The Local Atmosphere and the Turbulent Heat Transfer in the Eastern Himalayas

To understand the local atmosphere and heat transfer and to facilitate the boundary-layer parameterization of numerical simulation and prediction, an observational campaign was conducted in the Eastern Himalayas in June 2010. The local atmospheric properties and near-surface turbulent heat transfers were analyzed. The local atmosphere in this region is warmer, more humid and less windy, with weaker solar ra- diation and surface radiate heating than in the Middle Himalayas. The near-surface turbulent heat transfer in the Eastern Himalayas is weaker than that in the Middle Himalayas. The total heat transfer is mainly contributed by the latent heat transfer with a Bowen ratio of 0.36, which is essentially different from that in the Middle Himalayas and the other Tibetan regions.

Differentiation of Material Temperature through the Application of Increased Localized Dissolution via Heat Transfer

Increased temperature of a solution increases its solubility, allowing for a greater level of dissolution of the solute. A greater level of dissolution will result in a change in the density of the solution. When a localized area of the solution is of a different temperature, this will affect the localized density. Density is one of the factors affecting rate of sinking and the difference in temperature will lead to a change in the rate of sinking. Thus, when an object is at different temperatures, it will transfer heat to or from the solution in different manners and the rate of sinking will be different. This study tested whether sinking rate in a solution with excess solute could be used to judge the temperature of an object and the effect was confirmed with impure Graphite blocks in a Potassium Iodide solution.

Local Stability of Curzon-Ahlborn Cycle with Non-Linear Heat Transfer for Maximum Power Output Regime

The study of local stability of thermal engines modeled as an endoreversible Curzon and Ahlborn cycle is shown. It is assumed a non-linear heat transfer for heat fluxes in the system (engine + environments). A semisum of two expressions of the efficiency found in the literature of finite time thermodynamics for the maximum power output regime is considered in order to make the analysis. Expression of variables for local stability and power output is found even graphic results for important parameters in the analysis of stability, and a phase plane portrait is shown.

Radiation heat transfer model for complex superalloy turbine blade in directional solidification process based on finite element method

For the sake of a more accurate shell boundary and calculation of radiation heat transfer in the Directional Solidification(DS) process, a radiation heat transfer model based on the Finite Element Method(FEM)is developed in this study. Key technologies, such as distinguishing boundaries automatically, local matrix and lumped heat capacity matrix, are also stated. In order to analyze the effect of withdrawing rate on DS process,the solidification processes of a complex superalloy turbine blade in the High Rate Solidification(HRS) process with different withdrawing rates are simulated; and by comparing the simulation results, it is found that the most suitable withdrawing rate is determined to be 5.0 mm·min^(-1). Finally, the accuracy and reliability of the radiation heat transfer model are verified, because of the accordance of simulation results with practical process.

Flow and heat transfer over hyperbolic stretching sheets

The boundary layer flow and heat transfer analysis of an incompressible viscous fluid for a hyperbolically stretching sheet is presented. The analytical and numer- ical results are obtained by a series expansion method and a local non-similarity （LNS） method, respectively. The analytical and numerical results for the skin friction and the Nusselt number are calculated and compared with each other. The significant observation is that the momentum and the thermal boundary layer thickness decrease as the distance from the leading edge increases. The well-known solution of linear stretching is found as the leading order solution for the hyperbolic stretching.

Heat Transfer and Energy Utilization of Waste Heat Recovery Device with Different Internal Component

Steel industry is high energy-consuming industry, and its waste?heat recovery is critically?important for energy utilization. In this study, pipeline bundle is used to enhance heat transfer in?waste?heat recovery device,?and?associated gas-solid heat transfer and energy utilization performance with different pipeline arrangement, pipe diameter and shape of internal component are further analyzed. The temperatures of gas and particle in device with pipeline bundle periodically fluctuate in horizontal direction, and those in staggered system distribute more uniformly than those in paralleled system. Compared with paralleled device, exergy and waste heat utilization efficiency of staggered device have been improved, and they are both higher than?those without pipeline. As pipe diameter increases, exergy and waste heat utilization efficiency first increases and then decreases, and they reach the maxima with optimal pipe diameter.?As the width of internal component keeps constant, influence of its shape on heat transfer is very little.

油浸式变压器的全域热网络模型

热点温度是衡量变压器绝缘性能和安全裕度的重要指标,对其进行快速准确计算具有重要的意义。对油浸式变压器内部的产热和传热机理进行了分析,得到自然对流边界层中速度和温度分布与流体普朗特数Pr的关系,考虑到局部自然对流换热系数的沿程变化以及不同区域传热特性的差异,对油浸式变压器进行了分区分层处理。基于热电类比法定义了多种热阻类型,构建了油浸式变压器的全域热网络模型;通过有限元仿真对比了热网络模型的计算结果。二者所得绕组温度变化趋势相同,热点温度相差约1.9%,热点位置相差约7.7%。相比于有限元仿真,热网络模型在求解时间和效率上更有优势,能够实现油浸式变压器运行状态的在线监测、实时分析和动态评估。

多孔介质传热模型在多孔壁湍流中的适用性

为了考查不同的多孔介质传热模型在不同工况下的适用性,对带有高孔隙率多孔介质壁面槽道湍流及其传热进行了直接数值模拟研究。在多孔介质层外流体区域,通过有限差分方法求解不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程和温度对流扩散方程;在多孔介质层内,使用修正的Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer模型描述高孔隙率多孔介质阻力,以及分别采用局部热平衡(local thermal equilibrium,LTE)模型、局部非热平衡(local thermal non-equilibrium,LTNE)模型、理想金属(ideal metal foams,IMF)模型计算温度分布。通过对所得热场的统计特性的分析比较,探究了不同Biot数下水和空气两类流体介质的多孔介质传热模型的有效性。研究表明:LTE模型不足以准确预测金属泡沫多孔介质内传热问题,其等效导热系数因仅考虑孔隙率因素而低估了多孔介质层的传热能力;IMF模型在小比热容流体介质的算例中表现良好,可以代替LTNE描述多孔介质层内的传热,而在大比热容流体介质的算例中表现不佳,需要考虑比热容以及流固两相间的传热能力对预估的固体相温度分布进行修正。

Localized Corrosion in Copper Tubes by Volatile Organic Substance

An unusual form of localized corrsion in copper tubes was detected early in service and in leakage tests after manufacturing.The morphology of this corrosion is similar to that of an ant's nest when viewed in cross section. The corrosion mechanisms, cases ofant's nest corrosion, and preventive measures are presented.

高效管换热器壳程传热强化效果及机理

采用数值模拟的方法研究几种高效管换热器壳程传热强化效果和机理。结果发现,在所研究的雷诺数范围内,相比于传统光滑换热器,螺旋波纹管、圆弧波纹管、波节管、锥纹管换热器的壳程努塞尔数分别提高26.2%~46.72%,11.01%~28.74%,9.55%~25.13%,7.52%~24.75%。螺旋波纹管的壳程压降高于光滑管,而其他三种波纹管的壳程压降却略小于光滑管。高效管波纹结构对壳程纵流和横流传热影响不同,同种管型相比,折流板缺口区域高效管壳程传热性能高于非缺口区域高效管,而折流板缺口区域光滑管壳程传热性能却略低于非缺口区域光滑管;和光滑管相比,折流板缺口区域高效管壳程局部传热系数明显提高,而折流板非缺口区域高效管壳程局部传热系数变化较小;高效管换热器壳程传热性能高于光滑管换热器,其主要原因是高效管在以纵流为主的折流板缺口区域具有较高的传热性能。

热声发动机中的交变流动换热器特性研究

为阐明热声发动机交变流动换热器内基本换热与阻力特性,以10 kW直线热管耦合自由活塞斯特林发电机的发动机核心为例,对三维模型进行等效,分别利用Sage一维和CFD二维模型两种方法,对交变流动换热单元在额定工况下的沿程基本状态参数、时均能量的分布特征进行计算并比较。结果表明:Sage一维模型中的换热分布特征及换热总量均与CFD二维模型计算结果相近,即Sage一维模型可以较好地捕捉换热器内的瞬态与时均特征;同时,Sage一维模型对换热器界面的突变截面损失则与CFD二维模型计算差异较大,可利用CFD二维模型的阻力计算结果,提出采用有效压降与有效速度获得突变截面处的局部阻力系数修正,并添加修正因子后代入Sage一维模型,可使Sage一维模型的阻力特性与CFD二维模型的阻力特性基本吻合。所得热声热机中换热器特性规律及分析方法同样可用于指导其他热声热机的相关研究与工程设计,具有一定的普适性。

块石基底路基中局部非热平衡效应研究

块石作为一种高孔隙率、大粒径的多孔介质,因其可通过调节内部冷暖季节对流方式实现多年冻土路基降温,而被广泛应用于青藏铁路工程以减弱气候变暖及工程扰动对多年冻土路基的影响。因此,精准描述块石路基结构换热机理并模拟其长期热防护效应十分重要。在一些领域内,已经证明使用局部非热平衡(LTNE)可以提升多孔介质的计算精度,但在块石结构孔隙尺度下的传热效能计算中仍较少使用。其中,多孔介质内部流固换热系数(hsf)是LTNE能量方程中重要的参数,该系数如何选取也决定着模型计算的准确性。本文以块石基底路基为例,通过数值模拟方法,将传统路基使用的局部热平衡(LTE)模型与LTNE模型的模拟结果与实测数据进行对比,并分析了不同经典hsf对块石结构换热的影响。研究结果表明,块石基底路基局部非热平衡效应明显:模拟结果显示LTNE模型中,同一时间内块石与空气温度不相等,空气与块石在夏季和冬季的最大温差高达1.54℃和0.80℃;LTNE的模拟结果与实测数据更为接近,且LTE模型的降温幅度略高于预期,二者在2 m、5 m、10 m处的年平均误差百分数分别相差6%、1%和8%;不同研究者(Achenbach、Wakao、Dixon等、Pallares等)得出的hsf在块石路基中变化趋势相近,峰值差异明显,但对块石路基下部土体温度的影响较小。

Characteristic of Local Boiling Heat Transfer of Ammonia and Ammonia/Water Binary Mixture on the Plate Type Evaporator

Power generation using small temperature difference such as ocean thermal energy conversion(OTEC)and discharged thermal energy conversion(DTEC)is expected to be the countermeasures against global warming problem.As ammonia and ammonia/water are used in evaporators for OTEC and DTEC as working fluids,the research of their local boiling heat transfer is important for improvement of the power generation efficiency.Measurements of local boiling heat transfer coefficients were performed for ammonia/water mixture(z=0.9-1)on a vertical flat plate heat exchanger in a range of mass flux(7.5-15 kg/m2s),heat flux(15-23 kW/m 2),and pressure(0.7-0.9 MPa).The result shows that in the case of ammonia/water mixture,the local heat transfer coefficients increase with an increase of mass flux and composition of ammonia,and decrease with an increase of heat flux.

考虑来流的局部火灾场景钢柱传热模拟研究

采用计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法,对局部火灾场景中临近火盆的钢柱展开分析,并考虑水平来流的影响。为验证该文数值模拟方法的正确性,以顶棚射流模型为案例,首先进行了在无风情况下的火灾分析,通过与试验数据的比对验证了数值模型的正确性。在临近火盆的钢柱传热研究中,发现在来流影响下火焰发生明显的倾斜,当来流的速度大于临界值时,火羽流从侧壁面环绕钢柱,形成火羽绕柱场景,从而导致流体场的热学特征以及钢柱壁面的受热情况发生显著变化。该文进行了气体温度场、速度场、钢柱壁面温度以及对流换热系数分布规律的探讨。

含V形结构金属骨架石蜡的相变传热特性研究

在节能减排的背景下,新能源的开发和利用对国家发展至关重要,相变蓄能技术可以解决新能源时间和空间不匹配的问题。文章构建了V形结构金属骨架,对纯石蜡方腔、含均匀结构金属骨架石蜡方腔、含V形结构金属骨架石蜡方腔的模型,采用有限元方法数值模拟并分析了不同模型的熔化速率、蓄热速率和局部热非平衡效应。结果表明:添加金属骨架有利于相变材料的熔化,其中V形结构金属骨架的效果更好;与均匀结构金属骨架相比,V形结构金属骨架具有更加明显地提升相变材料蓄热速率的效果;在传热前期,V形结构金属骨架的局部热非平衡效应更明显,而在传热后期,其温度均匀性更好。

Analysis of Entropy Generation of Combined Heat and Mass Transfer in Internal and External Flows with the Assumption of Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium

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一种适用于柴油机结构温度场计算的缸内传热模型

基于量纲分析式h(Ф,i)=C(Ф)d-0.2 p0.8 w0.8 T-0.8μ-0.47eλ0.67ec0.33p分析了柴油机的缸内三维局部传热情况,其特征参数选取缸内瞬态流动传热参数,并通过Woschni模型计算传热总量,在每个曲轴转角条件下,保证局部传热计算中对全部壁面网格热流求和所得传热总量与Woschni模型的计算值相等,以确定待定系数C(Ф).同时,将改进的缸内传热模型应用于一款单缸水冷自然吸气式四冲程直喷柴油机的缸内传热计算,所得模拟结果与实验结果吻合.

振动流化床与浸没水平管间局部传热系数的测试方法

本文提出了振动流化床中测试水平加热管局部传热系数的新方法。该法考虑了管体温度场的非均匀性对测量结果的影响；根据管体的材质和结构，扣除了由于温度分布引起的热损失。从而采用较简单的测试手段就能够获得较准确的局部传热系数数据。将本文所得测试结果与其他研究者的测试结果作了比较，并将由局部传热系数求得的平均传热系数和实测的平均传热系数作了比较。结果表明，本文提出的测试方法可靠。

螺旋管内水和蒸汽局部传热特性研究

以高温气冷堆蒸发器为背景,采用FLUENT软件模拟了单相水和蒸汽在不同尺寸螺旋管内部的流动和传热过程,研究了壁面局部传热特性。计算结果表明,远离螺旋中心线一侧局部传热较强而靠近螺旋中心线一侧传热较弱,壁面Nu周向分布非常不均匀。管径与螺旋直径之比是主要影响因素,当其值增大时截面温度极值点向螺旋中心线外侧移动,加剧了温度分布和Nu分布的不均匀性。在层流向湍流过渡区内,Re的增大使截面各点温度梯度均有所增加,同时也增大了Nu周向分布的不均匀程度,但在旺盛湍流区内Re对Nu分布无明显影响。壁面热边界条件形式对局部Nu周向分布没有显著影响。给出了局部Nu的估算式。

R290的管内冷凝实验研究

用实验与关联式理论计算对比的方法 ,研究了自然工质丙烷在外径 9.5 2mm的铜光管、内螺纹管及内交叉肋管内的冷凝换热特性。冷凝实验的进口压力为 10 79kPa ( 30℃ )和 136 9kPa ( 4 0℃ ) ,质量流速为 10 0 ,15 0 ,2 0 0 ,2 5 0和 2 88kg m2 s,进出口状态均保持饱和状态。为获取平均局部换热系数 ,实验管段为套管式逆流换热器结构 ,分为 1m长四段 ,弯头相连。制冷剂在内管内冷凝 ,而 10 %的乙醇溶液在管间流动。实验结果与大多针对非自然工质 (CFC ,HCFC或HFC)