Geographical differences of leaf traits of the endangered plant Litsea coreana Levl.var.sinensis and its relationship with climate

Seventeen morphological and anatomical characteristics of the leaves were selected from five natural populations to explore the variation in leaf traits of Lits ea core ana var.sinensis and the effects of geographical environment on these variations.Nested analysis of variance,multiple comparisons,principal component analysis(PCA),and correlation analysis were conducted to explore the variations within and between populations and their correlation with geographical and climatic factors.Significant differences in the 17 leaf traits were observed within and among populations.On average,the relative contribution of within population variation to total variation was 24.8%,which was lower than among population variation(54.6%).The average differentiation coefficient of the traits was 65.8%,and the average coefficient of variation 11.8%,ranging from6.7%for main vein thickness to 21.4%for petiole length.The PC A results showed that morphological characteristics were divided into two categories,and the level of variation was greater than that of leaf anatomy.Most of the leaf traits were significantly correlated with geography and climate and showed a gradual variation with longitude,latitude,and altitude.In areas with high temperatures,less rainfall,and strong seasonal rainfall,the leaves are larger,longer and thicker.This study shows that variations in leaf traits of L.coreana var.sinensis mainly come from variations among populations.The level of trait differentiation among populations is high and the level of variation within populations low.These findings help further understand leaf morphological characteristics of this species and can provide a valuable reference for the protection and sustainable utilization of this natural resource.

Population dynamics and protection strategies of Litsea coreana Levl.var.sinensis with Guizhou Province in China as an example

Studying the dynamics of plant populations is crucial to the conservation and management of endangered plants.The diameter at breast height(DBH),tree height,crown width,and environmental factors of a total of 15 plots in five populations in Guizhou Province,China were measured in this study.The method of substituting diameter at breast height for age was used to divide the population into 7 age classes.The age structure,static life table,and relationship between the population characteristics and environmental factors of the Litsea coreana Levl.var.sinensis population were studied.Moreover,the time series model was used to predict the population dynamics.Results showed that the age structure of population in Zhengan County(Population ZA)had an inverted Jshape with abundant seedlings and insufficient middle-aged and elderly individuals.The age structures of populations in Daozhen County(Population DZ),Kaiyang County(KY),Meitan County(Population MT),and Xishui County(Population XS)were spindle-shaped with few young individuals and many middle-aged and elderly individuals.The mortality rate of each population fluctuated with the increase in age class,and the populations were extremely unstable.The survival curve was close to the Deevey III type,and the degree of deviation was related to the lack of young individuals.After the age stages II,IV,and VI,the number of aged plants in the different populations initially increased then decreased,and population stability was difficult to maintain.Redundancy analysis showed that the DBH,tree height and crown width of the population decreased with the increase of annual mean temperature,and the population density was restricted by soil nutrient conditions to a certain extent.The results of this work provide scientific basis for the conservation and sustainable utilization of natural populations of L.coreana var.sinensis in Guizhou Province,China.

贵州老鹰茶Litsea coreana的黄酮类化合物

从贵州老鹰茶Litseacoreana叶中分得 3个黄酮类化合物单体 ,经化学分析和波谱学方法确定了它们的化学结构 ,分别为山柰酚 。

老鹰茶(Litsea coreana Lvl.var.lanuginosa)多酚类化合物的提取纯化及EGCG含量测定

以老鹰茶(Litseacoreana Lvl.var.lanuginosa)粉末为原料,运用回流提取和聚酰胺树脂柱层析方法从中提取和纯化多酚类化合物.先用80%乙醇对老鹰茶粉末进行3次回流粗提,即提取温度100℃,提取时间30、20和10min,料液比1:20、1:10和1:10,多酚粗提率为31.46%;然后调节粗提液pH至2.0,12000r?min-1离心10min,得上清液,上清液中多酚得率为93.59%;用去离子水将上清液稀释到2mg?mL-1,调pH值至2.0,作为上样液,再利用聚酰胺树脂对上样液中的多酚类化合物进行纯化.结果表明:在柱高与直径比22,上样液体积1.5BV,吸附平衡1h,洗脱液依次为少量去离子水和80%乙醇,洗脱液流速6mL?min-1条件下,多酚洗脱率达到97.20%;洗脱液经浓缩后,冷冻真空干燥得到纯度为92.80%的多酚类化合物,多酚提取率为18.06%.高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定多酚类化合物中表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)含量为49.82%.

云南腾冲上新统Litsea cf.chunii的角质层微细构造特征

在云南省腾冲县上新统芒棒组发现了保存较好的被子植物压型化石高山木姜子(相似种)Litseacf.chunii Cheng.该化石叶片呈窄椭圆形,基部楔形,顶端短尖,叶全缘,中脉直,二级脉羽状,与中脉夹角为30°～50°,近叶边缘微弯曲,羽状脉。进一步分析了化石叶片的角质层微细构造,利用叶结构结合表皮特征的分析方法提高了对化石植物分类鉴定的准确性。化石叶片的角质层特征主要表现为:上表皮无气孔器,表皮细胞多为四或五边形,排列呈规则的网格状,垂周壁直或微弯,平周壁光滑,毛基较少;下表皮细胞排列同上表皮,具平列型气孔器,其长轴无定向性,气孔器由下陷的保卫细胞和两个上拱的副卫细胞组成,具有单细胞毛基,根部由5～6个辐射状的细胞组成。同现生高山木姜子Litseachunii相比,化石叶片具有更小的毛基密度,推测毛基的增加是由于气候变冷所致。由此通过化石和现生叶片角质层的对比分析推断滇西地区上新世气候比现在温暖湿润。

山苍子(Litsea cubeba)可培养内生细菌的多样性

【目的】研究山苍子可培养内生细菌的多样性。【方法】利用添加植物组织浸提液的营养琼脂培养基分离山苍子根、茎、叶及果实中的可培养内生细菌,采用16SrDNA序列鉴定法对分离获得的山苍子可培养内生细菌进行鉴定。同一组织内,对16SrDNA序列及形态完全一样的菌株合并冗余,用Clustalx对分离得到的菌株16SrD-NA进行排序,构建Neighbor-Joining系统进化树,并计算Jaccard指数和多样性指数。【结果】共分离得到52株山苍子可培养内生细菌(根23株、茎8株、叶7株、果实14株),分属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)、Paenochrobactrum、普罗威登斯菌属(Providencia)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)和Ly-sinibacillus共7个属的16个种,其中芽孢杆菌属细菌40株,与Bacillus tequilensis、解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amylolique-faciens)、苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)3个种最接近的内生细菌占分离细菌株数的69.2%;根及果实中的可培养内生细菌数量及种属均最丰富,其多样性指数高于茎、叶;叶与果实可培养内生细菌的Jaccard指数最高,达0.56,其余均较低。【结论】山苍子可培养内生细菌在植株内部的分布既有种属特异性,又有器官相似性。

Vegetative propagation of Litsea monopetala, a wild tropical medicinal plant: Effects of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on stem cuttings

In this study we investigated the rooting ability and the growth performance of juvenile single-node leafy stem cuttings of Litsea monopetala （Roxb） Pers. collected from two mature mother trees preserved in the hill forest of Chittagong district, Bangladesh. The rooting ability of cuttings was studied under 0%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% indole-3-butyric acid （IBA） treatments. Significantly better rooting response （p ≤ 0.05） was observed with 0.1% IBA compared to control （0% IBA）. The mean number of roots and the length of the longest root of cuttings in different treatments showed no significant difference （p≤0.05）. After transfer into polythene bags from non-mist propagator, rooted cuttings treated with 0%, 0.1% and 0.2% IBA demonstrated the highest （100 ± 0.00%） survival capacity. The mean number of shoots developed in cuttings in the polythene bags in first three weeks varied significantly （p≤0.05） among the treatments. Effects of three fertilizer treatments, viz. T0 （no fertilizer）, T1 （10g Urea, 20g TSP, 10g MOP dissolved in 1 L water） and T2 （10g Urea, 20g TSP, 10g MOP dissolved in 2 L water） on initial growth ofstecklings were also measured over a 90-days period. The increment of leaf area of stecklings was significantly higher （p≤0.05） under T0 compared with that under T1 and T2 while the increment of stem length, collar diameter and root biomass varied insignificantly among different fertilizer treatments. The results suggest that rooting juvenile single-node leafy stem cuttings could be an effective mean of regenerating L. monopetala. The application of 0.1% IBA concentration is recommended for rooting of juvenile leafy stem cuttings and application of fertilizer appeared unnecessary for the subsequent growth of stecklings in polythene bags.

Chemistry of the Main Component of Essential Oil of <i>Litsea cubeba</i>and Its Derivatives

The tree of Litsea cubeba is widely spread in China, Indonesia and other part of Southeast Asia. The essential oil of Litsea cubeba (EOLC) is obtained by steam distillation from the pepper-like fruits tree Litsea cubeba. The EOLC consists of about 29 active compounds. Among them, citral is the main component;the content of citral is nearly 80% of the EOLC. Due to the special function group, citral is easy to react with many chemicals. Thus, EOLC is usually applied as starting material to carry out aldol condensation, reduction, and six-member ring forming reaction. The EOLC is extensively employed to synthesis of geranal nitriles, pseudonoe, ionone, methyl ionone, Vitamin E and Vitamin A. These products are broadly applied in the fields of fragrance, perfume, medicine and so on. This paper presents comprehensive utilization of EOLC as raw materials to synthesize many active chemicals.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Litsea elliptica Blume and Litsea resinosa Blume(Lauraceae)

Objective:To investigate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of two plant species,Litsea elliptica(L elliptica) and Litsea resinosa(L resinosa).Methods:In vitro method-2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay was conducted for antioxidant activity detennination while antimicrobial assay consisted of agar well diffusion assay and mycelial radial growth assay.Results:Methanol extracts of root and stem of L elliptica and L resinosa exhibited the highest antioxidant activity with EC_(50)of 23.99,41.69,11.22 and 33.48 mg/l.respectively.All methanol extracts of L resinosa as well as root extracts from L elliptica showed significant scavenging activity.Hexane extract from stem of L resinosa presented the largest inhibition zone in Gramnegative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli while chloroform extract from inner bark of L resinosa showed major inhibition towards Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis.Essential oils from the root of both species showed significant antifungal activities which are 80.11%and 66.85%respectively.Conclusions:Overall,methanol extracts from root and stem of both species showed antioxidant activity comparable to standard butylated hydroxytoluene.Extracts from L resinosa demonstrated stronger antimicrobial properties compared to that from L elliptica.

Ethnobotanical review and pharmacological properties of selected medicinal plants in Brunei Darussalam:Litsea elliptica,Dillenia suffruticosa,Dillenia excelsa,Aidia racemosa,Vitex pinnata and Senna alata

The aim of the current study is to review the medicinal properties of the plants found in Brunei Darussalam namely Litsea elliptica, Dillenia suffruticosa, Dillenia excelsa, Aidia racemosa, Vitex pinnata and Senna alata. The known phytochemical constituents of these plants and their ability to bring about a range of biological activities are included in this review. These plants have been used traditionally for a multitude of diseases and illnesses. There is a lot of untapped potential in these medicinal plants which could cure multiple diseases.

Study on Initial Explants Induction of Litsea cubeba

[ Objectlve] The aim of this study was to explore an explants induction method for L. cubeba. [ Method ] Different types of L. cubeba stem segments were collected at different time as explants materials for induction and culture. [ Result ] The results showed that sterilization with 0. 1% HgC12 for 10 min achieved better effects, with an explants contamination rate of dO. 0% and a mortality rate of 15.0% ; stem segments of the 2na -5th buds below the terminal bud were better explants materials for initial induction; the best sampling time was January, with an induction rate as high as 81.1%, while the contamination rate was only 11.7% ; modified MS ＋ 1.0 mg/L of 6-BA ＋ 0.2 mg/L of NAA was the optimal medium for explants induction of L. cubeba. [ Conclusion] Semi-lignified stem segments of L cubeba collected in January, sterilized with 0.1% HgCI2 for 10 min and cultured in modified MS ＋ 1.0 mg/L of 6-BA ＋ 0.2 mg/L of NAA a- chieved better induction effects on L. cubeba seedlings.

Composition of Essential Oils from <i>Litsea acutivena</i>Hayata

The chemical components of the leaf oil of Litsea acutivena Hayata collected from Pù Huong Natural Reserve, Nghe An Province, Vietnam, were identified by co-chromatography with authentic samples, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and linear retention indices. The significant compounds of L. acutivena were α-phellandrene (30.4%) and α-pinene (14.2%). The constituents of essential oil of L. acutivena from Vietnam are being reported for the first time.

Volatile oil from Litsea lancilimba Merr.: a review of its chemical structure and biological activity

Litsea lancilimba Merr.is a Cinnamomum plant of Lauraceae.Phytochemical investigations of the Litsea lancilimba Merr.have resulted in the isolation of Volatile oil,flavonoid glycosides,tannins,alkaloids,lignans,organic acids and so on.Studies have showed that volatile oil is the main chemical component.Recent trials have demonstrated the efficacy of Litsea lancilimba Merr.in strengthening the function of stomach.The fruits have also been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory and bacteriostatic activities.This review deals mainly with the chemical structure and biological activities of Litsea lancilimba Merr.oil.

Network pharmacology-based virtual screening of the active volatile oil ingredients of Litsea lancilimba Merr. and their potential targets for treating liver cancer

Liver cancer remains the dominant cause of cancer-related death, despite the advent of targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore novel chemotherapeutic agents and effective strategies against the cancer. There are a lot of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenoids in L. lancilimba. It has been reported that monoterpenes and sesquiterpenoids have certain anti-tumor effects. Literature investigation has also shown that Litsea lancilimba Merr. has antibacterial and antiviral effects. In this experiment, we used network pharmacology to screen the active compounds from L. lancilimba and their potential targets for treating liver cancer. Four active volatile oil ingredients and four potential targets have been identified. Our results provide the lead compound from L. lancilimba in the treatment of liver cancer.

Dietary Litsea cubeba essential oil supplementation improves growth performance and intestinal health of weaned piglets

This paper was to determine the effects of dietary Litsea cubeba essential oil(LEO)supplementation on growth performance,immune function,antioxidant level,intestinal morphology and microbial composition in weaned piglets.One hundred and ninety-two piglets(Duroc×[Large White×Landrace])with 6.85±0.22 kg mean body weight weaned at 21 d of age were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups with 8 replicates and were fed with a basal diet(CON)or CON diet containing 100(LLEO),200(MLEO)and 400(HLEO)mg/kg LEO.The results revealed that HLEO supplementation(P<0.05)increased the average daily gain on d 28 compared with CON.MLEO and HLEO supplementation decreased(P<0.05)feed conversion ratio.LEO-containing diets had a lower(P<0.05)diarrhea rate.Supple-mentation with HLEO increased(P<0.05)total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)both in the serum and liver.Meanwhile,the supplementation of MLEO and HLEO resulted in higher(P<0.05)glutathione peroxidase(GPx)activities both in serum and liver.Supplementation of HLEO increased(P<0.05)serum immu-noglobulin A,immunoglobulin G and interleukin-10,whereas supplementation with MLEO and HLEO decreased(P<0.05)tumor necrosis factor-α.Villus height in the duodenum or jejunum was increased(P<0.05)in the HLEO group,and the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum was also improved(P<0.05)in the MLEO group.The addition of LEO increased(P<0.05)the richness and diversity of the microbial community in the cecum,which mainly increased the relative abundance of Oscillospir-aceae_UCG-005,Faecalibacterium,Blautia and Coprococcus.Piglets supplemented with HLEO increased(P<0.05)the concentration of short chain fatty acids(SCFA),including acetic acid in the cecum and propionic acid in the colon.In conclusion,these findings indicated that LEO supplementation improved growth performance and intestinal health in weaned piglets.

山苍子种苗质量分级标准

为促进山苍子产业高质量和规范化发展,随机选取50株山苍子[Litsea cubeba(Lour.)Pers.]种苗进行调查,采用相关分析确定苗木分级指标,通过逐步聚类分析法进行修正,计算出山苍子种苗的苗木分级标准。结果表明,以基径和株高作为山苍子种苗的质量分级指标,并得出其分级标准。Ⅰ级种苗:基径≥8.75 mm,株高≥83.8 cm;Ⅱ级种苗:6.28 mm≤基径<8.75 mm,69.6 cm≤株高<83.8 cm;Ⅲ级种苗(不合格苗):基径<6.28 mm,株高<69.6 cm。所抽取的50株山苍子种苗中,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级种苗(合格苗)占28%,Ⅲ级种苗(不合格苗)占72%。

苦藠木姜子对发酵辣椒酱风味品质的影响

以二荆条辣椒、大蒜、食盐为主要原料制作的传统辣椒酱存在品种单一、无特征风味等问题,限制了其推广与应用。为赋予辣椒酱独特的风味,在传统辣椒酱制作过程中创新性地加入了苦藠和木姜子。通过对比实验,借助理化测试、感官评价以及GC-MS技术,探究了苦藠和木姜子在发酵过程中对辣椒酱总酸含量、pH值、挥发性成分等的影响。

山苍子嫁接愈合过程的组织解剖和生理特性

【目的】通过分析山苍子嫁接愈合过程中嫁接口的组织结构和生理特性变化过程,明确山苍子芽接愈合过程的机制,对山苍子良种嫁接苗木的生产具有重要的指导意义。【方法】以山苍子1年生实生苗为砧木,以采穗圃优树1年生枝为穗条,采用嵌芽接嫁接技术,于芽接后不同时期取嫁接结合部位组织进行解剖结构的显微镜观察和分析,并测定可溶性淀粉、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)等生理酶指标活性。【结果】山苍子嫁接愈合过程可分为4个时期:隔离层形成期(嫁接后0~5 d)、愈伤组织形成与连接期(嫁接后6~16 d)、形成层连接期(嫁接后17~25 d)和维管组织分化形成期(嫁接后26~35 d)。在嫁接后初期,嫁接口的砧木切口面先后出现隔离层和愈伤组织,嫁接后17~25 d,砧穗间形成愈伤组织桥,且形成层相互连接,构成形成层环带;嫁接后26~35 d嫁接口处分化出维管组织,且砧穗紧密连接。各生理指标变化存在显著差异,在嫁接后第15天,可溶性淀粉、可溶性蛋白、POD、CAT均上升到峰值水平,随后5 d,可溶性糖和SOD出现峰值,此时PPO活性显著降低。【结论】山苍子在嫁接后第35天基本完成愈合,且愈伤组织形成与连接末期、形成层连接初期(嫁接后第15~20天)是山苍子嫁接成活的关键时期。在隔离层形成期,3种抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)即时调控活性氧水平;在嫁接愈合后期(嫁接后30~35 d),POD、CAT与PAL共同参与砧穗切口部位愈伤组织形成与木质化过程。

木姜子精油对大豆油和桂圆汁贮藏品质的影响

研究木姜子精油对大豆油和桂圆汁贮藏品质的影响。通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析木姜子精油的挥发性成分;采用化学和生物分析法,评价木姜子精油的体外抗氧化和抗菌作用;利用大豆油和桂圆汁为食品模型,测定木姜子精油对食品的保鲜作用。结果表明,木姜子精油含有32种挥发性成分,占总量的94.57%,柠檬醛和柠檬烯是最主要的挥发性成分;精油具有良好的还原能力,可有效清除ABTS+和DPPH自由基;对大肠杆菌等食品腐败菌具有显著的抗菌作用;可有效抑制贮藏过程中食用大豆油过氧化值的增加和桂圆汁菌落总数的增大,对食品贮藏品质有良好的提升作用。