were in the range of 11.82 ± 5.23 – 16.53 ± 6.53 Bq/kg dry wt. and 43.52 ± 16.34 – 53.57 ± 19.86 Bq/kg dry wt., respectively.

Synthesis of bis-ANS fluorescence probe in ionic liquids

A new application of ionic liquids in the preparation of fluorescence probe 5,51-bis-8-phenylamino-l-naphthylsulfonate （bisANS） is represented. The method for the preparation of fluorescence probe bis-ANS in alkyl imidazolium cationic liquids under acidic conditions is described. The effects on reaction yields under different concentration of sodium nitrite and different ionic liquid were studied and good yields were achieved.

Recent progress of nuclear liquid gas phase transition

Recent progress on nuclear liquid gas phase transition (LGPT) has been reviewed, especially for the signals of LGPT in heavy ion collisions. These signals include the power-law charge distribution, cluster emission rate, nuclear Zipf law, bimodality, the largest fluctuation of the fragments, Δ-scaling, caloric curve, phase coexis- tence diagram, critical temperature, critical exponent analysis, negative specific heat capacity and spinodal instability etc. The systematic works of the authors on experimental and theoretical LGPT are also introduced.

Mechanism from particle compaction to fluidization of liquid–solid two-phase flow

A new model of particle yield stress including cohesive strength is proposed,which considers the friction and cohesive strength between particles.A calculation method for the fluidization process of liquid–solid two-phase flow in compact packing state is given,and the simulation and experimental studies of fluidization process are carried out by taking the sand–water two-phase flow in the jet dredging system as an example,and the calculation method is verified.

Investigation of Yield Regulation of Red Grapes on the Concentration of Some Crucial Wine Components

An essential concept of making quality wine is that the quality comes from the vineyard. The dissolved materials and components determine the value of wine. Their amount and proportion are essentially influenced by grape variety, terroir, the way of cultivation, weather conditions, grape quality, the time of vintage and the method of grape and wine processing. In the present study the effect on wine quality of different ways of yield regulations was examined in wines of three consecutive years. Besides basic parameters, total polyphenol and resveratrol contents were determined in wines of Blaufr?nkisch and Merlot varieties. Our measurements were carried out by spectrophotometry, gas and liquid chromatography. Our investigations confirmed that yield regulation led to increased extract content and outstanding quality of the produced wine.

化肥减量配施鱼蛋白有机液肥对番茄产量和品质的影响

为探讨增施鱼蛋白有机液肥替代化肥的效果,以每667m^(2)施用高钾水溶肥5.0kg为对照,设置每667 m^(2)施用高钾水溶肥3.5 kg+鱼蛋白有机液肥5.0 L、高钾水溶肥2.0 kg+鱼蛋白有机液肥5.0 L、高钾水溶肥0.5kg+鱼蛋白有机液肥5.0L这3个化肥减量处理,比较分析化肥减量增施鱼蛋白有机液肥对番茄生长、产量和果实性状及可溶性固形物含量的影响。结果表明:在每667m^(2)施用5.0L鱼蛋白有机液肥的情况下,减少水溶肥用量会降低番茄的株高、叶长和叶宽,但促进了茎粗、果实纵横径的生长,其中不同处理的果实纵径差异不显著,果形指数和可溶性固形物含量随水溶肥用量的减少先升高再降低,以每667 m^(2)每次追施高钾水溶肥3.5 kg和2.0 kg的果形指数最大,但与其他处理没有显著差异。不同处理的平均单穗坐果数没有显著差异,单果质量和果实纵横径的变化趋势一致,每667 m^(2)每次追施高钾水溶肥0.5 kg的小区产量最大。因此,在追求产量的情况下,果实膨大至采收前以每667 m^(2)每次追施高钾水溶肥+0.5 kg鱼蛋白有机液肥5.0 L的肥料配比最适合生产;如果追求品质,每667 m^(2)每次追施高钾水溶肥2.0 kg+鱼蛋白有机液肥5.0 L的肥料配比有利于生产,比对照果实可溶性固形物含量可提高5.8%,667 m^(2)产量提高17.2%。

低循环比下1.5Mt/a原油延迟焦化的产物分布预测及前景分析

中石油克拉玛依石化有限责任公司150×10^(4)t/a延迟焦化装置目前循环比为0.54,焦炭收率高,生焦比达1.88,严重影响了延迟焦化装置经济效益,急需进行低循环比改造。以装置上的焦化原料与辐射进料通过比例复配为不同循环比的焦化试验油样,通过实验室静态小试延迟焦化装置模拟评价了R=0.3、R=0.2和R=0.1三种循环比下焦化产物分布情况。结果 表明,随着循环比的降低,焦炭收率下降,液体收率增加,循环比从现在的0.54降至0.1,可降低石油焦产率2.64%,蜡油收率提高5.77%,生焦比由1.88降至1.50,循环比降至0.2时,焦炭收率下降1.99%,汽油、柴油、蜡油液体收率提高2.84%,干气液化气降低0.85%,装置年产焦炭将降低3×104t,生焦比降至1.59。按照目前市场石油焦与液体产品均价差值计算,循环比降至0.2后效益可达1.11亿元/a,为改造设计提供了基础数据。

营养液浓度动态调控和液位高度对水培叶用莴苣生长及品质的影响

以半结球叶用莴苣品种富兰德里为试材,在深液流水培(DFT)模式下研究了营养液浓度动态调控和液位高度对叶用莴苣生长及品质的影响。结果表明:随着营养液浓度调控幅度的提高,叶用莴苣生长指标和可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、VC等品质指标均呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,以每8 d提高0.36 mS · cm^(-1)处理的效果最好,叶片长、叶片宽、叶绿素a含量、总叶绿素含量、根系活力、地上部和地下部鲜质量及干质量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、VC含量均显著高于其他处理,其中地上部鲜质量较其他处理提高了22.3%~57.9%;不同营养液液位高度对叶用莴苣生长和品质的影响存在显著差异,12~16 cm液位高度处理的植株生长和品质总体上优于其他处理,4 cm液位高度处理的效果较差。

三种生物质热解醋液矿物质和有机质组成及其辣椒叶面喷施效应

为了解生物质热解醋液的无机与有机组成特点及其叶面喷施对蔬菜生长和品质的影响,探讨其组成及作物效应变化与不同原料和热解工艺的潜在联系。本研究选择苹果枝条、玉米秸秆和稻壳等三种农业废弃物炭化工程的热解醋液,分析其基本物质组成性质及可溶性有机质(DOM)含量,并采用提取-浓缩-GC-MS分析法研究供试醋液主要有机分子组成,继而以其为载体分别配制叶面液体肥料,进行辣椒田间试验。设置对照(清水,CK)、市售常规液体肥料(WSF)、稻壳醋液炭基液体肥料(RF)、玉米秸秆醋液炭基液体肥料(CF)和苹果枝条醋液炭基液体肥料(AF)5个喷施处理,采集成熟辣椒测定植株生长和品质指标。结果表明:三种热解醋液的DOM均以有机酸、酚类物质为主,同时含有少量酮类、醛类和酯类等物质。其中,苹果枝条醋液含有机酸量最大,稻壳醋液含酚类最多。不同液体肥料喷施处理均能促进辣椒生长和改善辣椒品质,其中AF处理效果最优,其次是CF、RF和WSF处理。与CK相比,不同液体肥喷施辣椒平均增产在35%以上,AF处理增产达62%;AF显著提高了辣椒坐果数、叶面积和SPAD值,增幅分别为54.73%、26.99%和19.67%;各处理下辣椒果长、果径均显著增加,AF处理下增幅均在25%以上。不同液体肥料喷施均显著增加了辣椒可溶性糖和辣椒素含量(平均增幅约20%),并提高了可溶性蛋白含量(增幅约5%);AF处理下辣椒可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C、辣椒素和干物质等品质指标提升幅度在6%~30%之间。研究表明,热解醋液液体肥对辣椒的增产提质效应与热解醋液中微量矿质元素有关,也与小分子有机酸和抗氧化酚类物质含量有关,其分子过程和分子机理仍需要进一步研究。

有机液体肥对棉花冠层特征、产量和品质的影响

【目的】研究有机液体肥对新疆南疆膜下滴灌棉花冠层特征、产量和品质的影响。【方法】选用塔河2号为参试品种,以单施化肥棉田为对照(CK),设置有机液体肥处理(T_(1)、T_(2)、T_(3)、T_(4)、T_(5)),测定并分析不同处理下株高、主茎叶片数、叶面积指数、叶倾角、产量和品质的变化。【结果】与CK相比,施用有机液体肥提高了棉花株高、主茎叶片数、叶面积指数、叶倾角与地上部生物量。当籽棉产量达到6000 kg/hm^(2)以上时,棉花株高、主茎叶片数、叶面积指数和叶倾角较CK分别增加1.3~10.3 cm、2.0~2.3片、1.7~2.9、5.6~9.3°,营养和生殖器官干物质重较CK分别增加了1.3~25.7和0.1~44.5 g/株。且当籽棉产量超过6000 kg/hm^(2)时,籽棉产量、单铃重、总铃数较CK分别增加了17.2%~31.9%、15.5%~28.8%和3.5%~10.1%。此外,与CK相比,施用有机液体肥还提高了棉花上半部纤维平均长度、整齐度和断裂比强度。【结论】与单施化肥相比,施用有机液体肥能够改善棉花冠层结构,促进干物质积累,增产提质,且成本低,易操作,适合新疆南疆棉区推广应用。

化肥配施有机液体肥对香梨产量、品质及土壤理化性质和细菌群落结构的影响

旨在探究化肥配施有机液体肥对香梨产量和质量、土壤理化性质以及细菌群落结构的影响。以单施化肥(CF)为对照,化肥全量配施有机液体肥(CF100OFL)及化肥减量20%配施有机液体肥(CF80OFL)两种处理,利用Illumina MiSeq平台对土壤细菌群落进行测序分析,同时测定香梨产量和品质以及土壤基本理化性质。结果表明,与CF相比,CF100OFL和CF800OFL处理显著增加香梨单果质量、可溶性固形物含量并降低可滴定酸的含量,CF100OFL和CF800OFL处理的土壤速效磷、速效钾和有机质含量较CF分别提高59.63%、38.52%、12.03%和7.48%、7.29%%、5.92%。同时,两者土壤细菌群落多样性指数(Chao1)分别提高26.91%和13.77%,也提高土壤变形菌门、拟杆菌门、棒状杆菌门以及浮霉菌门的相对丰度,降低放线菌门、酸杆菌门和硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度。此外,化肥配施有机液体肥显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶的活性。冗余分析及线性回归分析表明,速效磷、速效钾和土壤含水量是影响细菌群落的主要因子,速效磷、速效钾也是香梨单果质量和单株产量、可溶性固形物含量的主要影响因子。综合考虑产量、品质、土壤以及投入产出等因素,CF80OFL处理通过改变土壤微生物群落结构、提高微生物活性,可有效改善香梨园土壤质量,亦可增加香梨产量和品质。

超声波辅助棕榈油分提工艺研究

为提升棕榈油分提工艺,采用超声波对结晶罐中的油液进行辅助处理。以分提所得低度液油碘值为指标,研究超声时间、超声时油脂的结晶时间、超声频率、超声功率对分提工艺的影响,并在单因素试验的基础上设计正交试验方案。结果表明,超声波辅助分提最佳设置条件为超声处理时间10 min、超声结晶时间600 min、超声频率28 kHz和超声功率400 W。同时对所得低熔点棕榈液油进行了品质测定,结果显示,超声处理并不会改变所得液油的品质。优化的超声工艺条件加快了棕榈油冷却结晶的进程,缩短了工艺时间,增强了生产运行的稳定性,提升了液油产率,具有良好的应用前景。

稀土钢工业生产中稀土收得率影响因素分析

稀土钢工业化生产过程中涉及稀土收得率问题,稳定的收得率是稀土钢产品性能稳定的重要保证。通过钢包添加稀土、中间包取样分析,研究了添加工位、添加量和钢液成分(氧活度、硫含量)对稀土钢稀土收得率的影响。结果表明,在钢包、中间包、结晶器添加稀土,稀土收得率依次提高;在LF钢包离位前添加稀土合金,添加量越大,收得率越低;钢液中氧、硫含量越高,稀土收得率越低。

反应条件对重稠油加氢裂化的影响

考察了反应温度、反应压力、体积空速对重稠油加氢裂化反应的影响,优化出最佳工艺条件。结果表明:在反应温度为465℃,反应压力为20 MPa,氢油比为1500 L/kg,体积空速为0.5 h^(-1),催化剂质量分数为1%的优化条件下,大于525℃渣油组分转化率为85.37%,液体收率为84.04%,脱硫率为69.94%。

加氢中质油-减压渣油共焦化提高液收技术研究

延迟焦化是炼油厂重油轻质化的重要手段,该工艺成熟,投资低,产品柴汽比高,具有较好的经济效益。针对延迟焦化装置存在的焦炭产率高、液体产品收率低的问题,开展了加氢中质油作供氢剂,与减压渣油共焦化降低焦炭产率、提高炼油厂液收的研究。实验结果表明,加氢中质油与减压渣油共焦化能明显提高焦化反应的产品液收,改善液体产品品质,降低焦炭产率。在常压、反应温度500℃和反应时间120 min条件下,掺炼5%的加氢中质油(氢耗1.82%),焦炭产率降低2.78%,液收增加3.69%,其中,产物中干气和汽油收率分别降低1.37%和1.82%,柴油和蜡油收率分别增加0.13%和5.39%。

催化裂化装置吸收稳定分离系统优化运行探讨

介绍了催化裂化装置吸收稳定单元的工艺特点及优化操作措施,结合催化裂化装置的生产实际对干气“不干”即其中携带的C_(3)及以上重分的实际,对如何控制干气中重组分含量以提高总液收进行了详细分析;也对液化石油气中C_(5)含量控制、汽油蒸气压控制,实现经济效益最大化等进行了讨论;同时对本单元质量和收率控制下的能耗情况进行了说明,针对系列分析和讨论给出了相应的操作思路、控制措施以及仪表先进控制技术等的建议。

微波辅助低液固比水剂法提取青梅核仁油

探索青梅核仁油的新型提取方法对拓展该新资源油脂的用途具有重要意义。通过探究液固比(加入水的体积与固体质量的比值)、NaCl质量浓度(NaCl溶解在水中的质量与溶液总体积之比)、微波预处理的功率和时间对青梅核仁油提取率的影响;以有机溶剂提取法作为参照,研究微波辅助低液固比水剂法对青梅核仁油的提取率以及理化指标的影响。结果表明,在低液固比(mL∶g)0.14时青梅核仁油提取率最高,比高液固比(mL∶g)1(传统水剂法)时增加了21.28%;与无预处理相比,微波(420 W,80 s)预处理显著提高了青梅核仁油的提取率(增加了11.34%)。此外,与有机溶剂提取法相比,微波辅助低液固比水剂法获得的青梅核仁油具有更低的酸价(2.22 mg/g)、硫代巴比妥酸值(0.014 mg/kg)、过氧化值(0.17 mmol/kg)和更高的皂化价(179.82 mg/g);且这2种方法对青梅核仁油的脂肪酸组成、色泽和DPPH自由基清除率无显著差异。研究表明,微波辅助低液固比水剂法可以有效提取青梅核仁油,且提取率和油脂品质表现良好,这为提高青梅核仁的附加值打下了基础。

腐植酸液体有机肥提升番茄产量与品质的研究

[目的]本试验旨在探究腐植酸液体有机肥不同施肥频次与浓度对基质培番茄生长、生理、产量与品质的提升效果,为生产实践提供参考。[方法]以‘灵盈3号’番茄为试材,将腐植酸液体有机肥设为3个浇灌频次T1(1 d1次)、T3(3 d1次)、T5(5 d1次),3个浇灌浓度W50(稀释50倍)、W100(稀释100倍)、W200(稀释200倍),设计完全随机试验(CK、T1W50、T1W100、T1W200、T3W50、T3W100、T3W200、T5W50、T5W100、T5W200处理),3次重复。通过测定各处理番茄的生长、光合、矿质元素、产量与品质等方面指标,用隶属函数分析法对各指标进行综合评价。[结果]浇灌腐植酸液体有机肥后,各处理番茄的株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、地上部分干鲜重均增加,T3W50处理生长指标提升最显著;T1W200处理的光合作用效率最佳,其叶绿素总量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率与气孔导度分别显著提高72.04%、66.98%、99.37%、99.44%,胞间CO_(2)浓度显著降低,叶片PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)及电子传递效率(ETR)等显著提高;苗期全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)及全钾(TK)含量最高分别可达56.02 mg·g^(-1)、7.93 mg·g^(-1)、66.48 mg·g^(-1),高频次处理效果最显著;T1W200处理对番茄产量与品质的综合促进效果最佳,其产量为46 020.59 kg·hm^(-2),比对照显著提高39.01%,可溶性蛋白含量达到45.27 mg·g^(-1)且比对照显著提高8.04%,还原糖与可溶性糖含量均显著高于其它处理,分别达到20.62%、7.67%,Vc与总酚含量分别达到0.51 mg·g^(-1)、1.24 mg·g^(-1),比对照显著提高41.67%、24.00%,果实风味得到明显提升。[结论]浇灌腐植酸液体有机肥可促进基质培番茄生长发育,提高产量并改善果实品质。经隶属函数分析,高频次低浓度(T1W200处理)对番茄各项指标的促进效果最佳,可有效实现基质培番茄高产优质的目标。