Heat Transfer in a Liquid-Solid Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor with Low Surface Tension Media

Heat transfer characteristics between the immersed heater and the bed content were studied in the riser of a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed, whose diameter and height were 0.102 m (ID) and 2.5 m, respectively. Effects of liquid velocity, particle size, surface tension of liquid phase and solid circulation rate on the overall heat transfer coefficient were examined. The heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing particle size or solid circulation rate due to the higher potential of particles to contact with the heater surface and promote turbulence near the heater surface. The value of heat transfer coefficient increased gradually with increase in the surface tension of liquid phase, due to the slight increase of solid holdup. The heat transfer coefficient increased with the liquid velocity even in the higher range, due to the solid circulation prevented the decrease in solid holdup, in contrast to that in the conventional liquid-solid fluidized beds. The values of heat transfer coefficient were well correlated in terms of dimensionless groups as well as operating variables.

PHASE HOLDUP AND LIQUID DISPERSION IN GAS-LIQUID-SOLID CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BEDS

Axial and radial profiles of gas and solids holdups have been studied in agas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed at 140mm i.d..Experimental results indicate that the axialand radial profiles of gas and solids holdups are more uniform than those in a conventionalfluidized bed.Axial and radial liquid dispersion coefficients in the gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidizedbed are investigated for the first time.It is found that axial and radial liquid dispersioncoefficients increases with increaes in gas velocity and solids holdup.The liquid velocity has littleinfluence on the axial liquid dispersion coefficient,but would adversely affect the redial liquiddispersion coefficient.It can be concluded that the gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed hasadvantages such as better interphase contact and lower liquid dispersion along the axial directionover the expanded bed.

Axial Liquid Dispersion in Gas-Liquid-Solid Circulating Fluidized Bed

The effects of liquid viscosities, solid circulating rates, liquid and gas velocities and phase holdups on the axial dispersion coefficient, Dax, were investigated in a gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed (GLSCFB).Liquid viscosity promotes the axial liquid backmixing when solid particles and gas bubbles are present. Increases in gas velocities and solid circulating rates lead to higher Dax. The effects of liquid velocity on Dax are associated with liquid viscosity. Compared with conventional expanded beds, the GLSCFBs hold less axial liquid dispersion,approaching ideal plug-flow reactors.

Pressure Drop of Liquid–Solid Two-Phase Flow in the Vertical Tube Bundle of a Cold-Model Circulating Fluidized Bed Evaporator

A cold-model vertical multi-tube circulating fluidized bed evaporator was designed and built to conduct a visualization study on the pressure drop of a liquid–solid two-phase flow and the corresponding particle distribution.Water and polyformaldehyde particle(POM)were used as the liquid and solid phases,respectively.The effects of operating parameters such as the amount of added particles,circulating flow rate,and particle size were systematically investigated.The results showed that the addition of the particles increased the pressure drop in the vertical tube bundle.The maximum pressure drop ratios were 18.65%,21.15%,18.00%,and 21.15%within the experimental range of the amount of added particles for POM1,POM2,POM3,and POM4,respectively.The pressure drop ratio basically decreased with the increase in the circulating flow rate but fluctuated with the increase in the amount of added particles and particle size.The difference in pressure drop ratio decreased with the increase in the circulating flow rate.As the amount of added particles increased,the difference in pressure drop ratio fluctuated at low circulating flow rate but basically decreased at high circulating flow rate.The pressure drop in the vertical tube bundle accounted for about 70%of the overall pressure drop in the up-flow heating chamber and was the main component of the overall pressure within the experimental range.Three-dimensional phase diagrams were established to display the variation ranges of the pressure drop and pressure drop ratio in the vertical tube bundle corresponding to the operating parameters.The research results can provide some reference for the application of the fluidized bed heat transfer technology in the industry.

THREE-PHASE CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED EVAPORATOR FOR WHEAT STRAW BLACK LIQUOR EVAPORATION

A novel vapor-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed evaporator, meaning for enhancing heat transfer and preventing fouling, is applied to wheat straw black liquor, which is the primary pollutant in China’s papermaking industry. It is treated by alkali recovery, in which evaporation is a key process. The experimental results show that the vapor-liquid-solid three-phase boiling heat transfer coefficient is enhanced by 20%～40% than that of vapor-liquid two-phase boiling flow, also, the novel evaporator exhibits an excellent function of fouling prevention.

Numerical simulation of counter-current flow field in the downcomer of a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed

A comprehensive study on the hydrodynamics in the downcomer of a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed （LSCFB） is crucial in the control and optimization of the extraction process using an ion exchange LSCFB. A computational fluid dynamics model is proposed in this study to simulate the counter-current two-phase flow in the downcomer of the LSCFB. The model is based on the Eulerian-Eulerian approach incorporating the kinetic theory of granular flow. The predicted results agree well with our earlier experimental data. Furthermore, it is shown that the bed expansion of the particles in the downcomer is directly affected by the superfcial liquid velocity in downcomer and solids circulation rate. The model also predicts the residence time of solid particles in the downcomer using a pulse technique. It is demonstrated that the increase in the superficial liquid velocity decreases the solids dispersion in the downcomer of the LSCFB,

Detailed parametric design methodology for hydrodynamics of liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed using design of experiments

A design-of-experiments methodology is used to develop a statistical model for the prediction of the hydrodynamics of a liquid–solid circulating fluidized bed. To illustrate the multilevel factorial design approach, a step by step methodology is taken to study the effects of the interactions among the independent factors considered on the performance variables. A multilevel full factorial design with three levels of the two factors and five levels of the third factor has been studied. Various statistical models such as the linear, two-factor interaction, quadratic, and cubic models are tested. The model has been developed to predict responses, viz., average solids holdup and solids circulation rate. The validity of the developed regression model is verified using the analysis of variance. Furthermore, the model developed was compared with an experimental dataset to assess its adequacy and reliability. This detailed statistical design methodology for non-linear systems considered here provides a very important tool for design and optimization in a cost-effective approach

Scale-up effect analysis and modeling of liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed risers using multigene genetic programming

Understanding scale-up effects on the hydrodynamics of a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed(LSCFB)unit requires both experimental and theoretical analysis.We implement multigene genetic programming(MGGP)to investigate the solid holdup and distribution in three LSCFB systems with different heights.In addition to data obtained here,we also use a portion of data sets of LSCFB systems developed by Zheng(1999)and Liang et al.(1996).Model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data in both radial and axial directions and at different normalized superficial liquid and solid velocities.The radial profiles of the solid holdup are approximately identical at a fixed average cross-sectional solid holdup for the three LSCFB systems studied.Statistical performance indicators including the mean absolute percentage error(6.19%)and correlation coefficient(0.985)are within an acceptable range.The results suggest that a MGGP modeling approach is suitable for predicting the solid holdup and distribution of a scaled-up LSCFB system.

Novel multistage solid-liquid circulating fluidized bed： Hydrodynamic characteristics

The present work proposes a novel radially cross-flow multistage solid-liquid circulating fluidized bed （SLCFB）. The SLCFB primarily consists of a single multistage column （having an inner diameter of 100 mm and length of 1.40 m）, which is divided into two sections wherein both the steps of utilization or loading （e.g., adsorption and catalytic reaction） and regeneration of the solid phase can be carried out simulta- neously in continuous mode. The hydrodynamic characteristics were studied using ion exchange resin as the solid phase and water as the fluidizing medium. The loading and flooding states were determined for three particle sizes; i.e,. 0.30, 0,42, and 0.61 ram. The effects of the superficial liquid velocity and solid feed rate on the solid hold-up were investigated under loading and flooding conditions. The solid hold-up increases with an increase in the solid feed rate and decreases with an increase in the superficial liquid velocity. An artificial-intelligence formalism, namely the multilayer perceptron neural network （MLPNN）, was employed for the prediction of the solid hold-up. The input space of MLPNN-based model consists of four parameters, representing operating and system parameters of the proposed SLCFB. The developed MLPNN-based model has excellent prediction accuracy and generalization capability.

Hydrodynamics in a new liquid–solid circulating conventional fluidized bed

A new type of liquid–solid fluidized bed,named circulating conventional fluidized bed(CCFB)which operates below particle terminal velocity was proposed and experimentally studied.The hydrodynamic behavior was systematically studied in a liquid–solid CCFB of 0.032 m I.D.and 4.5 m in height with five different types of particles.Liquid–solid fluidization with external particle circulation was experimentally realized below the particle terminal velocity.The axial distribution of local solids holdup was obtained and found to be fairly uniform in a wide range of liquid velocities and solids circulation rates.The average solids holdup is found to be significantly increased compared with conventional fluidization at similar conditions.The effect of particle properties and operating conditions on bed behavior was investigated as well.Results show that particles with higher terminal velocity have higher average solids holdup.

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a rectangular gas-driven inverse liquid-solid fluidized bed

The hydrodynamic characteristics of a rectangular gas-driven inverse liquid-solid fluidized bed(GDFB)using particles of different diameters and densities were investigated in detail.Rising gas bubbles cause a liquid upflow in the riser portion,enabling a liquid downflow that causes an inverse fluidization in the downer portion.Four flow regimes(fixed bed regime,initial fluidization regime,complete fluidization regime,and circulating fluidization regime)and three transition gas velocities(initial fluidization gas velocity,minimum fluidization gas velocity,and circulating fluidization gas velocity)were identified via visual observation and by monitoring the variations in the pressure drop.The axial local bed voidage(e)of the downer first decreases and then increases with the increase of the gas velocity.Both the liquid circulation velocity and the average particle velocity inside the downer increase with the increase of the gas velocity in the riser,but decrease with the particle loading.An empirical formula was proposed to successfully predict the Richardson-Zaki index“n”,and the predicted e obtained from this formula has a±5%relative error when compared with the experimental e.

Circulating fluidized bed biological reactor for nutrients removal

A new biological nitrogen removal process,which is named herein“The circulating fluidized bed bio-reactor(CFBBR)”,was developed for simultancous removal of nitrogen and organic matter.This process was composed of an anaerobic bed(Riser),aerobic bed(Downer)and connecting device.Influent and nitrified liquid from the acrobic bed enters the anaerobic bed from the bottom of the anaerobic bed,completing the removal of nitrogen and organic matter.The system performance under the conditions of different inflow loadings and nitrified liquid recirculation rates ranging from 200% to 600% was examined.From a technical and economic point of view,the optimum nitrifed liquid recirculation rate was 400%.With a shortest total retention time of 2.5 h(0.8 h in the anaerobic bed and 1.5 h in the aerobic bed)and a nitified liquid rocir-culation rate of 400% based on the influent flow rate,the average removal efficiencies of total nitrogen(TN)and sol-uble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD)were found to be 88% and 95%,respectively.The average efluent concentra-tions of TN and SCOD were 3.5 mg/L and 16 mg/L,respoctively.The volatile suspended solid(VSS)concentra-tion,nitrifcation rate and denitrification rate in the system were less than 1.0 g/L,0.0260.1 g NH_(4)^(+)-Ng VSS-d,and 0.016-0.074g NO_(x)^(-)-Ng VSS-d,respectively.

硫酸铝对高掺量流化床粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土性能的影响

随着新型循环流化床燃煤技术的发展,循环流化床粉煤灰(CFBFA)的排放量日益增加。结合我国北方地区冬季严寒时保温隔热材料需求量大的现状,采用高掺量CFBFA制备具有保温隔热性能的泡沫混凝土。针对泡沫混凝土存在的凝结时间长以及早期强度低等问题,本工作掺入硫酸铝进行改性,研究并分析了硫酸铝掺量对泡沫混凝土密度、强度和导热系数的影响。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TG)以及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等研究了硫酸铝作用下CFBFA基泡沫混凝土的水化产物和微观形貌。此外,还利用3D轮廓仪分析了泡沫混凝土的孔隙结构。结果表明,硫酸铝促进了本体系早期AFt的生成,与基准组(硫酸铝掺量为0%(质量分数,下同))相比,15%硫酸铝掺量的CFBFA基泡沫混凝土的初凝时间缩短了470 min,10%硫酸铝掺量的泡沫混凝土3 d强度可达到10.43 MPa,导热系数为0.31 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)。这种泡沫混凝土具有较快批量化生产的潜力。

中心脉冲气-液-固循环流化床微生物燃料电池产电特性

为进一步提升微生物燃料电池(MFC)的电化学性能,设计并搭建了一个中心脉冲气-液-固循环流化床微生物燃料电池(CPCFB-MFC),通过设计多组实验工况研究了脉冲液流频率和幅值、颗粒循环速率及气体流量对CPCFB-MFC产电及污水处理特性的影响。在中心液流脉冲频率为0.25 Hz、脉冲幅值为0.08 m/s、颗粒循环速率为3.3 kg/(m^(2)·s)、气体流量为2 L/min条件下,CPCFB-MFC的输出电压达到最高(为649.2 mV),此时污水处理时间最短(为77 h)。通过对比不同工况的污水处理效率和综合能耗,证明了在反应器内采用脉冲液流和气-液-固循环运行方式能进一步提升MFC的综合性能。这项工作对推动微生物燃料电池技术的产业化具有重要意义。

Onset velocity of circulating fluidization and particle residence time distribution:A CFD-DEM study

Until now, the onset velocity of circulating fluidization in liquid-solid fluidized beds has been defined by the turning point of the time required to empty a bed of particles as a function of the superfcial liquid velocity, and is reported to be only dependent on the liquid and particle properties. This study presents a new approach to calculate the onset velocity using CFD-DEM simulation of the particle residence time distribution （RTD）. The onset velocity is identified from the intersection of the fitted lines of the particle mean residence time as a function of superficial liquid velocity. Our results are in reasonable agreement with experimental data. The simulation indicates that the onset velocity is infuenced by the density and size of particles and weakly affected by riser height and diameter, A power-law function is proposed to correlate the mean particle residence time with the superficial liquid velocity. The collisional parameters have a minor effect on the mean residence time of particles and the onset velocity, but influence the particle RTD, showing some humps and trailing. The particle RTD is found to be related to the particle trajectories, which may indicate the complex flow structure and underlying mechanisms of the particle RTD.

液固循环流化床换热器中固体颗粒分布

利用CCD图像测量与数据处理系统对多管液固循环流化床换热器中的两相流动特性进行了研究。探讨了下管箱中的分布板结构对固体粒子的体积分数分布、固体粒子的速度分布,以及液固两相流压降的影响。实验结果表明:在循环流化床换热器进口段安装适当结构的多孔板分布器,即多孔板的面积小于床层截面积,且床中心处的遮挡面积大于边缘处的遮挡面积,可以有效地提高固相速度的均匀程度,在较高流速下,能较好地改善固体颗粒在管束中的不均匀分布。

液固循环流化床中颗粒轴向速度的实验研究

利用超声多普勒测速仪实验测量了液固循环流化床中不同径向位置处颗粒瞬态轴向速度,研究了其概率密度分布特征。采用瞬态速度的标准偏差衡量瞬态速度的波动程度,考察了不同操作形式下的颗粒时均轴向速度的径向分布以及表观液速和颗粒循环速率等操作条件对速度波动程度和速度均值径向分布的影响。利用相间作用力对两种分布的特点进行了机理分析,并对液固和气固循环流化床中颗粒的流动行为进行了比较。

液-固流化床中液速分布与颗粒循环流动

通过理论分析和实验研究考察了液-固平板流化床中颗粒流和液流的运动规律,提出了将分散的颗粒流连续介质化的假设和基于容积通量的流体力学表达方式,建立了液体流动和颗粒循环流动的数学模型并定义了颗粒流与液流的有效粘度。理论计算表明,液体通量的径向分布为抛物线,液流有效粘度和液含率与表观液速有关;颗粒通量的径向分布也为抛物线且颗粒上流区与回流区的分界点在0.577D,循环流动强度取决于液含率和液体密度,但颗粒循环分界点的位置与颗粒类型和操作液速无关。实验观察支持模型预测结果。

化工有机废液循环流化床焚烧NO_x排放特性

在一座热态循环流化床燃烧试验装置上对化工有毒废液红水进行焚烧试验,对焚烧过程烟气成分进行了在线检测,重点考察红水焚烧量、二次风率、红水密相区喷入比例、过剩空气系数等因素对NOx排放浓度的影响。试验结果表明,NOx排放浓度随着红水焚烧量或过剩空气系数的增加而增大,随着红水在密相区喷入比例或二次风率的增加而减小。由于循环流化床低温和分级燃烧对NOx生成的抑制作用,各试验工况NOx排放浓度均满足国家排放标准。

含盐化工废液流化床焚烧特性试验

在燃煤循环流化床燃烧试验装置上对含盐化工有毒。废液红水进行焚烧试验，考察了废液红水焚烧量、红水密相区喷入比例、过剩空气系数及二次风率等因素对焚烧试验炉内温度分布的影响．结果表明，在合理组织工况下炉膛主要焚烧区温度保持在850-900℃之间，焚烧效果好，床层没有出现结焦现象，尾部飞灰中析出微量有机盐分．随着红水焚烧量或过剩空气系数的增加，密、稀相区温度均下降；随着红水在密相区喷入比例或二次风率的增加，密相区温度下降，稀相区温度上升，炉温趋于均匀，更利于焚烧．