Lithium chloride ameliorates learning and memory ability and inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta activity in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome

In the present study,Fmr1 knockout mice （KO mice） were used as the model for fragile X syndrome.The results of step-through and step-down tests demonstrated that Fmr1 KO mice had shorter latencies and more error counts,indicating a learning and memory disorder.After treatment with 30,60,90,120,or 200 mg/kg lithium chloride,the learning and memory abilities of the Fmr1 KO mice were significantly ameliorated,in particular,the 200 mg/kg lithium chloride treatment had the most significant effect.Western blot analysis showed that lithium chloride significantly enhanced the expression of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta,an inactive form of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta,in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the Fmr1 KO mice.These results indicated that lithium chloride improved learning and memory in the Fmr1 KO mice,possibly by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta activity.

Scorpion ethanol extract and valproic acid effects on hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in a rat model of chronic-kindling epilepsy induced by lithium chloride-pilocarpine

The present study analyzed the effects of ethanol extracts of scorpion on epilepsy prevention and hippocampal expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in a lithium chloride-pilocarpine epileptic rat model. Results were subsequently compared with valproic acid. Results showed gradually- increased hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein expression following model establishment; glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA expression was significantly increased at 3 days, reached a peak at 7 days, and then gradually decreased thereafter. Ethanol extracts of scorpion doses of 580 and 1 160 mg/kg, as well as 120 mg/kg valproic acid, led to a decreased number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells and glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA expression, as well as decreased seizure grades and frequency of spontaneously recurrent seizures. The effects of 1 160 mg/kg ethanol extracts of scorpion were equal to those of 120 mg/kg valproic acid. These results suggested that the anti-epileptic effect of ethanol extracts of scorpion were associated with decreased hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in a rat model of lithium chlofide-pilocarpine induced epilepsy.

Mechanism and performance of a lithium chloride accelerator

To address present concerns about thickening time and high early-strength in deepwater cementing at low temperatures when using conventional accelerators, a new type of set-accelerating admixture comprising of lithium chloride, aluminium hydroxide and alkaline metal chlorides, named as LS-A, was studied in this paper. Mechanism analysis and performance tests show that the accelerator LS-A accelerated the hydration of tri- and dicalcium silicates （C3S and C2S） at low-temperatures by speeding up the breakdown of the protective hydration film and shortening the hydration induction period. Therefore, LS-A could shorten the low-temperature thickening time and the transition time of critical gel strength from 48 to 240 Pa of the Class-G cement slurry, and improve the early compressive strength of set cement at low-temperatures. It exhibited better performance than calcium chloride and had no effect on the type of hydration products, which remain the same as those of neat Class-G cement, i.e. the calcium silicate gel, Ca（OH）2 crystals and a small amount of ettringite AFt crystals. LS-A provides an effective way to guarantee the safety of cementing operations, and to solve the problems of low temperature and shallow water/gas flowing faced in deepwater cementing.

Effects of ethanol extracts of scorpion on hippocampal apoptosis and caspase-3 expression in lithium chloride-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus rats

BACKGROUND： Previous studies have demonstrated that scorpion venom in the scorpion can inhibit epilepsy and apoptosis. However, it remains unclear whether ethanol extracts of scorpion （EES） exhibit similar effects. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of EES on hippocampal apoptosis and caspase-3 expression, and to compare the effects on sodium valproate （positive control drug） in a rat model of status epilepticus induced by lithium chloride-pilocarpine. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This randomized, controlled study was conducted at the Drug Research and Development Center, Kanghong Pharmaceuticals Group, and the Department of Pathology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences ＆ Sichuan Provincial People＇s Hospital, China from May 2007 to April 2008. MATERIALS： EES were prepared by Huashen Pharmaceutical, China. Sodium valproate （Hunan Xiangzhong Pharmaceutical, China） and lithium chloride-pilocarpine （Sigma, USA） were also used in the present study. METHODS： From a total of 156 rats, six served as normal controls. The remaining rats were intraperitoneally injected with lithium chloride-pilocarpine to establish status epileptlcus models, and then assigned to five groups （n = 30, respectively）. Animals in each group were administered drugs at 15 minutes after epileptic seizure by gavage, i.e. in the normal control and model groups, rats were treated with 1 mL/0.1 kg saline. The sodium valproate group was administered 120 mg/kg/d sodium valproate. The low-, moderate-, and high-dose EES groups received treatments of 290, 580 and 1 160 mg/kg/d EES. The dispensed concentration was 1 mL/0.1 kg. Rat seizure behavior was observed. If status epilepticus did not terminated after 1 hour, the rats were intraperitoneally administered atropine （1 mg/kg） and diazepam （10 mg/kg） to terminate seizure. These rats were continuously observed for 6 hours to ensure seizure termination. Then rats were treated with the above-mentioned drugs at 8：00 am each day until sacrifice, which took place 4 hours after drug administration. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Terminal dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL）-positive cells and caspase-3 expression were, respectively, determined by TUNEL and immunohistochemistry at 6, 24 48, and 72 hours, as well as 7 days, after status epilepticus. Behavioral changes were also measured. RESULTS： A few caspase-3-positive cells were observed. TUNEL- and caspase-3-positive ceils were mainly visible in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions 6 hours following status epilepticus in the model and drug intervention groups. The number of TUNEL-positive cells reached a peak at 48 hours following status epilepticus in the sodium valproate group, as well as the moderate- and high-dose EES groups, and number of TUNEL-positive cells reached a peak at 72 hours in the model and low-dose EES groups. The number of caspase-3-positive cells reached a peak at 48 hours in each group. Following treatment of sodium valproate and EES, the number of TUNEL- and caspase-3-positive cells significantly decreased compared with the model group at various time points （P 〈 0.05）. The number of TUNEL- and caspase-3-positive cells was greatest in the low-dose EES group, followed by the moderate- and high-dose EES groups. The number of TUNEL- and caspase-3-positive cells was similar between the sodium valproate and high-dose EES groups. Epileptic seizure was significantly improved in the sodium valproate group, as well as the moderate- and high-dose EES groups, compared with the model group （P〈 0.05 or P〈 0.01）. Treatment with sodium valproate and high-dose EES resulted in the best outcome, although the results were similar （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： A dose of 1 160 mg/kg/d EES significantly inhibited status epilepticus. This outcome corresponded to a decreased number of apoptotlc cells and caspase-3-positive cells, which was similar to sodium valproate. These results suggest that it is not necessary to extract a component from the scorpion for the treatment of epilepsy. The high dose of EES significantly inhibited epilepsy, which correlated with decreased hippocampal caspase-3 expression.

Ion-pair induced solvent extraction of lithium(Ⅰ)from acidic chloride solutions with tributyl phosphate

Lithium(Li)is an important energy metal in the 21st century.However,the selective recovery of Li is still a big challenge,especially from acidic solutions with multiple metal ions existence.Herein we report a new ion pair induced mechanism for selectively extracting Li^(+)from acidic chloride solutions by tributyl phosphate(TBP).It is shown that the acidity and the chloride ions in the aqueous phase have great effects on the extraction of Li^(+).The FT-IR,UV-Vis and ESI-MS experiments provide solid evidence for the formation of ion-pair complex[Li(TBP)_n(H_(2)O)_(m)]^(+)[FeCl_(4)]^(-)(n-1,2,3;m-0,1)in the organic phase,which brings about the effective and efficient extraction of Li^(+).This mechanism can overcome the Hofmeister bias and allow for the selective extraction of Li^(+) from the extremely hydrophilic chlorides.It has also been proved that the loaded Li in TBP can be effectively stripped by concentrated HCl solution with a Li/Fe separation factor>500.The understanding of the ion-pair transport mechanism is helpful for optimizing the recovery process or further advancing more efficient recovery techniques for Li from acidic liquor.

Effect of Lithium Chloride on the Fibre Length Distribution, Processing Temperature and the Rheological Properties of High-Yield-Pulp-Fibre-Reinforced Modified Bio-Based Polyamide 11 Composite

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of lithium chloride (LiCl) on the fibre length distribution, melting temperature and the rheological characteristics of high yield pulp fibre reinforced polyamide biocomposite. The inorganic salt lithium chloride (LiCl) was used to decrease the melting and processing temperature of bio-based polyamide 11. The extrusion method and Brabender mixer approaches were used to carry out the compounding process. The densities and fibre content were found to be increased after processing using both compounding methods. The HYP fibre length distribution analysis realized using the FQA equipment showed an important fibre-length reduction after processing by both techniques. The rheological properties of HYP-reinforced net and modified bio-based polyamide 11 “PA11” (HYP/PA11) composite were investigated using a capillary rheometer. The rheological tests were performed in function of the shear rate for different temperature conditions. The low-temperature process compounding had higher shear viscosity;this was because during the process the temperature was low and the mixing and melting were induced by the high shear rate created during compounding process. Experimental test results using the extrusion process showed a steep decrease in shear viscosity with increasing shear rate, and this melt-flow characteristic corresponds to shear-thinning behavior in HYP/PA11, and this steep decrease in the melt viscosity can be associated to the hydrolyse reaction of nylon for high pulp fibre moisture content at high temperature. In addition to the low processing temperature, the melt viscosity of the biocomposite using the Brabender mixer approach increases with increasing shear rate, and this stability in the increase even at high shear rate for high pulp moisture content is associated to the presence of inorganic salt lithium chloride which creates the hydrogen bonds with pulp during the compounding process.

ICP-AES法与AAS法测定锂矿石中氧化锂含量的对比分析

电感耦合等离子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)与火焰原子吸收法(AAS)是常用的两种分析锂矿石中氧化锂的方法。本实验采用两种方法对锂矿石样品中氧化锂的检出限、精密度、准确度和加标回收率等数据进行对比分析,结果发现ICP-AES线性动态范围宽、检出限低、测定精密度高、准确度高、分析速度快、效率高,能够满足地质单位大批量、高质量检测的需求。

水和氯化铵提取-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定石灰性土壤中的交换性钾钠钙镁

为了提高石灰性土壤中交换性钾钠钙镁的分析效率及分析准确度,采用水和氯化铵对石灰性土壤进行处理,并采用振荡交换、离心分离的方式进行石灰盐清洗、钾钠钙镁离子交换提取,提取液直接在电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)上测定。交换性盐基钾钠钙镁的检出限分别为0.004、0.012、0.01、0.009 cmol/kg。用国家一级标准物质GBW07498中新疆棕漠土和新疆地区石灰性土壤进行验证,方法相对标准偏差均小于5%,加标回收率在97.0%~105%。方法适用于石灰性(碱性)土壤(特别是新疆土壤)样品中交换性钾钠钙镁的分析测定。

Synthesis of LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_2 cathode material by chloride co-precipitation method

LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 was prepared by a chloride co-precipitation method and characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffractometry with Rietveld refinement,electron scanning microscopy and electrochemical measurements.Effects of lithium ion content and sintering temperature on physical and electrochemical performance of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 were also investigated. The results show that the sample synthesized at 750℃with 105%lithium content has fine particle sizes around 200 nm and homogenous sizes distribution.The initial discharge capacity for the powder is 184 mA·h/g between 2.7 and 4.3 V at 0.1C and room temperature.

Chloride Ion Transport in Fly Ash Mortar under Action of Fatigue Loading

In order to study the chloride ion transport performance in fly ash addition mortar, a new method, in which the fatigue loading and chloride diffusion are undertaken simultaneously, was developed. This method realizes coupling the fatigue damage process and the process of chloride transporting of fly ash mortar. The transport performance of chloride in fly ash mortar specimens was studied under different stress levels. Moreover, the effect of fly ash content on transport performance of chloride ion in mortar was investigated. AE （Acoustic Emission） and SEM were used to acquire the damage distribution of mortar specimens under action of fatigue load. The results show that the diffusion coefficient of chloride in mortar specimens increases with stress level of fatigue loading. The addition of fly ash can mitigate the penetration of chloride ion. The results of microcmck 3D location acquired by AE, accompanied with crack characterizing from SEM, indicate that the damage degree of mortar specimen increases with stress level of fatigue loading. Furthermore, higher damage degree of mortar leads to more the chloride ion content in the sample.

Reaction Kinetics of LiOH·H_2O and CO_2 Improved with Composite Silica Gel of Lanthanum Chloride

Reaction kinetics of LiOH·H2O and CO2 within a closed system were studied under the adsorption of water vapor by composite silica gel of lanthanum chloride. At the reaction temperature of 273～323 K and initial CO2 pressures of 40～100 kPa, reaction kinetics obeyed the Erofeev model. The reaction rate decreased slightly while the initial CO2 pressure reduced. When the reaction occurred at 273～299 K, the reaction rate was so low that it was almost independent of the reaction temperature. However, as the temperature rose up to 300～323 K, LiOH·H2O dehydrated its crystal water, and both the dehydrated and reaction-generated water were evaporated from solid reactant. For the dehydration rate increased, the reaction rate also increased as the reaction temperature rose. While the temperature was higher than 323 K, the reaction apparent activation energy of LiOH·H2O and CO2, was higher than 52.5 kJ·mol-1 and close to 61.4 kJ·mol-1 of the LiOH·H2O dehydrated enthalpy variable at 298 K, in which anhydrous LiOH was the major reactant and showed the reaction characteristics of LiOH crystals.

Reaction Kinetics of LiOH Improved with Composite Silica Gel of Lanthanum Chloride for Absorbing CO_2

A static method was employed to study the reaction kinetics of anhydrous lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and CO2. The reaction generated water was absorbed with the composite silica gel of lanthanum chloride to make the experiment repeatable. At the reaction temperature of 15～60 ℃ and initial CO2 pressures of 25～100 kPa, the reaction rate of anhydrous LiOH and CO2 decreased slightly with the reduction of initial CO2 pressure and the rise of reaction temperature, indicating that the reaction activation energy of LiOH and CO2 was negative and close to zero. During the middle period (1～5 min) of the isothermal reaction, the ratio of reaction efficiency was approximately the power of 0.4 to that of initial CO2 pressures. As anhydrous LiOH reacted to CO2, the solid product Li2CO3 covered on the surface of LiOH was not compact, so it did not hinder the subsequent reaction of absorbing the CO2 gas. The reaction kinetics of anhydrous LiOH and CO2 obeyed the Erofeev′s model.

Physical and Electrochemical Properties of Acid 1-Methyl-3-Ethylimidazolium Chloride/AlCl_3/LiAlCl_4 Molten Salt

An acid molten salt was formed by means of mixing 1 -methyl- 3 -ethylimidazolium chloride with AlCl3 and LiAlCl4 at ambient temperature. The solubility of LiAlCl4 in the acid molten salt was measured. Variations of specific conductivity, density and kinetic viscosity of molten salt with mole ratio o f MeEtlmCl/A1lCl3/LiAlCl4 were observed. A solubility maximum of LiAlCl4 with 5 4% in molar fraction was shown at a mole ratio of AlCl43/MeEtlmCl = 1 .2. An increase in density and viscosity, and a decrease in specific conductivity were found with increasing the concentrations of LiAlCl4 and AlCl3. The dependence of specific conductivity of this acid molten salt upon temperature was found to display Vogel-Tammanm-Fucher behavior. However, Arrhenius behavior was observed at two special mole ratios of MeEtImCl/AlCl3/LiAlCl4 = 1:1.5:0.05 and 1. 1.5:0. 10. The conductivity equations of this molten salt at various compositions were constructed. The ion interaction in the acid molten salt was studied using 7Li and 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic methods. The effect of concentrations of LiAlCl4 and AlCl3 on the ion interaction was also discussed.

标准加入ICP-AES法测定氯化钠中Cu、Ni含量

建立标准加入-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定氯化钠中Cu、Ni元素的分析方法。确定氯化钠中Cu、Ni的分析谱线为Cu 327.395 nm和Ni 230.299 nm。采用标准加入法消除基体干扰,使用耐高盐的OneNeb雾化器提高信号强度,优选高频发生器功率为1.3 kW,雾化气压力为180 kPa。结果表明:Cu、Ni元素的工作曲线呈线性关系,线性相关系数在0.999以上;Cu元素的检出限为0.000 011%,Ni元素的检出限为0.000 031%;测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)在5%以内,样品的加标回收率为96.0%~102.0%。

氯化锂溶液中钾离子的吸附分离研究

作为初级原料的氯化锂产品因钾、钠、钙等杂质含量过高,直接影响了氯化锂及由氯化锂制备的金属锂的应用和系列产品的开发。采用静态吸附法研究了由水热法合成的硅铝酸盐分子筛在氯化锂溶液中对钾离子的吸附分离性能,考察了接触时间、温度、不同钾离子初始浓度、溶液pH、离子强度等对分子筛吸附钾离子的影响,研究分析了分子筛对钾离子的吸附动力学和吸附热力学。结果表明:分子筛对钾离子有较高的选择吸附性且吸附速率快,在溶液初始钾离子浓度为0.005 mol/L、温度为25℃的条件下,30 min后分子筛对钾离子的吸附量为56 mg/g,接近吸附平衡容量;溶液中初始钾离子浓度、离子强度直接影响着分子筛对钾离子的平衡吸附量。通过动力学及热力学分析得知,分子筛对钾离子的吸附更符合Freundlich吸附等温模型且为放热反应,低温有利于吸附的进行;吸附反应过程符合准二级动力学模型,吸附反应速率由多个控制步骤共同决定。同时,分子筛对钾离子有较好的解吸效率,可循环吸附。

溶析结晶用于盐湖卤水提钾和镁锂分离研究

采用溶析结晶法快速分离盐湖卤水中氯化钾并降低卤水中的镁锂比,解决青海盐湖盐田摊晒存在的生产周期长、需要修建大面积盐田等难题。以有机溶剂为溶析剂,考察了不同种类溶析剂加入量、溶析温度、溶析时间等对盐湖氯化钾收率及镁锂比的影响。实验结果表明,以无水乙醇为溶析剂与盐湖卤水体积比为2∶1,溶析温度为-15℃,时间为90 min时,氯化钾和氯化钠的收率分别达到93.15%和99.84%。溶析结晶后的母液经过过滤,在70~80℃,以0.5℃/min的降温速率进行动态降温,析出氯化镁晶体,镁锂质量比由原卤中的388.44降低至266.63,最终达到快速分离氯化钾的目的及为后续对镁锂进一步分离提供更有利的条件。

ICP-AES测定卤化物溶液中高浓度锂锶含量的研究

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法,同时测定高浓度Li-Sr混合溶液中Li+和Sr2+含量。选取合适的测定波长后,研究了酸效应、总盐度、仪器工作参数对测定结果的影响。总盐度在0.20%～0.60%范围内,Li和Sr标准曲线的线性相关系数均大于0.999 9。优化仪器参数后,测定相对误差在+0.59%～-0.66%范围内,样品回收率在99.14%～100.4%之间。该方法稳定性高,重现性好,适合高浓度Li-Sr混合溶液中Li+和Sr2+快速、准确测定。

干灰化结合偏硼酸锂碱熔灰分ICP-AES测定生物样品中的硅铝等元素

探讨不同种类生物样品中Si和Al等10种元素的测定方法,采用干灰化结合偏硼酸锂碱熔灰分的前处理方法,用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同时测定试样中Si和Al以及Ca,Mg,Fe,Na,P,Mn,Sr,Ti。方法检出限Si为0.15μg·mL-1,Al为0.03μg·mL-1。用国家一级标准物质GBW07604(杨树叶),验证了方法的准确度及精密度,Si和Al的测定的准确度(RE)分别为-0.03%和-3%,Si和Al测定的方法精密度均小于3%,该方法已用于新研制的系列生物标准物质的定值,并取得满意结果。

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定LiF-UF_(4)和LiF-ThF_(4)熔盐中主量金属元素的含量

氟锂铀(LiF-UF_(4))和氟锂钍(LiF-ThF_(4))可用作钍基熔盐反应堆的添加盐,在熔盐生产过程中需检测主量金属元素锂、铀和钍的含量。本工作采用硝酸和过氧化氢对氟锂铀样品进行前处理,采用硝酸铝溶解氟锂钍试样,以电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法为测量手段,为降低信号漂移的影响,以锰作为内标元素,建立了两种快速分析手段。当称样量为0.2 g时,该方法的精度均小于2%。氟锂铀加标回收实验中,Li回收率在99.6%~102.4%,U回收率在99.6%~101.8%。氟锂钍加标实验中,Li回收率在99.6%~102.3%,Th回收率在99.6%~102.4%。这些分析方法操作流程简单,耗时较短,测定结果准确,精密度高,适合大批量样品的快速分析。