Changes in Ecosystem Service Values on the Loess Plateau in Northern Shaanxi Province,China

The Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi Province of China covers Yulin, Yan＇an, and Tongchuan cities mainly. The kind of physiognomy is complicated and various, including the transitional region of the sand and wind, the hilly-gully fragile region, the pimple mound region from North to South. Large-scale land reclamation projects that are severely affecting these ecosystems have been implemented. In this paper, we reported an investigation to the changes in land use and ecosystem services on the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi Province from 1978 to 2000. We used three LANDSAT TM and/or ETM data sets to estimate the changes in the size of five land-cover/land-use categories, and we also used previously published value coefficients to estimate the changes in the value of ecosystem services delivered by each land category. Finally, we ranked the contribution of various ecosystem functions to the overall value of the ecosystem services, we have estimated that the annual value of the ecosystem services is 56.95 billon RMB yuan in the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi Province in 2000. In the region, from 1978 to 2000, the economic value of the fixing carbon was higher, the economic value of water conservation was the lowest, but the economic value of the NPP, fixing carbon, and supplying oxygen accounted for above ninety percent of the total value, obviously the vegetation created the biggest ecosystem service value. We can conclude that future land-use policy formulation should give precedence to the conservation of these ecosystems over uncontrolled reclamation, and that further land reclamation should be based on rigorous environmental impact analyses.

New Thought of Meteorological Forecasting and Warning Models of Geological Disasters in Loess Plateau of North Shaanxi

The study established daily comprehensive precipitation equations and calculated respective critical daily comprehensive precipitation value of loess-collapse disasters and landslide disasters by dint of the geological disasters and corresponding precipitation data in 47 years.Considering geological disaster risk divisions,precipitation influence coefficient and daily comprehensive precipitation,hourly rolling daily-forecasting and hourly warning fine and no-gap models on the base of high temporal and spatial resolution rainfall data of automatic meteorological station were developed.Through the verifying of combination of dynamical forecasting model and warning model,the results showed that it can improve efficiency of forecast and have good response at the same time.

Quantitative analysis of the dynamic change and spatial differences of the ecological security: a case study of Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi Province

Using the theory and method of the ecological footprint, and combining the changes of regional land use, resource environment, population, society and economy, this paper calculated the ecological footprint, ecological carrying capacity and ecological surplus/loss in 1986-2002 on the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi Province. What is more, this paper has put forward the concept of ecological pressure index, set up ecological pressure index models, and ecological security grading systems, and the prediction models of different ecological footprints, ecological carrying capacity, ecological surplus and ecological safety change, and also has assessed the ecological footprint demands of 10,000 yuan GDE The results of this study are as follows： （1） the ecological carrying capacity in northern Shaanxi shows a decreasing trend, the difference of reducing range is the fastest; （2） the ecological footprint appears an increasing trend; （3） ecological pressure index rose to 0.91 from 0.44 during 1986-2002 on the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi with an increase of 47%; and （4） the ecological security in the study area is in a critical state, and the ecological oressure index has been increasing rapidlv.

Change Characteristics and Cause Analysis of Summer Precipitation Anomaly in Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi Province

[ Objective] The research aimed to study change characteristics and formation cause of summer precipitation abnormality in Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi Province. [ Method] Based on summer precipitation data at 15 observation stations in Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi Province and NCEP/NCAR dataset from 1961 to 2008, change characteristics of summer precipitation in the region were investigated by using linear trend estimation and composite analysis. [Result] Summer rainfall had decrease trend in most parts of northem Shaanxi Province, but had increase trend in western and southern regions. The interannual and interdecadal variations were obvious. It had a large amount of precipitation from the mid- 1970s to the mid-1990s, while summer rainfall had decrease trend after the mid-1990s and increase trend in recent years. In wet years, it was a large positive anomaly zone from western Ural Mountains to northem Lake Baikal at middle and high latitudes, indicating that there was a blocking high over the Ural Mountains, while it was negative anomaly zone from northern Okhotsk Sea to Lake Baikal. From Northwest Pacific Ocean to Bo- hal Sea Bay and North China, it was a wide range of significant positive anomaly zone, which was favorable for Westem Pacific subtropical high ex- tending westward and northward. The analysis in dry years showed opposite circulation configuration. It was ＂ -, ＋, -＂ wave train distribution in middle and high latitudes and positive anomaly zone along the Sea of Okhotsk. Western Pacific subtropical high was also by south and east. Major water vapor was from southeast direction in wet years, and abundant water vapor caused more summer rainfall in northern Shaanxi. In dry years, water vapor was from westerly tuming southerly flow. It was weaker and by east. [ Conclusion] The research provided reference for reasonable utilization of summer precipitation in the zone.

Current situation and human health risk assessment of fluoride enrichment in groundwater in the Loess Plateau:A case study of Dali County,Shaanxi Province,China

This study aims to investigate the mechanisms and health risks of fluoride enrichment in groundwater in the Loess Plateau,China.By taking Dali County,Shaanxi Province,China as an example,this study obtains the following results through field investigation and the analyses of water,soil,and crop samples.(1)The groundwater can be divided into two major types,namely the Quaternary pore-fissure water and Karst water.The Karst area and sandy area have high-quality groundwater and serve as the target areas for optional water supply.The groundwater in the study area is slightly alkaline and highly saline.Meanwhile,high-fluoride groundwater is mainly distributed in the loess and river alluvial plains in the depression area of the Guanzhong Basin and the discharge areas of the groundwater,with the highest fluoride concentration exceeding seven times the national standard.(2)Fluoride in groundwater mainly originates from a natural source and human activities.The natural source refers to the fluoride-bearing minerals in rocks and soil,and the fluoride from this source is mainly controlled by natural factors such as climate,geologic setting,pH,specific hydrochemical environment,ion exchange,and mineral saturation.Human activities in modern life can be further divided into industrial and agricultural sources primarily.(3)The health risks of fluoride contamination are very high in the Loess Plateau,especially for children compared to adults.Meanwhile,the risks of fluoride exposure through food intake are higher than those through drinking water intake.The authors suggest selecting target areas to improve water supply and ensure the safety of drinking water in the study area.Besides,it is necessary to plant crops with low fluoride content or cash crops and to conduct groundwater treatment to reduce the fluoride concentration in drinking water.These results will provide a theoretical basis for safe water supply in the faulted basin areas in the Loess Plateau.

Variation Characteristics of Sunshine Hours and Its Reason Analysis over Loess Plateau of Shaanxi

[Objective] The research aimed to study variation characteristics of sunshine hours over Loess Plateau of Shaanxi during 1961-2010.[Method] By using the climate tendency rate,climate trend coefficient and linear correlation,the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of sunshine hours in Loess Plateau of Shaanxi in recent 50 years were analyzed.Moreover,the main reason for inducing variation of sunshine hours in the zone was discussed.[Result] In recent 50 years,the variation of annual sunshine hours in Loess Plateau of Shaanxi mainly presented decrease trend.The decrease zones were mainly located in windy desert region along the Great Wall line,central loess hilly region,most areas of plateau remains region and most areas of arid plateau region in north Weihe River.The increase zones were mainly located in west and northeast plateau remains region,southwest plateau remains region,some areas of arid plateau region in north Weihe River.Seen from four-season variation trend,except in spring,the sunshine hours in other seasons presented varying decrease trends.The decrease amplitude in summer was 24.34 h/10 a,and was the most significant.The second one was-16.62 h/10 a in winter.The decrease amplitude in winter was 3.55 h/10 a,and was unobvious.Seen from spatial variation,the annual sunshine hours presented significant increase trend in Mizhi of loess hilly region and significant decrease trend in Dingbian,Shenmu of windy desert region along the Great Wall line,Qingjian,Yanchuan of plateau remains region,Longxian,Fengxiang,Chunhua and Hancheng of arid plateau region in north Weihe River.There was no obvious variation trend in other research zones.The annual and four-season sunshine hours all presented negative correlations with rainfall,relative humidity,total cloud amount,low cloud amount,water vapor pressure and fog days.The sunshine hours presented positive correlation with visibility.The correlation coefficients between sunshine hours and relative humidity,rainfall,total cloud amount,water vapor pressure,fog days and visibility were all bigger in each region.[Conclusion] The research provided basis for analyzing climate variation over Loess Plateau of Shaanxi.

Characteristics of Wind Speed Profiles under Complex Terrain Conditions in Loess Plateau

To reveal the changing characteristics of wind speed with altitude in under complex terrain conditions in Loess Plateau in Northern Shaanxi, based on the complete data of wind speed profiles of six wind towers in the region in a year, the diurnal, monthly, and seasonal variations of wind shear index of the wind towers as well as the changes of wind shear index with wind speed under complex terrain conditions were studied. The results showed that the wind shear index of each wind tower was positive, showing that wind speed tended to increase with the rising of altitude in most areas of Loess Plateau in Northern Shaanxi; terrain had obvious effects on wind speed profiles. The wind shear index of the wind towers was small during the day and large at night; the differences between day and night in the wind shear index of various wind towers were different; there were obvious seasonal variations in the wind shear index of the wind towers under different terrain conditions. With the increase of wind speed, the wind shear index of each wind tower increased firstly and then decreased, but the peaks of wind shear index of various wind towers ap- peared in different wind speed ranges. When wind speed varied from 3 to 12 m/s, wind shear index was larger than the comprehensive wind shear index of the wind towers, which is beneficial to the improvement of power generation of a wind power plant. Wind shear index can be used to assess wind resources of a wind power plant.

The Cave Dwellings in Northern Shaanxi

Cave dwellings (or Yaodong in Chinese) are a unique style of traditional houses on the Loess Plateau of westerncentral China. They exhibit rich folk customs and a flavor of the surrounding environment. The soil of the Loess Plateau is thick and compact, making it the ideal place for building caves that are sturdy enough to last hundreds or even thousands of years without collapsing. Most cave dwellings have straight walls and low arched ceilings, with the walls reinforced with grass and mud. Cave dwellings are comfortable to live in, being cool in the summer and warm in the winter. Being cut into the mountain, the architecture blends in quite well with the surrounding natural environment, while the rust exterior exhibits the beauty of ingenuity.

陕北黄土高原景观生态质量时空分异及驱动力分析

景观生态质量是衡量生态系统稳定度的重要指标。基于景观稳定性、景观干扰度和恢复与重建力三个层面构建景观生态质量评估模型,探究了陕北黄土高原20 a来景观生态质量及时空变化,并利用地理探测器进行了驱动力分析。结果表明:陕北黄土高原景观生态质量呈现中南部高、西部及北部低的分布特征,空间相关性和异质性显著;景观生态质量等级在中等及以上的区域面积占比由40.0%上升至63.5%,景观生态质量明显改善,并呈现先下降后上升的变化趋势;区域景观生态质量受自然因子和人为因子的共同作用,NDVI和高程是主要驱动因子,且与降水、气温、GDP和人口密度等因素交互后驱动力增强。

陕北黄土高原气象要素对植被覆盖的空间分异影响及风险探测

陕北黄土高原地处我国西北生态环境脆弱区,近年来受退耕还林(草)影响,区域植被覆盖变化显著,与气象要素的响应关系也呈现出了复杂的空间分异性和不确定性,亟待厘清。以不同地貌分区为响应单元,探究了陕北黄土高原变绿前后(1982—1992年与2005—2015年)NDVI指数的时空演化特征,分析了植被覆盖变化与气象要素之间的分异性响应关系,并透过最优参数的地理探测器模型(OPGD)探测了气象要素变化对植被覆盖演变的交互影响及风险。研究结果表明:(1)陕北黄土高原及各地貌分区在研究期内NDVI指数均呈显著上升趋势,且阶段化分异明显;各地貌区气温和实际蒸散发量在高原变绿前后趋势变化差异明显,1982—1992年主要呈不显著增加趋势,而2005—2015年则表现为不显著减少趋势;两个时期降水量的空间异质性较为显著,其中北部地区为持续增加趋势,而南部地区则由减少逆转为增加趋势。(2)不同地貌区NDVI指数与气温和蒸散发均呈正相关,且蒸散发与NDVI的相关性强于气温;相对高原变绿前,2005—2015年NDVI指数对各气象要素的响应强度均有所增大。(3)OPGD因子检测结果显示5km空间网格是评价气候变化对陕北黄土高原植被覆盖变化影响的最佳空间尺度,各地貌分区对NDVI指数变化影响最大的气象因子依次为:气温(黄土塬)、降水(盖沙黄土丘陵)、蒸散发(黄土峁状丘陵)、降水(黄土梁状丘陵)、降水(黄土宽谷丘陵)、蒸散发(风沙丘陵)、降水(土石丘陵);交互探测表明气象因子间的交互作用对NDVI指数的空间分异具有协同增强性,但不同时期各地貌区的主导交互因子略有差异。(4)风险探测发现不同实际蒸散发量对NDVI指数的影响有显著空间差异。(5)陕北黄土高原的植被覆盖变化并不能简单归因于退耕还林(草)等生态修复措施,而应是多要素耦合驱动的结果,气象要素在其中扮演了不可忽视的作用。

人水共生理念下传统窑洞聚落景观理水智慧研究——以陕北地区为例

中国传统聚落景观营建素有将人水共生作为古人聚居选址及农耕生产的理念和举措。因此,在聚落选址之初,古人对自然山水环境的寻找、观察及借用的用心程度甚至超过聚落后期的建设过程。为了更好地保护和传承半干旱区传统窑洞聚落景观理水智慧,避免本土理水营建技术的消失与断代,以陕北黄土高原区传统窑洞聚落为研究对象,从人水共生哲学思想出发,结合DIKW层次结构模型,构建传统聚落理水智慧解析路径与方法。从聚落选址布局理水智慧、人居营建理水智慧、农耕生产理水智慧和自然生态理水智慧4个方面,开展陕北传统窑洞聚落景观理水智慧的提取与体系构建。以期为当前我国半干旱地区乡村聚落生态人居景观营建和水基础设施建设提供理论与经验借鉴。

陕北黄土高原沟壑区文物遗产时空分布规律研究

揭示陕北黄土高原沟壑区文物遗产的分布特征,为该地区历史文化时空变迁研究与历史文化空间格局的凝炼提供借鉴。研究将文物遗产按照其所承载的内涵分为聚居型、人文型、防御型与近现代文物遗产四类,运用地理信息技术分析其空间分布特征,结合历史、文化、社会等时空变迁脉络研究陕北黄土高原沟壑区文物遗产的时空分布规律及其影响因素,指出河流道路的位置与走向对聚居型文物遗产的分布具有较大影响,自然山川的形势决定了人文型文物遗产的选址与布局,政治军事活动推动了防御型遗产“由点至带”的发展演变。

基于PS InSAR技术的黄土高原地质灾害隐患识别

采用永久散射体(PS)合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术对陕西绥德县城区及周边地区2015年12月-2018年4月共54景Sentinel-1A数据进行处理,获取研究区地表PS时间序列形变信息.根据形变特征将PS点分为随机型、线性蠕动型、突变型,并对每种类型PS点形变规律及其对地质灾害隐患识别的意义进行分析.将研究区地质灾害隐患分为城区沉降、滑坡隐患两类,依据PS点形变特征对两类地质灾害隐患进行识别,共识别出城区沉降区8处,滑坡隐患区39处.利用实地调查的滑坡体及不稳定坡体数据与识别的滑坡隐患区结果进行对比验证,结果显示识别的滑坡隐患区与调查数据具有较好的一致性.证明了InSAR技术在黄土高原地区地质灾害早期识别方面的适用性和准确性,可以应用于黄土高原地区地质灾害隐患识别预警.

The Environmental Landscape Evolution of the Loess under the Background of Global Climate Change

[Objective] The aim was to study the environment evolution of Shanbei Loess landscape under the background of global climate changes.[Method] The annual and monthly temperature and precipitation in Yulin area in north Shaanxi from 1952 to 2009 were selected,and by dint of linear regression and M-K mutation,the Loess land form evolution under the global climate change was studied.[Result] The temperature in Yulin area showed increasing tendency from 1952 to 2009 at a speed of 0.287℃/10 a.The year 1994 was a year of mutation of temperature;precipitation decreased at speed of 8.262 mm/10 a and the precipitation fluctuated largely in 1960s,and stably in 1970s,1980s and 1990s.It showed drying tendency.The climate in north Shanxi was becoming warmer.The extreme dry and flood incident,especially the rising drought occurrence frequency had more serious endangerment to the fragile ecological environment.The ' warmer drought' of climate worsened the environment in north Shaanxi,with temperature rising and worsening drought;reduction of precipitation made the wind and sand more active;the frequency of sandstorm increased;desertification of land furthered;the water and soil losses in Loess was serious and might led to degradation of land in north Shaanxi.[Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the ecological and environmental construction in the region.

基于特征分区的陕北黄土高原植被覆盖变化及其驱动因素

陕北黄土高原是退耕还林(草)工程的重要实施区域,深入分析退耕以来不同时段的植被覆盖变化和驱动因素特征,对推进区域生态环境建设具有重要指导意义。基于2000—2019年中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)获取的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据,在地理分区的基础上,根据气候和植被覆盖类型等自然地理要素对陕北黄土高原进行特征区域划分,采用趋势分析、相关分析和残差分析等方法,研究全域及各分区在两轮退耕还林(草)工程实施期间(2000—2013年、2014—2019年)植被覆盖的时空变化及其驱动因素,探究不同时期植被变化及驱动因素的差异性。结果表明:(1)2000—2019年,各分区年均NDVI值为土石丘陵林区(Ⅵ区)>黄土塬区(Ⅶ区)>黄土梁状丘陵区(Ⅴ区)>黄土峁状丘陵区(Ⅳ区)>盖沙黄土丘陵区(Ⅱ区)>黄土宽谷丘陵区(Ⅲ区)>风沙丘陵区(Ⅰ区),均呈增加趋势。(2)20年间,研究区植被显著改善面积占比约为93.6%。在第二轮工程实施期间,研究区植被改善速度较第一轮降低(0.0136/a、0.0125/a),Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ区部分植被发生退化。(3)陕北地区植被变化是气候和人类活动共同作用的结果。人类活动是引起研究区植被变化的主导因素,但气候因素在植被变化中的影响程度逐渐加深。气候因素在第二轮工程实施期间对各分区植被变化的贡献率较第一轮增大。(4)在长时间尺度上,植被的生长和分布受水分等自然条件的制约。因此,在进行植被恢复时,要充分考虑自然环境条件,以达到区域生态恢复的可持续性。

气候变暖对晋北黄土高原半干旱区马铃薯适播期的影响

以气候变暖为主要特征的气候变化对马铃薯物候期、生长发育及产量都产生很大影响,研究马铃薯生长季热量资源和适播期变化特征,对调整品种布局和合理利用气候资源具有重要意义。利用1981—2016年晋北地区地面气象观测站和农业气象观测站资料,通过趋势分析和相关分析,研究晋北马铃薯气候资源变化特征及对马铃薯产量的影响;基于积温稳定性原理,建立气象产量预测模型,得出最高气象产量对应的适播期,并分析适播期的年代变化特征。结果表明,晋北马铃薯生长季气温以0.32℃·10a^(-1)速率呈升温趋势,≥5℃积温以47.0℃·d·10a^(-1)速率呈增加趋势。气候变暖背景下对晋北马铃薯产量影响显著的气候因子主要是出苗~分枝期的平均气温,全生育期的积温、日照时数、需水量,出苗~分枝期、花序形成~可收期及全生育期的最高气温≥30℃的日数。气温和日照基本为负效应,降水在营养生长期为负效应,生殖生长期为正效应。晋北马铃薯适播期随着气候变暖有提前的趋势,20世纪80年代适播期在5月上旬末至5月中旬,90年代适播期在5月上旬,21世纪最初10 a适播期在4月下旬至5月上旬初,2010年以后马铃薯适播期提前到4月中旬末至4月下旬。建议晋北黄土高原半干旱区盆地地区种植中晚熟品种,尽量选择早播,可以选择4月中旬末至4月下旬,高海拔地区建议种植中熟品种或采取地膜覆盖提早播期来种植中晚熟品种,可以在4月下旬末至5月上旬播种。

陕西黄土区农田土壤主要养分特征及影响因素

为了探究陕西黄土区农田主要土壤养分特征及其影响因素,基于研究区5096个农田0~20 cm耕层采样点数据,利用GIS与地统计学方法对有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量进行空间分析,并应用地理探测器模型探究18种影响因素对养分空间变异的解释程度。结果表明:SOM、TN、AP和AK含量均值分别为14.43 g·kg^(-1)、0.92 g·kg^(-1)、18.21 mg·kg^(-1)和190.28 mg·kg^(-1),呈现中等程度变异;4种养分最佳拟合模型均为指数模型,各养分呈现中等程度空间相关性,结构性与随机性因素的共同作用导致了养分含量的空间差异;养分全局空间相关性大小表现为:TN>SOM>AK>AP;养分含量区域差异明显,呈现由北向南逐渐递增的趋势;年日照时长、年均气温、化肥用量和地貌类型等单因子作用对各养分含量空间变异具有更强的解释力,两因子交互作用对养分的解释力强于其单因子解释力。研究表明,陕北地区宜适当增加肥料投入,关中地区宜进行精耕细作,农田建设应考虑多方面因素。

陕北黄土高原生态脆弱性时空变异及驱动因素分析

在多源数据的支撑下,基于敏感性-恢复力-压力模型构建评估指标体系,分析生态恢复工程实施前后(1997年和2021年)陕北黄土高原不同行政区、不同生态功能区和不同坡度的生态脆弱性时空分异规律及驱动机制。结果表明:(1)陕北黄土高原生态脆弱性明显改善,生态脆弱性指数均值从41.74下降至32.96,减幅21.0%;生态脆弱性等级也整体下降,已由中脆弱和低脆弱性占主导转化为低脆弱性占主导的格局。生态脆弱性存在明显地带性分布特征,从南到北生态脆弱性等级逐步提高。(2)1997—2021年,51.2%的区域生态脆弱性有所改善,以中脆弱改善到低脆弱为主;4.6%的区域生态脆弱性有所增加,以一般脆弱增加至低脆弱、低脆弱增加至中脆弱为主。铜川市、延安市和榆林市辖区内生态脆弱性指数和等级均在下降,其中铜川市生态脆弱性最低,榆林市最高。3个生态功能区生态脆弱性指数和等级均在显著下降,降幅表现为:退耕还林区>风沙区>黄桥林区。(3)符合退耕条件的区域,高等级脆弱性大幅转化为低等级脆弱性,生态脆弱性得到明显改善,工程取得了较为显著的成效。(4)剖析驱动机制可以发现,人为因素和自然因素的驱动力各占83.1%和16.9%,说明生态恢复工程是区域生态脆弱性显著改善的主要驱动力。研究结果可为该区域生态恢复工程成效评估和生态可持续性修复提供科学的参考数据。

基于贝叶斯网络的生态系统服务权衡协同关系及其驱动因子分析——以陕北黄土高原为例

了解生态系统服务的权衡协同关系及其驱动因子效应是实现生态系统有效管理和改善人类福祉的基础。以陕北黄土高原为例,定量评估其2018年土壤保持、产水服务、粮食供给和固碳服务,在构建贝叶斯网络生态系统服务模型的基础上,通过节点的重要性分析识别影响生态系统服务的关键节点,利用联合概率分布、概率推理和情景模拟探讨生态系统服务权衡协同关系及其驱动因子效应。结果表明:(1)陕北黄土高原各类生态系统服务空间异质性较强。其中,土壤保持、产水服务和固碳服务的空间分布情况较为一致,高值区集中在东南部,低值区在西北部,呈“南高北低”的分布特征;粮食供给呈“中部高、南北低”的分布特征。(2)土壤保持、产水服务和固碳服务之间互为协同关系,粮食供给分别与土壤保持、产水服务、固碳服务为权衡关系。其中,产水服务与固碳服务的协同关系、产水服务与粮食供给的权衡关系较强。(3)土地利用、降水和NPP(Net primary production)是影响生态系统服务权衡协同关系的主要驱动因子,其中土地利用主要影响生态系统服务的协同关系,而降水和NPP在影响协同关系的同时对权衡关系也有一定的制约作用。研究发现:不同驱动因子在不同状态下产生相同的协同(或权衡)方式,相同驱动因子在不同状态则会造成协同(或权衡)方式的差异。研究对于认识多种生态系统服务间的复杂关系及其驱动因子差异,为后续提出改善生态系统管理和提高人类福祉的对策与措施,具有重要的理论和实践价值。

陕北黄土高原景观格局对生态系统服务权衡关系的影响

揭示景观格局对生态系统服务权衡关系的作用机理对于开展多种ES的可持续管理具有重要意义。在评估陕北黄土高原2000—2020年粮食供给、水源涵养、土壤保持、生境质量和景观美学等5种生态系统服务的基础上,利用相关系数和均方根误差测度其权衡强度,结合R指数模型、变异划分法定量表达景观组分和景观配置对生态系统服务权衡关系的影响差异。结果表明:1)2000—2020年陕北黄土高原5种生态系统服务整体呈上升趋势,空间上粮食供给北高南低,水源涵养、土壤保持、生境质量和景观美学则为南高北低的分布格局;2)粮食供给与其他4种服务为权衡关系,而水源涵养、土壤保持、生境质量和景观美学之间呈协同关系;3)斑块丰富度对各组权衡关系具有正向影响,而斑块面积和景观百分比则具有负向影响;4)景观组分对各组权衡关系的单独贡献度高于景观配置,多数情况下,权衡关系更多由组分和配置的联合作用主导。研究从景观管理角度为改善陕北黄土高原生态系统服务间的权衡关系、提升ES的潜在供给能力提供了科学依据。