Resective surgery for liver tumor: a multivariate analysis of causes and risk factors linked to postoperative complications

BACKGROUND: In spite of accurate selection of patients eligible for resection, and although advances in surgical techniques and perioperative management have greatly contributed to reducing the rate of perioperative deaths, stress must be placed on reducing the postoperative complication rates reported to be still as high as 50%. This study was designed to analyze the causes and foreseeable risk factors linked to postoperative morbidity on the grounds of data derived from a single-center surgical population. METHODS: From September 1989 to March 2005, 287 consecutive patients, affected either with HCC or liver metastasis, had liver resection at our department. Among the HCC series we recorded 98 patients (73.2%) in Child- Pugh class A, 32 (23.8%) in class B and 4 in class C (3%). In 104 colorectal metastases, 71% were due to colon cancer, 25% rectal, 3% sigmoid, and 1% anorectal. In 49 non-colorectal metastases, 22.4% were derived from breast cancer, 63.2% gastrointestinal tumors (excluding colon) and 14.4% other cancers. We performed 80 wedge resections, 77 bisegmentectomies and/or left lobectomies, 74 segmentectomies, 22 major hepatectomies, 20 left hepatectomies, and 14 trisegmentectomies. RESULTS: The in-hospital mortality rate in this series was 4.5%, and the morbidity rate was 47.7%, because of pleural effusion (30%), hepatic abscess (25%), hepatic insufficiency (19%), ascites (10%), hemoperitoneum (10%), or biliary fistula (6%). The variables associated with the technical aspects of the surgical procedure thatwere responsible for the complications were: a Pringle maneuver length more than 20 minutes (P=0.001); the type of liver resection procedure, including major hepatectomy (P=0.02), left hepatectomy (P=0.04), trisegmentectomy (P=0.04), bisegmentectomy and/or left lobectomy (P=0,04); and a blood transfusion of more than 600 ml (P=0.04). CONCLUSION: The evaluation of causes and foreseeable risk factors linked to postoperative morbidity during the planning of surgical treatment should play the same role as other factors weighed in the selection of patients eligible for liver resection.

Plasma levels of tumor necrotic factor-alpha and interleukin-6, -8 during orthotopic liver transplantation and their relations to postoperative pulmonary complications

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary complications after orthoto- pic liver transplantation (OLT) include high morbidity and mortality. Experimental data have suggested hepatic ische- mia and reperfusion are induced by pro-inflammatory cyto- kines. The high level of inflammatory cytokines might ad- ditionally influence pulmonary cappillary fluid filtration. The objectives of this study were to measure the concentra- tions of tumor necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin- 6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) during OLT and to in- vestigate the relationship between these cytokines and post- operative pulmonary complications. METHODS: Twenty-two patients undergoing OLT were divided into two groups according to whether they had postoperative pulmonary complications: group A consis- ting of 8 patients with postoperative pulmonary complica- tions , and group B consisting of 14 patients without post- operative pulmonary complications. Enzyme-linked im- munoassay (ELISA) was used to determine serum TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8. Blood samples were taken at the beginning of operation (T0 ), clamping and cross-clamping of the in- ferior cava and portal vein (T1, T2 ), 90 minutes and 3 hours after reperfusion (T3 , T4 ) and 24 hours after opera- tion (T5). RESULTS: The level of PaO2/FiO2 in group A was lower than that in group B ( P <0. 05 ). The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in the two groups increased rapidly at T2 , peaked at T3 , decreased rapidly after T3 until 24 hours after operation. The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in group A were higher than those in group B at T2, T3, and T4(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: After un-clamping of the inferior cava and portal vein, the serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 increased may be related to pulmonary injury after he- patic ischemic reperfusion.

Postoperative complications in patients with portal vein thrombosis after liver transplantation:Evaluation with Doppler ultrasonography

AIM: To study the postoperative complications in patients with preoperative portal vein thrombosis (PVT) undergoing liver transplantation (LT) and to evaluate the complications with Doppler ultrasonography. METHODS: Retrospective studies were performed on 284 patients undergoing LT (286 LT) with respect to pre-and postoperative clinical data and Doppler ultrasonography. According to the presence and grade of preoperative PVT, 286 LTs were divided into three groups: complete PVT (c-PVT), partial PVT (p-PVT) and non-PVT, with 22, 30 and 234 LTs, respectively. Analyses were carried out to compare the incidence of early postoperative complications. RESULTS: PVT, inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis, hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) and biliary complications were found postoperatively. All complications were detected by routine Doppler ultrasonography and diagnoses made by ultrasound were confirmed by clinical data or/and other imaging studies. Nine out of 286 LTs had postoperative PVT. The incidence of the c-PVT group was 22.7%, which was higher than that of the p-PVT group (3.3%, P < 0.05) and non-PVT group (1.3%, P < 0.005). No difference was found between the p-PVT and non-PVT groups (P > 0.25). Of the 9 cases with postoperative PVT, recanalizations were achieved in 7 cases after anticoagulation under the guidance of ultrasound, 1 case received portal vein thrombectomy and 1 case died of acute injection. Ten LTs had postoperative IVC thrombosis. The c-PVT group had a higher incidence of IVC thrombosis than the non-PVT group (9.1% vs 2.6%, P < 0.05); no significant difference was found between either the c-PVT and p-PVT groups (9.1% vs 6.7%, P > 0.5) or between the p-PVT and non-PVT groups (P > 0.25). Nine cases with IVC thrombosis were cured by anticoagulation under the guidance of ultrasound, and 1 case gained natural cure without any medical treatment after 2 mo. HAT was found in 2 non-PVT cases, giving a rate of 0.7% among 286 LTs. Biliary complications were seen in 12 LTs. The incidence of biliary complications in the c-PVT, p-PVT and non-PVT groups was 9.1%, 3.3% and 4.3%, respectively (P > 0.25 for all), among which 2 stenosis led retransplantations and others were controlled by relative therapy. CONCLUSION: C-PVT patients tend to have a higher incidence of PVT and IVC thrombosis than non-PVT patients after LT. The incidence of postoperative complications in p-PVT patients does not differ from that of non-PVT patients. A relatively low incidence of HAT was seen in our study. Doppler ultrasonography is a convenient and efficient method for detecting posttransplant complications and plays an important role in guiding treatment.

CEUS: A new imaging approach for postoperative vascular complications after right-lobe LDLT

AIM: To investigate contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for early diagnosis of postoperative vascular complications after right-lobe living donor liver transplantation (RLDLT). METHODS: The ultrasonography results of 172 patients who underwent RLDLT in West China Hospital, Sichuan University from January 2005 to June 2008 were analyzed retrospectively. Among these 172 patients, 16 patients' hepatic artery flow and two patients' portal vein flow was not observed by Doppler ultrasound, and 10 patients' bridging vein flow was not shown by Doppler ultrasound and there was a regional inhomogeneous echo in the liver parenchyma upon 2D ultrasound. Thus, CEUS examination was performed in these 28 patients. RESULTS: Among the 16 patients without hepatic artery flow at Doppler ultrasound, CEUS showed nine cases of slender hepatic artery, six of hepatic arterial thrombosis that was confirmed by digital subtraction angiography and/or surgery, and one of hepatic arterial occlusion with formation of lateral branches. Among the two patients without portal vein flow at Doppler ultrasound, CEUS showed one case of hematoma compression and one of portal vein thrombosis,and both were confirmed by surgery. Among the 10 patients without bridging vein flow and with liver parenchyma inhomogeneous echo, CEUS showed regionally poor perfusion in the inhomogeneous area, two of which were confirmed by enhanced computed tomography (CT), but no more additional information about bridging vein flow was provided by enhanced CT. CONCLUSION: CEUS may be a new approach for early diagnosis of postoperative vascular complications after RLDLT, and it can be performed at the bedside.

Early respiratory complications after liver transplantation

The poor clinical conditions associated with end-stage cirrhosis,pre-existing pulmonary abnormalities,and high comorbidity rates in patients with high Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores are all well-recognized factors that increase the risk of pulmonary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation(OLT)surgery.Many intraoperative and postoperative events,such as fluid overload,massive transfusion of blood products,hemodynamic instability,unexpected coagulation abnormalities,renal dysfunction,and serious adverse effects of reperfusion syndrome,are other factors that predispose an individual to postoperative respiratory disorders.Despite advances in surgical techniques and anesthesiological management,the lung may still suffer throughout the perioperative period from various types of injury and ventilatory impairment,with different clinical outcomes.Pulmonary complications after OLT can be classified as infectious or non-infectious.Pleural effusion,atelectasis,pulmonary edema,respiratory distress syndrome,and pneumonia may contribute considerably to early morbidity and mortality in liver transplant patients.It is of paramount importance to accurately identify lung disorders because infectious pulmonary complications warrant speedy and aggressive treatment to prevent diffuse lung injury and the risk of evolution into multisystem organ failure.This review discusses the most common perioperative factors that predispose an individual to postoperative pulmonary complications and these complications’early clinical manifestations after OLT and influence on patient outcome.

Perioperative thrombotic complications in liver transplantation

Although the perioperative bleeding complications and the major side effects of blood transfusion have always been the primary concern in liver transplantation(OLT),the possible cohesion of an underestimated intrinsic hypercoagulative state during and after the transplant procedure may pose a major threat to both patient and graft survival.Thromboembolism during OLT is characterized not only by a complex aetiology,but also by unpredictable onset and evolution of the disease.The initiation of a procoagulant process may be triggered by various factors,such as inflammation,venous stasis,ischemia-reperfusion injury,vascular clamping,anatomical and technical abnormalities,genetic factors,deficiency of profibrinolytic activity,and platelet activation.The involvement of the arterial system,intracardiac thrombosis,pulmonary emboli,portal vein thrombosis,and deep vein thrombosis,are among the most serious thrombotic events in the perioperative period.The rapid detection of occlusive vascular events is of paramount importance as it heavily influences the prognosis,particularly when these events occur intraoperatively or early after OLT.Regardless of the lack of studies and guidelines on anticoagulant prophylaxis in this setting,many institutions recommend such an approach especially in the subset of patients at high risk.However,the decision of when,how and in what doses to use the various chemical anticoagulants is still a difficult task,since there is no common consensus,even for highrisk cases.The risk of postoperative thromboembolism causing severe hemodynamic events,or even loss of graft function,must be weighed and compared with the risk of an important bleeding.In this article we briefly review the risk factors and the possible predictors of major thrombotic complications occurringin the perioperative period,as well as their incidence and clinical features.Moreover,the indications to pharmacological prophylaxis and the current treatment strategies are also summarized.

Doppler ultrasonography in living donor liver transplantation recipients: Intra- and post-operative vascular complications

Living-donor liver transplantation has provided a solution to the severe lack of cadaver grafts for the replacement of liver afflicted with end-stage cirrhosis, fulminant disease, or inborn errors of metabolism. Vascular complications remain the most serious complications and a common cause for graft failure after hepatic transplantation. Doppler ultrasound remains the primary radiological imaging modality for the diagnosis of such complications. This article presents a brief review of intra- and post-operative living donor liver transplantation anatomy and a synopsis of the role of ultrasonography and color Doppler in evaluating the graft vascular haemodynamics both during surgery and post-operatively in accurately defining the early vascular complications. Intra-operative ultrasonography of the liver graft provides the surgeon with useful real-time diagnostic and staging information that may result in an alteration in the planned surgical approach and corrections of surgical complications during the procedure of vascular anastomoses. The relevant intraoperative anatomy and the spectrum of normal and abnormal findings are described. Ultrasonography and color Doppler also provides the clinicians and surgeons early post-operative potential developmental complications that may occur during hospital stay. Early detection and thus early problem solving can make the difference between graft survival and failure.

Hemodynamic Changes on Color Doppler Flow Imaging and Intravenous Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound for Assessing Transplanted Liver and Early Diagnosis of Complications

The value of color Doppler flow imaging （CDFI） and intravenous contrast-enhanced ultrasound （CEUS） for assessing the transplanted liver and early diagnosing complications by examining hemodynamic changes was discussed. Seventy-five patients with orthotopic liver transplantation （OLT） underwent CDFI. The following parameters were measured： peak systolic velocity （PS）, resistance index （RI） and Doppler perfusion index （DPI） of the hepatic artery （HA）, time average velocity （TAV） of portal vein （PV） and velocity of hepatic vein （HV） in different stages postoperation, And 11 patients of them received CEUS. Thirty healthy subjects were enrolled as controls, The results showed that： （1） In 23 patients without obvious complications, TAV of PV within 15 days post-operation was significantly higher than in controls （P〈0.05）, PS and DPI of HA within 7 days postoperation were lower, but RI was higher than in controls （P〈0.05）; （2） When the hepatic artery thrombosis （HAT） occurred, PS and DPI of HA were obviously decreased, but TAV of PV significantly increased like a high saw-tooth wave; （3） While rejection occurred, both TAV of PV and PS of HA were decreased with the increase in RI of HA, and the triphasic wave of HV disappeared and displayed as saw-tooth wave; （4） The incidence of biliary complications in liver transplantation was increased when DPI was reduced; （5） Seven cases of hepatic carcinoma relapse after OLT demonstrated hyperecho in the arterial phase and hypoecho in the portal and later phase on CEUS; （6） In 2 cases of HA thrombus, there was no visualized enhancement in arterial phase of CEUS, but enhancement during the portal vein and parenchymal phase. It was concluded that the hemodynamic changes of PV, HA and HV in the transplanted liver are valuable for assessing the transplanted liver and early diagnosing complications on CDFI and CEUS.

Influence of donor age on liver transplantation outcomes: A multivariate analysis and comparative study

BACKGROUND The growing disparity between the rising demand for liver transplantation(LT)and the limited availability of donor organs has prompted a greater reliance on older liver grafts.Traditionally,utilizing livers from elderly donors has been associated with outcomes inferior to those achieved with grafts from younger donors.By accounting for additional risk factors,we hypothesize that the utili-zation of older liver grafts has a relatively minor impact on both patient survival and graft viability.AIM To evaluate the impact of donor age on LT outcomes using multivariate analysis and comparing young and elderly donor groups.METHODS In the period from April 2013 to December 2018,656 adult liver transplants were performed at the University Hospital Merkur.Several multivariate Cox propor-tional hazards models were developed to independently assess the significance of donor age.Donor age was treated as a continuous variable.The approach involved univariate and multivariate analysis,including variable selection and assessment of interactions and transformations.Additionally,to exemplify the similarity of using young and old donor liver grafts,the group of 87 recipients of elderly donor liver grafts(≥75 years)was compared to a group of 124 recipients of young liver grafts(≤45 years)from the dataset.Survival rates of the two groups were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test was used to test the differences between groups.RESULTS Using multivariate Cox analysis,we found no statistical significance in the role of donor age within the constructed models.Even when retained during the entire model development,the donor age's impact on survival remained insignificant and transformations and interactions yielded no substantial effects on survival.Consistent insigni-ficance and low coefficient values suggest that donor age does not impact patient survival in our dataset.Notably,there was no statistical evidence that the five developed models did not adhere to the proportional hazards assumption.When comparing donor age groups,transplantation using elderly grafts showed similar early graft function,similar graft(P=0.92),and patient survival rates(P=0.86),and no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative complications.CONCLUSION Our center's experience indicates that donor age does not play a significant role in patient survival,with elderly livers performing comparably to younger grafts when accounting for other risk factors.

Improving the radiological diagnosis of hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation: Current approaches and future challenges

Hepatic artery thrombosis(HAT)is a devastating vascular complication following liver transplantation,requiring prompt diagnosis and rapid revascularization treatment to prevent graft loss.At present,imaging modalities such as ultrasound,computed tomography,and magnetic resonance play crucial roles in diagnosing HAT.Although imaging techniques have improved sensitivity and specificity for HAT diagnosis,they have limitations that hinder the timely diagnosis of this complication.In this sense,the emergence of artificial intelligence(AI)presents a transformative opportunity to address these diagnostic limitations.The development of machine learning algorithms and deep neural networks has demonstrated the potential to enhance the precision diagnosis of liver transplant complications,enabling quicker and more accurate detection of HAT.This article examines the current landscape of imaging diagnostic techniques for HAT and explores the emerging role of AI in addressing future challenges in the diagnosis of HAT after liver transplant.

The significance of severe postoperative complications on liver regeneration

The liver is an extraordinary organ known for its remarkable regenerative capacity(1).This regenerative ability lays the foundation for various therapeutic approaches,such as partial hepatectomy(PHx),split-liver transplantation,live-donor liver transplantation,and associated liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy(ALPPS).

Prognostic criteria for postoperative mortality in 170 patients undergoing major right hepatectomy

BACKGROUND: Postoperative hepatic failure is a dreadful complication after major hepatectomy and carries high morbidity and mortality rates. In this study, we assessed the accuracy of the 50/50 criteria (bilirubin >2.9 mg/dL and international normalized ratio >1.7 on postoperative day 5) and the Mullen criteria (bilirubin peak >7 mg/dL on postoperative days 1-7) in predicting death from hepatic failure in patients undergoing right hepatectomy only. In addition, we identified prognostic factors linked to intra-hospital morbidity and mortality in these patients. METHODS: One hundred seventy consecutive patients underwent major right hepatectomy at a tertiary medical center from 2000 to 2008. Nineteen (11.2%) patients suffered from liver cirrhosis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of intra-hospital mortality, morbidity and death from hepatic failure. RESULTS: The intra-hospital mortality was 6.5% (11/170). Of the six patients who died from hepatic failure, one was positive for the 50/50 criteria, but all six patients were positive for the Mullen criteria. Multivariate analysis showed that male gender, hepatitis C (HCV), hepatocellular carcinoma, postoperative bilirubin >7 mg/dL and ALT<188 U/L on postoperative day 1 were predictive of death from hepatic failure in the postoperative period. Age >65 years, HCV, reoperation, andrenal failure were significant predictors of overall intra-hospital mortality on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The Mullen criteria were more accurate than the 50/50 criteria in predicting death from hepatic failure in patients undergoing right hepatectomy. A bilirubin peak >7 mg/dL in the postoperative period, HCV positivity, hepatocellular carcinoma, and an ALT level <188 U/L on postoperative day 1 were associated with death from hepatic failure in our patient population.

Gastric Volvulus Complicates the Hepatectomy for Living Donor Liver Transplantation

Donor safety is the major concern in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), and a constant aware of postoperative morbidity should be emphasized. Between March 2002 and May 2011 we performed 435 liver transplantations at an our center, one hundred forty eight with living donors. Among them left lobectomy or left lateral resections were conducted in 68 cases. Symptoms of gastric obstruction were recognized in 3 out of 68 patients that underwent left lateral resection (4.4%). The patients were readmitted because of severe symptoms of vomiting and abdominal pain. An upper endoscopy was performed and revealed pyloroantral obstruction due to gastric volvulus (GV). Endoscopic therapy correction was successfully performed in all patients. Reviewing the literature, one article has reported GV in 13 out of 115 donors (11.3%), all patients were submitted to a left resection. The mechanisms underlying this complication, in LDLT scenario, have not been fully elucidated. Nevertheless, clinicians should be aware of this possible association, which could make the diagnosis of GV more likely if a living donor comes back with typical symptoms.

驱动压导向呼气末正压通气对原位肝移植患者术中氧合和术后并发症的影响

目的评价驱动压导向呼气末正压(PEEP)通气对原位肝移植术(OLT)患者术中氧合和术后并发症的影响。方法选择2020年1月至2023年9月行OLT患者118例,男89例,女29例,年龄18~70岁,BMI<28 kg/m^(2),ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组:驱动压组(D组)和固定PEEP组(P组),每组59例。两组全麻期间均采用容量控制通气,I∶E 1∶2,V_(T)6 ml/kg(理想体重),RR 10~15次/分。D组在机械通气5 min后开始PEEP滴定试验,将PEEP从2 cmH_(2)O逐渐递增到10 cmH_(2)O,选择能产生最低驱动压的PEEP,维持该PEEP直至手术结束。P组术中维持PEEP 5 cmH_(2)O。记录术中出入量、血管活性药物使用情况。记录插管后5 min(T_(1))、无肝期(T_(2))、新肝期(T_(3))、手术结束即刻(T_(4))的HR、SBP、DBP、气道峰压(Ppeak)、气道平台压(Pplat)、PEEP、血气分析结果,并计算驱动压、动态肺顺应性(Cdyn)、氧合指数(OI)、死腔率(V_(D)/V_(T))。记录术后7 d内术后肺部并发症(PPCs)的发生情况。结果与P组比较,D组晶体液输注量明显增加,去甲肾上腺素、去氧肾上腺素及肾上腺素使用率明显升高(P<0.05)。与T_(2)时比较,两组T_(1)、T_(3)、T_(4)时HR明显减慢,SBP、DBP明显升高(P<0.05)。与T_(1)时比较,两组T_(2)—T_(4)时Ppeak、Pplat、驱动压、OI明显升高,T_(3)、T_(4)时Cdyn明显降低(P<0.05)。与P组比较,D组术后7 d内PPCs发生率明显降低(P<0.05)。两组其余指标差异无统计学意义。结论驱动压导向PEEP通气可改善原位肝移植患者术中氧合,降低PPCs发生率,但术中血管活性药物的使用率升高。

人文关怀护理模式联合程序护理在肝癌患者中的应用

目的:探讨人文关怀护理模式联合程序护理在肝癌患者中的应用效果。方法:选取2021年1月1日~12月31日肝胆胰脾外科收治的80例肝癌患者,随机分为对照组和干预组各40例,对照组给予常规护理干预,干预组在对照组基础上采用人文关怀护理模式联合程序护理,两组均开展为期1个月的干预。比较两组心理状态[采用汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA)]、并发症、生活质量[采用生活质量量表(QOL)评分]。结果:干预后,两组HAMD、HAMA评分均低于干预前(P<0.01),且干预组低于对照组(P<0.01);干预组术后并发症总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05);干预后,干预组QOL各项目评分均高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:人文关怀护理模式联合程序护理不仅能有效改善肝癌患者术后心理状态,还可降低术后并发症发生率,提高自我管理能力。

床旁彩色及脉冲多普勒(双功能)超声评估原位肝移植术后并发症

目的观察床旁彩色及脉冲多普勒(双功能)超声评估原位肝移植(OLT)术后并发症的价值。方法回顾性分析65例接受OLT患者术后第1、3、7天床旁腹部双功能超声检查资料,评估肝脏实质回声及肝固有动脉及门静脉等血流束,测量门静脉峰值流速(PVPV)、肝动脉主干收缩期血流峰值流速(PSV)及血流阻力指数(RI)。根据腹部CT增强、CT血管成像(CTA)、超声造影(CEUS)、临床干预(包括增强免疫抑制剂和二次移植手术)或病理结果,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算曲线下面积(AUC),评估以OLT后第7天内超声所测PSV(PSV_(第7天))及RI(RI_(第7天))判断有无并发症的效能。结果65例OLT后第1、3及7天,PVPV分别为71.00(45.50,96.50)、57.50(42.00,71.00)及50.00(33.00,66.00)cm/s,RI分别为0.68±0.16、0.69±0.17、0.66±0.13,各时间点间PVPV及RI差异均无统计学意义(H=5.475、P=0.065,F=0.964、P=0.501);PSV分别为63.00(44.50,89.00)、47.00(31.50,64.50)及50.00(38.25,64.75)cm/s,各时间点差异有统计学意义(H=7.313,P=0.026)。65例中,PSV正常46例、偏低(PSV<25 cm/s)1例、偏高(PSV>100 cm/s)18例;RI正常18例、偏低(RI<0.5)11例、偏高(RI>0.7)36例。36例出现OLT后并发症。以PSV_(第7天)诊断OLT后并发症的AUC为0.561,RI_(第7天)为0.699,PSV_(第7天)联合RI_(第7天)为0.732,与单独RI_(第7天)差异无统计学意义(Z=0.290,P>0.05)。结论利用床旁双功能超声监测移植肝动脉主干血流信号及RI可有效评估OLT后并发症。

陈永灿从肝脾论治肛肠病术后并发症临证经验

[目的]总结陈永灿主任从肝脾论治肛肠病术后并发症的临证经验。[方法]通过随诊抄方,收集临床医案,查阅中医典籍和现代肛肠病术后并发症相关的研究文献,分析肝脾与肛肠的关系,提出本病的关键病机和主要治法,阐述陈主任从肝脾论治肛肠病术后并发症的临床经验,并附医案三则以供佐证。[结果]陈主任认为,肛肠病术后并发症与肝脾失调密切相关,病位在肛肠,而责于肝脾。肛肠与肝脾的关系体现于生理相通、功能相系、五行相关三个方面,肛肠病的关键病机为肝脾不和、气机失调,治疗主张从肝脾入手,以升、清、养三法调和肝脾、燮理气机,促进术后肛肠功能恢复。所举医案为升脾疏肝治混合痔术后便秘、清肝运脾治肛瘘术后腹胀和滋脾柔肝治直肠癌术后泄泻,均获较好疗效。[结论]陈主任从肝脾论治肛肠病术后并发症,经验丰富,切合实用,值得推广。

肝肾联合移植临床诊疗指南

肝肾联合移植相继应用于各大移植中心,使许多终末期肝、肾衰竭患者重获新生。然而肝肾联合移植术的临床诊疗及长期生存预后仍存在较多需要解决的问题。本指南参考《肝肾联合移植技术操作规范(2019版)》和国内外已发表的最新文献和指南,制定了《肝肾联合移植临床诊疗指南》。就肝肾联合移植的手术指征和禁忌证、术前准备和评估、在终末期肝病和肾病中移植的时机、手术方法的选择以及术后随访、联合移植受者的独特病理生理学、外科技术、并发症管理和免疫抑制治疗的选择等临床问题提出推荐意见,以提高移植物利用率,改善肝肾联合移植受者的生存预后。

经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术治疗儿童肝移植术后孤立性双胆肠吻合口狭窄

目的观察经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术(PTCD)治疗儿童肝移植术后孤立性双胆肠吻合口狭窄(BAS)的有效性及安全性。方法回顾性分析31例于第2、3段胆管胆肠吻合口放置引流管以长期支撑的肝左叶外侧段移植术后BAS患儿,予以PTCD治疗,记录治疗后并发症、拔管成功率、治疗后血清总胆红素及是否接受二次肝移植。结果对31例均成功完成PTCD。1例PTCD后苏醒延迟,考虑为麻醉相关并发症,经对症治疗后好转。未见出血、感染及胆瘘等PTCD相关并发症。PTCD前血清总胆红素(64.09±24.40)μmol/L,治疗后首次复查血清总胆红素均正常、平均(19.98±3.99)μmol/L。对27例顺利拔除胆管引流管,成功率为87.10%(27/31),平均带管时间(7.0±3.7)个月;其余4例中,2例因间断发热仍需继续观察,2例因PTCD中发现部分胆管胆肠吻合口严重梗阻而拔除非梗阻段引流管并保留梗阻段引流管。31例均未接受二次肝移植术。结论PTCD治疗儿童肝移植术后BAS有效且安全。

全内脏反位肝移植的研究进展

全内脏反位(SIT)是一种非常罕见的先天性疾病,在人群中发病率极低,不患病的SIT人群与普通人没有差别。但是当此类人群患病时,由于缺少对此类人群的认识,导致在对SIT人群进行诊断及治疗非常困难,尤其是SIT人群合并终末期肝病需要进行肝移植手术时,无论是SIT人群作为肝移植的供者或受者,对于外科医师而言都是巨大的挑战。本文通过查阅国内外近些年发表的SIT肝移植相关个案报道,对SIT肝移植在国内外的发展历程,SIT肝移植的关键步骤、预后及术后并发症等进行综述。