漫谈lobby

lobby 的本意是“剧院、旅馆等场所的门厅、休息室,(美英等国家)议院或国会供休息用的走廊”。例如:I will wait for you in the hotel lobby.我将在旅馆的门厅里等你。该词成为政治用语源于19世纪的伦敦。当时代表特殊利益集团的拥护者在下议院的走廊(lobbies)

Lobby. Is It a Type of Co-operation or Corruption?

Lobbying in our days has significant decision-influencing power in many parts of the world.Huge amounts of money are used in connection with it.After a brief conceptual clarification and the introduction of the historical background,I give a summary about the methods and the dangers that arise in practice in many cases,including the difficulties in defining the demarcation between lobbying and corruption,as boundary is often not easily recognizable between the two concepts.

Challenges of Business in Poland in Old and New EU Policy Fields： Analytical Approach

The aim of the article is to analyze the challenges of developing business in Poland in old and new EU policy fields For the last two decades, Polish policy of business operations has been implemented at a national level largely on the basis of the aims pursued by the European Union, which influence the modernization of the state in regards to economic progress, infrastructure development and technological advancement. Such provisions were included, for instance, in the new and last cohesion policy prospect for the period of 2014-2020. One of the goals of this article is to present a model of functioning and development of business in Poland, taking into account the strategies of the European Union in the period 2014-2020. In this article I made attempts to answer the following questions： What is the level of impact exerted upon Polish business by new policies introduced by the EU？ Is the introduction of new EU policies significant for the development of business in Poland？ Or does it cause its partial destruction that impedes the development of companies, especially small- and medium-sized enterprises, which significantly contribute to the increase and development of GDP in Poland and in most member states of the EU？ Is the functioning of business in Poland dependent on new EU policies and new legal regulations introduced by decision-makers at the national level？

Representation of Polish Business Groups in the Institutional System of the European Union

This article is an attempt to present and explain the role played by the Polish business groups in the institutional system of the European Union （EU）.This article presents the forms of representing the interests of Polish business groups in the institutional system of the European Union.

Business Groups and the Europe 2020 Strategy： Problem Analysis

The aim of the article is to analyze the impact of interest groups on the Europe 2020 Strategy. One of the basic assumptions of the author is to present its analysis of the public consultation on the Europe 2020 strategy and its impact on the development of the European Union. The European Union needs to stimulate the economic integration of its particular Member States and the assumed postulates will strengthen its global position. The goal is to create a strong economy, based on modem technologies and knowledge, which would be able to compete with the healthiest economies in the world. The main intention of the author of this article is to find answers to the foUowing research questions： Did the interest groups have or do they still have any considerable influence on the strategies implemented in the European Union？ To what extent do they contribute to the process of reforming the Europe 2020 strategy through consultations within the framework of the European Union？ Are their lobbying activities efficient enough to allow for the perception of interest groups as significant players, capable of influencing the course of consultations on the Europe 2020 strategy？ What kind of external factors make it possible for the interest groups to influence the consultations？ To what extent are business groups capable of influencing particular institutions in the course of consultations on the Europe 2020 strategy？ What does their activation in relation to these institutions depend on？

The Effects of Greenhouse Gases Regulation on Wages and Rents: Policy Issues and General Equilibrium Analysis

The stringency of environmental policy is likely to change the gains of economic agents. Using a general equilibrium model and an assumption that capital-intensive industries tend to be intensive emitters of greenhouse gases (GHG), we find that a stricter GHG emission scheme will reduce the rent for capital owners but increase the wage for workers. This effect could motivate capital owners or workers to oppose or support a stricter GHG policy. The paper also empirically assesses the model’s key assumption by using production input (capital stock and labor), output, and GHG emission data from U.S industrial sectors. The regression result supports a strong positive relationship between the capital-labor ratio and the pollution-output ratio. Therefore, the theoretical analysis is relevant to the actual economy.

Globalization and Chinese Education in the Early 20th Century

With China’s growing significance in the global economy ever more evident,studies in recent years have highlighted multiple aspects of China’s“Globalization”(or global connections)that predate the contemporary period.This article focuses on educational reform in the late Qing and early Republic as a way of illuminating a significant aspect of China’s Globalization during this period.In particular,the article highlights the role of an emerging Chinese educational“lobby”that was involved in administration,teaching,and textbook compilation;furthermore,this lobby pioneered the introduction of new ideas,concepts,and innovative practice from abroad in the specialized journals on education-the first of their kind in China-which they edited and contributed to.More significantly,contributors to these journals engaged with and discussed educational issues and problems that were simultaneously being debated in the West.In the process Chinese educators and officials were able to draw upon,either to valorize or critique,a wide spectrum of contemporary foreign educational debate and practice in their prognosis of domestic education and its future.The picture that emerges of Chinese education during this period is one in which Chinese educators perceived themselves very much as active participants in a global educational community.

A model of optimising political expenditures to buy government power

This research develops a model of optimal political expenditures and shows how money inevitably controls government leaders,subject only to a single constraint relating to negative public reaction.The paper demonstrates theoretically why many businesses do not make such investments despite abnormally high returns from the expended political capital.In particular,firms with less economic resources optimally recognise that they can successfully participate in the political process only in consortium with the dominant players of mutual interests to influence broader government policies.The largest corporations are therefore able to buy government power with a minimal political outlay.