Lithium carbonate-induced giant goiter and subclinical hyperthyroidism in a patient with schizophrenia:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Lithium carbonate is used to manage various mood disorders,but it can cause thyroid abnormalities,including goiter,hypothyroidism,and hyperthyroidism.In rare cases,it can lead to giant goiter and subclinical hyperthyroidism,which may require surgical intervention in severe cases.CASE SUMMARY This case represents a rare development of giant goiter and subclinical hyperthyroidism in a schizophrenia patient who was subjected to prolonged lithium carbonate treatment.The enlarged thyroid gland caused pressure on the airway and recurrent laryngeal nerve,which led to respiratory distress,hoarseness,and dysphagia.The immediate danger of suffocation required urgent surgical intervention.In this report,we describe the case of a 41-year-old Chinese woman.This sheds light on the etiology and challenges associated with managing a giant goiter.The patient underwent a subtotal thyroidectomy to relieve airway compression and facilitate airway expansion.Prior to the procedure,the patient was given iodine to prepare.Concurrently,changes were made to the psychiatric medication regimen.Following surgery,the patient's respiratory function and vocal cord functionality improved significantly,and her mental state remained stable.CONCLUSION It is essential to monitor thyroid function,test thyroid antibody levels,and perform thyroid ultrasounds consistently in all patients undergoing long-term lithium carbonate treatment.This vigilance helps prevent severe and potentially life-threatening thyroid enlargement.

The Research Progress on Preparation of Battery-Grade Lithium Carbonate from Salt Lake

Battery-grade lithium carbonate(Li2CO3),plays an irreplaceable role in the preparation of electrolyte and anode materials,are employed in the lithium-ion batteries.It contributes to better cycle and safety performances of

ADDITION OF LITHIUM CARBONATE TO THE ANODE PASTE USED IN SODERBERG CELLS

Laboratory studies showed that addition of about 0.5%(in mass)Li_(2)CO_(3).to the anode used in an aluminium electrolysis cell gave increased wetting of the anode by the cryolite-alumina melt,increased critical current density and reduced anodic overvoltage.The lithium carbonate then acted as a catalyst for the oxidation reaction between the anode carbon and the oxide-containing ions in the melt.Anode paste containing lithium carbonate has been employed in Chinese aluminium smelters with 62 kA HSS cells.This lead to improved current efficiency,reduced cell voltage and energy consumption,as well as fewer anode effects per day.

Hydrometallurgical recovery of lithium carbonate and iron phosphate from blended cathode materials of spent lithium-ion battery

The recycling of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion battery has attracted extensive attention,but few research have focused on spent blended cathode materials.In reality,the blended materials of lithium iron phosphate and ternary are widely used in electric vehicles,so it is critical to design an effective recycling technique.In this study,an efficient method for recovering Li and Fe from the blended cathode materials of spent LiFePO_(4)and LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(1-x-y)O_(2)batteries is proposed.First,87%A1 was removed by alkali leaching.Then,91.65%Li,72.08%Ni,64.6%Co and 71.66%Mn were further separated by selective leaching with H_(2)SO_(4)and H_(2)O_(2).Li,Ni,Co and Mn in solution were recovered in the form of Li_(2)CO_(3)and hydroxide respectively.Subsequently,98.38%Fe was leached from the residue by two stage process,and it is recovered as FePO_(4)·2H_(2)O with a purity of 99.5%by precipitation.Fe and P were present in FePO_(4)·2H_(2)O in amounts of 28.34%and 15.98%,respectively.Additionally,the drift and control of various components were discussed,and cost-benefit analysis was used to assess the feasibility of potential application.

Crystallization of battery-grade lithium carbonate with high recovery rate via solid-liquid reaction

Lithium carbonate(Li_(2)CO_(3))stands as a pivotal raw material within the lithium-ion battery industry.Hereby,we propose a solid-liquid reaction crystallization method,employing powdered sodium carbonate instead of its solution,which minimizes the water introduction and markedly elevates one-step lithium recovery rate.Through kinetic calculations,the Li_(2)CO_(3)solid-liquid reaction crystallization process conforms by the Avrami equation rather than shrinking core model,which means the dissolution rate of Na_(2)CO_(3)is the most important factor affecting the reaction process.The effects of reaction conditions such as temperature and stirring speed on the Li_(2)CO_(3)precipitation behavior were evaluated.The results indicated that temperature is a most essential parameter than other reaction conditions or stirring speed.The exceptional 93%recovery of Li_(2)CO_(3)at 90℃with a remarkable purity of 99.5%was achieved by using 1.2 M ratio of Na_(2)CO_(3)/Li_(2)SO_(4).This method provides a new idea for the efficient preparation of battery-grade Li_(2)CO_(3).

CO2 Transformation at Controlled Temperature with Lithium Hydroxide Solution and Metallic Lithium

This paper presents a study on CO2 atmospheric transformation which was reacted directly with lithium hydroxide solution and metallic lithium. This solution was obtained through the reaction between metallic lithium and deionized water where hydrogen is produced and by exposing the metal at ambient conditions. In the transformation process, atmospheric CO2 gas reacts directly with LiOH solution, in both cases, the CO2 transformation kinetics was different. For this purpose, reactions between CO2 and LiOH solution were carried out under controlled temperature and the second process only with metallic lithium, which was exposed at room temperature, however, in these two processes lithium carbonate oxide was formed and identified. According to the results, the efficiency in CO2 transformation is a function of temperature value which was variable until completely obtaining the by-product, its XRD characterization indicated the formation only of Li2CO3 in both procedures. Under laboratory conditions lithium compounds selectively reacted with CO2. In the same way, there is an alternative procedure to obtain LiOH and Li2CO3 for different applications in various areas.

Lithium Extraction from Carbonate-type Saline Lake by Utilizing of Geothermal Solar Pond in Tibet

1 Introduction The geothermal solar pond is a kind of special solar pond.It is different from traditional solar pond,which high temperature geothermal water can be used to heat brine.When the salt in the brine reaches saturation temperature,it precipitate out and is separated from the brine.Compared with solar pond,the geothermal solar pond does not rely entirely on solar radiation as a heat

Primary nucleation of lithium carbonate

A set of laser apparatus was used to explore the induction period and the primary nucleation of lithium carbonate.Results show that the induction period increases with the decrease of supersaturation,temperature and stirring speed.Through the classical theory of primary nucleation,many important properties involved in primary nucleation under different conditions were obtained quantitatively,including the interfacial tension between solid and liquid,contact angle,critical nucleus size,critical nuleation free energy etc.

Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Systems Containing Lithium and Carbonate Ions

1 Introduction Alkaline lakes are widely distributed in the area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Most of the salt lakes are famous for their high concentration of lithium,potassium,magnesium,boron(Ma,2000).In recent years,as a new energy material,lithium and its compounds are widely used in the new area,such as aerospace industry,nuclear

Process for recycle of spent lithium iron phosphate battery via a selective leaching-precipitation method

Applying spent lithium iron phosphate battery as raw material,valuable metals in spent lithium ion battery were effectively recovered through separation of active material,selective leaching,and stepwise chemical precipitation.Using stoichiometric Na2S2O8 as an oxidant and adding low-concentration H2SO4 as a leaching agent was proposed.This route was totally different from the conventional methods of dissolving all of the elements into solution by using excess mineral acid.When experiments were done under optimal conditions(Na2S2O8-to-Li molar ratio 0.45,0.30 mol/L H2SO4,60℃,1.5 h),leaching efficiencies of 97.53% for Li^+,1.39%for Fe^3+,and 2.58% for PO4^3−were recorded.FePO4 was then recovered by a precipitation method from the leachate while maintaining the pH at 2.0.The mother liquor was concentrated and maintained at a temperature of approximately 100℃,and then a saturated sodium carbonate solution was added to precipitate Li2CO3.The lithium recovery yield was close to 80%.

Study of Lithium Exploitation from Tibetan Kyetsé Tsakha and Lungmu Tso Salines by Freezing and Mixing

1 Introduction Lithium was used widely in batteries,lubricants,aluminium smelting,ceramics,glass,polymers and other areas due to its unique electrochemical reactivity as well as other properties(Hykawy,2010).Production of lithium comes from both brine and mineral sources.The total resources of lithium estimated by the USGS in 2014 are to

Parametric study and effect of calcination and carbonation conditions on the CO_2 capture performance of lithium orthosilicate sorbent

The world is currently facing the challenges of global warming and climate change. Numerous efforts have been taken to mitigate CO2 emission, among which is the use of solid sorbents for CO2 capture. In this work, Li4SiO4 was synthesised via a sol-gel method using lithium nitrate （LiNO3） and tetraethylorthosilicate （SiC8H20O4） as precursors. A parametric study of Li：Si molar ratio （1-5）, calcination temperature （600-800℃） and calcination time （1-8 h） were conducted during sorbent synthesis. Calcination temperature （700-800℃） and carbonation temperature （500-700℃） during CO2 sorption activity were also varied to confirm the optimum operating temperature. Sorbent with the highest CO2 sorption capacity was finally introduced to several cyclic tests to study the durability of the sorbent through 10 cycles of CO2 sorption-desorption test. The results showed that the calcination temperature of 800℃ and carbonation temperature of 700℃ were the best operating temperatures, with CO2 sorption capacity of 7.95 mmol CO2·（g sorbent）^-1 （93% of the theoretical yield）. Throughout the ten cyclic processes, CO2 sorption capacity of the sorbent had dropped approximately 16.2% from the first to the tenth cycle, which was a reasonable decline. Thus, it was concluded that Li4SiO4 is a potential CO2 solid sorbent for high temperature CO2 capture activity.

NS codoped carbon nanorods as anode materials for high-performance lithium and sodium ion batteries

NS codoped carbon nanorods（NS-CNRs） were prepared using crab shell as template and polyphenylene sulfide（PPS） as both the C and S precursor, followed by carbonization in NH_3. The as-obtained NS-CNRs had a diameter of ~50 nm, length of several micrometers, and N and S contents of 12.5 at.% and 3.7 at.%,respectively, which can serve as anodes for both lithium-ion batteries（LIBs） and sodium ion batteries（SIBs）. When serving as an anode of LIB, the NS-CNRs delivered gravimetric capacities of 2154 mAh g^（-1）at current densities of 0.1 A g^（-1）and 625 mAh g^（-1）at current densities of 5.0 A g^（-1）for 1000 cycles.When serving as an anode of SIB, the NS-CNRs delivered gravimetric capacities of 303 mAh g^（-1）at current densities of 0.1 A g^（-1）and 230 mAh g^（-1）at current densities of 1.0 A g^（-1）for 3000 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance of NS-CNRs could be ascribed to the one-dimensional nanometer structure and high level of heteroatom doping. We expect that the obtained NS-CNRs would benefit for the future development of the doped carbon materials for lithium ion batteries and other extended applications such as supercapacitor, catalyst and hydrogen storage.

Preparation and Properties of Si2N2O Ceramics for Microwave Sintering Furnaces

Si2N2O ceramics were prepared using amorphous Si3N4 as the raw material and Li2CO3 as the sintering additive through vacuum multi-stage sintering.The influence of the Li2CO3 addition(0%,1%,2%,3%,and 5%,by mass)on the phase composition,the microstructure,the porosity,the mechanical properties,the dielectric constant and the tangent of the dielectric loss angle of the porous Si2N2O ceramics was investigated.The results reveal that a suitable addition of Li2CO3 can promote the generation of Si2N2O but excessive or inadequate Li2CO3 causes decomposition of Si2N2O ceramics.The prepared porous Si2N2O ceramics have good mechanical properties,good thermal shock resistance,and low dielectric properties,which have excellent potential for application in microwave sintering furnaces.

Progress in research on Li–CO_2 batteries: Mechanism, catalyst and performance

Rechargeable Li-CO2 batteries provide a promising new approach for carbon capture and energy storage technology. However, their practical application is limited by many challenges despite much progress in this technology. Recent development in Li-CO2 batteries is presented. The reaction mechanism with an air cathode, operating temperatures used, electrochemical performance under different CO2 concentrations, stability of the battery in different electrolytes, and utilization of different cathode materials were emphasized. At last, challenges and perspectives were also present- ed. This review provides a deep understanding of Li-CO2 batteries and offers important guidelines for developing reversible and high efficiency Li-CO2 batteries.

The roles of graphene in advanced Li-ion hybrid supercapacitors

Lithium-ion hybrid supercapacitors （LIHSs）, also called Li-ion capacitors, are electrochemical energy stor- age devices that combining the advantages of high power density of supercapacitor and high energy density of Li-ion battery. However, high power density and long cycle life are still challenges for the cul~ rent LIHSs due to the imbalance of charge-storage capacity and electrode kinetics between capacitor-type cathode and battery-type anode. Therefore, great efforts have been made on designing novel cathode materials with high storage capacity and anode material with enhanced kinetic behavior for LIHSs. With unique two-dimensional form and numerous appealing properties, for the past several years, the rational designed graphene and its composites materials exhibit greatly improved electrochemical performance as cathode or anode for LIHSs. Here, we summarized and discussed the latest advances of the state- of-art graphene-based materials for LIHSs applications. The major roles of graphene are highlighted as （1） a superior active material, （2） ultrathin 2D flexible support to remedy the sluggish reaction of the metal compound anode, and （3） good 2D building blocks for constructing macroscopic 3D pOFOUS car- bonjgraphene hybrids. In addition, some high performance aqueous LIHSs using graphene as electrode were also summarized. Finally, the perspectives and challenges are also proposed for further develop- ment of more advanced graphene-based LIHSs.

Electrosprayed porous Fe3O4/carbon microspheres as anode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Porous Fe3Odcarbon microspheres （PFCMs） were successfully fabricated via a facile electrospray method and subsequent heat treatment, using ferrous acetylacetonate, carbon nanotubes （CNTs）, Ketjen black （KB）, polyvinylpyrrolidone （PVP）, and polystyrene （PS） as raw materials. The porous carbon sphere framework decorated with well-dispersed CNTs and KB exhibits excellent electronic conductivity and acts as a good host to confine the Fe304 nanoparticles. The abundant mesopores in the carbon matrix derived from polymer pyrolysis can effectively accommodate the volume changes of F%O4 during the charge/ discharge process, facilitate electrolyte penetration, and promote fast ion diffusion. Moreover, a thin amorphous carbon layer on the Fe304 nanoparticle formed during polymer carbonization can further alleviate the mechanical stress associated with volume changes, and preventing aggregation and exfoliation of F%O4 nanoparticles during cycling. Therefore, as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the PFCMs exhibited excellent cycling stability with high specific capacities, and outstanding rate performances. After 130 cycles at a small current density of 0.1 A-g-1, the reversible capacity of the PFCM electrode is maintained at almost 1,317 mAh-g-1. High capacities of 746 and 525 mAh-g-1 were still achieved after 300 cycles at the larger currents of I and 5 A-g-1, respectively. The optimized structure design and facile fabrication process provide a promising way for the utilization of energy storage materials, which have high capacities but whose performance is hindered by large volume changes and poor electrical conductivity in lithium or sodium ion batteries.

Analysis of electrochemical performance of lithium carbon fluorides primary batteries after storage

Lithium carbon fluorides(Li/CFx)primary batteries are of highly interests due to their high specific energy and power densities.The shelf life is one of the major concerns when they are used as backup power,emergency power and storage power in landers,manned spacecraft or military applications.In this work,real-time storage tests are carried out for both energy-type and power-type Li/CFx pouch batteries at 25℃.Accelerated storage tests are performed at elevated temperature of 55℃.The electrochemical tests are conducted throughout the aging period of 0-365 days for various batteries to study the effects of temperature on both type of batteries.The observed electrochemical behaviors are explained with the evidences from multiple characterizations for post-tested samples.

Sub-100 nm hollow SnO_2@C nanoparticles as anode material for lithium ion batteries and significantly enhanced cycle performances

Rational designing and controlling of nanostructures is a key factor in realizing appropriate properties required for the high-performance energy fields. In the present study, hollow Sn O2@C nanoparticles（NPs） with a mean size of 50 nm have been synthesized in large-scale via a facile hydrothermal approach.The morphology and composition of as-obtained products were studied by various characterized techniques. As an anode material for lithium ion batteries（LIBs）, the as-prepared hollow Sn O2@C NPs exhibit significant improvement in cycle performances. The discharge capacity of lithium battery is as high as 370 m Ah g 1, and the current density is 3910 m A g 1（5 C） after 573 cycles. Furthermore, the capacity recovers up to 1100 m Ah g 1at the rate performances in which the current density is recovered to 156.4 m A g 1（0.2 C）. Undoubtedly, sub-100 nm Sn O2@C NPs provide significant improvement to the electrochemical performance of LIBs as superior-anode nanomaterials, and this carbon coating strategy can pave the way for developing high-performance LIBs.

One-pot synthesis of Li_3VO_4@C nanofibers by electrospinning with enhanced electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries

Electrospinning is firstly used to one-pot synthesis of Li3VO4@C nanofibers in a large scale. Although with the presence of organic sources in synthesis process, the pure phase Li3VO4 with superior nanofibrous morphology is still successfully obtained through adjusting different heat treatment processes and different vanadium sources. The prepared Li3VO4@C nanofibers exhibit a unique structure in which nanosized Li3VO4 particles are uniformly embedded in amorphous carbon matrix. Compared with LiBVO4/C powder, Li3VO4@C nanofibers display enhanced reversible capacity of 451 mAhg^-1 at 40mAg^-1 with an increased initial coulombic efficiency of 82.3%, and the capacity can remain at 394 mAh g ^-1 after 100 cycles. This superior electrochemical performance can be attributed to its unique structure which ensures a high reactivity by nanosized Li3VO4, more stable electrode/electrolyte interface by carbon encapsulation, improved electronic conductivity and buffered volume changes by flexible carbon matrix. The electrospinning technology provides an effective method to obtain high performance Li3VO4 as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries.