Lomatogonium rotatum extract alleviates diabetes mellitus induced by a high-fat,high-sugar diet and streptozotocin in rats

BACKGROUND Lomatogonium rotatum(LR)is traditionally used in Mongolian folk medicine as a hypoglycemic agent,but its evidence-based pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action have not been fully elucidated.AIM To emphasize the hypoglycemic action mechanism of LR in a type 2 diabetic rat model and examine potential biomarkers to obtain mechanistic understanding regarding serum metabolite modifications.METHODS A high-fat,high-sugar diet and streptozotocin injection-induced type 2 diabetic rat model was established.The chemical composition of the LR was identified by high performance liquid chromatography.LR extract administrated as oral gavage at 0.5 g/kg,2.5 g/kg,and 5 g/kg for 4 wk.Anti-diabetic effects of LR extract were evaluated based on histopathological examination as well as the measurement of blood glucose,insulin,glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1),and lipid levels.Serum metabolites were analyzed using an untargeted metabolomics approach.RESULTS According to a chemical analysis,swertiamarin,sweroside,hesperetin,coumarin,1.7-dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyl xanthone,and 1-hydroxy-2,3,5 trimethoxanone are the principal active ingredients in LR.An anti-diabetic experiment revealed that the LR treatment significantly increased plasma insulin and GLP-1 levels while effectively lowering blood glucose,total cholesterol,triglycerides,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,and oral glucose tolerance test compared to the model group.Furthermore,untargeted metabolomic analysis of serum samples detected 236 metabolites,among which 86 were differentially expressed between the model and the LR group.It was also found that LR considerably altered the levels of metabolites such as vitamin B6,mevalonate-5P,Dproline,L-lysine,and taurine,which are involved in the regulation of the vitamin B6 metabolic pathway,selenium amino acid metabolic pathway,pyrimidine metabolic pathway,and arginine and proline metabolic pathways.CONCLUSION These findings indicated that LR may have a hypoglycemic impact and that its role may be related to changes in the serum metabolites and to facilitate the release of insulin and GLP-1,which lower blood glucose and lipid profiles.

Activity of xanthones isolated from Lomatogonium rotatum

Thirteen xanthones were isolated from L.rotatum,which were established as l,8-dihydroxy-3,4,5-trimethoxyxanthone(1);l-hydroxy-3异,8-trimethoxyxanthone(2);8-hydroxy-l,3?5-trimethoxyxaiithone(3);l-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethoxyxanthone(4);l-hydroxy-3,5,8-trimethoxyxanthone(5);l,4,8-trihydroxy-5,6-dimethoxyxanthone(6);l,3,8-trihydroxy-4,7-dimethoxyxanthone(;7)l,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone(8);l-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone(9);l-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetramethoxyxanthone(;10)l-hydroxy-2,3,4,7-tetramethoxyxanthone(11);l,7-dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyxanthone(12);rel-l,3,5,8-tetrahydroxy-2,4,6,7-tetrahydroxanthen-9-one(13).Compounds 4,6,7,9,10,11,12 and 13 are reported for the first time from Lomatogonium.Furthermore,the activity of xanthones was assessed.

Botanical,chemical,and pharmacological characteristics of Lomatogonium rotatum:A review

Lomatogonium rotatum(L.rotatum)Fries ex Nym,a dry whole grass belonging to the family Gentianaceae,is widely used to treat liver diseases in Mongolian medicine.In Mongolian medicine,L.rotatum Fries ex Nym,also known as Digeda,is a rare medicinal herb with low yield and widespread clinical use.Currently,it is included in over 25 traditional Mongolian medicine prescriptions that help reduce heat,dispel xieri,enhance stomach function,and heal wounds.Recent studies have shown that L.rotatum Fries ex Nym contains a variety of metabolites,including flavonoids,xanthone compounds,terpenoids,organic acids,steroids,and alkaloids.In addition,its anti-hepatitis B,anti-inflammatory,anti-acute liver injury,and anti-obesity effects have been proven by pharmacological studies.In this review,we summarize the ecological resources,traditional pharmacodynamics,chemical constituents,and pharmacological actions of L.rotatum Fries ex Nym,with an aim to provide a theoretical basis for future applied research and new product development.

Chemical constituents of Lomatogonium carinthiacum and Halenia corniculata

Objective:To study the chemical constituents from traditional Chinese(Mongolian)medicine,Lomatogonium carinthiacum and Halenia corniculate.Methods:The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by silicagel column,Sephadex LH-20,ODS and high performance liquid chromategramphy.The structures were identified by NMR and MS analysis technics.Results:Twelve compounds were isolated and identified as isovitexin(1),Luteolin-5-O-β-D-glucoside(2),Isosaponarin(3),Luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside(4,7),1,4,8-Trimethoxy-xanthone-6-O-β-D-glucoronyl-(1→6)O-β-Dglucoside(5),friginoside D(6),1-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethoxyxanthone(8),1-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tet ramethoxyxanthone(9),1-hydroxy-2,3,4,7-tetramethoxyxanthone(10),1-hydroxy-2,3,4,5,7-pentame thoxyxanthone(11)and usnic acid(12).Conclusion:Compounds 6 and 12 are obtained from L.carinthiacum and H.corniculate for the first time.

Two new xanthones from Lomatogonium carinthiacum

AIM: To study the chemical constituents of Lomatogonium carinthiacum(Wulfen) Rchb. METHOD: The CHCl3-soluble fraction was separated by chromatography and the structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectral experiments. RESULTS: Two new xanthones, 1, 8-dihydroxy-4, 5-dimethoxy-6, 7-methylenedioxyxanthone(1), 1, 4, 8-trimethoxyxanthone-6-O-β-D-glucoronyl-(1→6)O-β-D-glucoside(2) were isolated from the whole plant of Lomatogonium carinthiacum. CONCLUSION: Compounds 1 and 2 are new natural products.

3种龙胆科蒙药及其混淆品的化学轮廓比较研究

目的创建肋柱花的HPLC对照指纹图谱,并与花锚、扁蕾、紫花地丁和苦地丁的化学轮廓比较,为肋柱花与花锚、扁蕾、紫花地丁和苦地丁替代使用是否合理的问题提供初步依据。方法采用HPLC法建立肋柱花的对照指纹图谱,以乙腈(A)-水(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱,B;0~15 min,85%→75%;15~30 min,75%→55%;30~35 min,55%→85%。流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长275 nm,进样量10μL。采用标准对照法对其共有峰进行识别。同时,在上述色谱条件下,分别获得花锚、扁蕾、紫花地丁和苦地丁的化学轮廓色谱图,然后利用“中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统”与肋柱花对照指纹图谱进行相似度评价。结果创建了肋柱花对照指纹图谱,共标定9个共有峰,并结合标准对照法分析,确定了1、2、3、4、5、6和7号峰对应的化合物,分别为獐牙菜苦苷、龙胆苦苷、异牡荊苷、当药黄素、当药醇苷、hypolaetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside和swertianolin。与肋柱花对照指纹图谱相似度比较,花锚、扁蕾、紫花地丁和苦地丁的相似度分别为0.804、0.747、0.510和0.431。直观分析可知,花锚和扁蕾的主要化学成分与肋柱花对照指纹图谱中共有峰重叠,而与异属植物紫花地丁和苦地丁虽有2个重叠峰,但其2个重叠峰峰面积总和分别只占肋柱花对照指纹图谱共有峰总峰面积的9.2%和10.15%。结论本研究所建立的肋柱花对照指纹图谱成功应用于肋柱花与花锚、扁蕾、紫花地丁和苦地丁化学轮廓比较中,这对肋柱花是否能被花锚、扁蕾、紫花地丁和苦地丁替代使用的合理判断具有一定的指导意义。

肋柱花的定性定量分析

目的:研究肋柱花TLC鉴别及多成分同时测定的方法。方法:利用TLC法对肋柱花中1,8-二羟基-4,6-二甲氧基双苯吡酮、1,3,5,8-四羟基-5,6,7,8-四氢双苯吡酮、乌苏酸和獐牙菜苦苷进行色谱鉴别。采用HPLC法对不同批次肋柱花进行含量测定,色谱柱为Topsil C_(18)柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);以乙腈(A)-水(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱(B;0~15 min,85%→75%;15~30 min,75%→55%)。流速为1.0 mL·min^(-1),柱温40℃,进样量10μL。獐牙菜苦苷为237 nm,而异牡荆苷、当药黄素和当药醇苷为275 nm。结果:1,8-二羟基-4,6-二甲氧基双苯吡酮和1,3,5,8-四羟基-5,6,7,8-四氢双苯吡酮以石油醚-丙酮-甲酸(5∶1∶0.2)为展开剂,而乌苏酸和獐牙菜苦苷分别以环己烷-乙酸乙酯-冰醋酸(10∶2∶0.3)和二氯甲烷-甲醇-甲酸(5∶1∶0.1)为展开剂时,斑点清晰,Rf值符合要求。在选用色谱条件下,被检测成分在较宽浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(r>0.9994)。其平均回收率分别为98.47%、96.44%、97.80%和96.52%,RSD分别为0.49%、1.6%、1.4%和1.5%。结论:创建了肋柱花的定性定量分析方法,为综合评价该药材质量提供依据。

大花肋柱花的质量标准研究

目的建立大花肋柱花的质量标准。方法用显微及薄层色谱法对大花肋柱花进行定性分析;参考《中华人民共和国药典》方法进行该药材浸出物的研究:以高效液相色谱法测定獐牙菜苦苷和当药苷2种成分的含量。结果大花肋柱花粉末显微特征清晰,含有色素块、纤维、花粉粒、螺纹导管、表皮细胞、木栓细胞。以三氯甲烷-甲醇-水(30∶10∶1)溶液为展开剂,以100 g·L^(-1)硫酸乙醇溶液为显色剂,加热至斑点显色清晰,在紫外光灯365 nm处检视,所得的薄层图谱分离度好,斑点清晰。该药材浸出物的含量均值为31.95%;药材中獐牙菜苦苷、当药苷的含量测定线性范围分别为0.1213~0.8008 mg·mL^(-1)(r=0.9996)、0.0102~0.1101 mg·mL^(-1)(r=0.9994),平均回收率分别为97.43%、98.02%,RSD值分别为1.87%、2.95%。结论所建立的大花肋柱花定性定量测定方法简单、准确,能够为大花肋柱花的质量控制提供有效数据。

RP-HPLC法同时测定藏药肋柱花中三种成分的含量

建立了同时测定藏中当药黄素、当药醇苷、苦龙苷含量的方法。采用反相高效液相色谱法（RPHPLC）,以Kromasil-C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）为色谱柱,以甲醇（A）-0.04%磷酸溶液（B）为流动相,梯度洗脱,40%A（0 min）-63%A（20 min）;流速为0.8 m L/min;柱温为30℃,检测波长为254 nm。结果表明,在20 min内完成对3种成分的分析,各成分之间均达到基线分离。当药黄素、当药醇苷、苦龙苷的线性范围分别为：0.675 0~4.050 0μg（R2=0.999 5）、0.005 5~0.330 0μg（R2=0.999 5）、0.027 5~0.165 0μg（R2=0.999 5）,线性关系良好。平均加样回收率（n=9）分别为99.90%、99.15%、99.88%。建立的HPLC分析方法简单、准确,能快速测定藏药肋柱花中有效成分的含量。

蒙药肋柱花氯仿提取物的化学成分研究

目的:研究肋柱花[Lomatogonium rotatum(L.)Fries exNym]氯仿提取物的化学成分。方法:利用硅胶柱色谱、Seph-adex LH-20柱色谱和HPLC等方法进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及光谱数据确定化合物的结构。结果:分离得到4个化合物,分别鉴定为1erythrocentaurin;21-羟基-3,7,8-三甲氧基口山酮;38-羟基-1,3,5-三甲基口山酮;41-羟基-3,5,8-三甲氧基口山酮。

辐状肋柱花的苷类成分

利用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20及反相硅胶RP-18分离及纯化技术,从辐状肋柱花全草乙醇提取物的正丁醇萃取部分得到7个水溶性成分,经1H NM R、13C NM R等波谱技术鉴定为异荭草苷、芒果苷、Sw ertipun i-cos ide、当药醇苷、异牡荆苷、当药黄素、和7-O-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃木糖]-1,8-二羟基-3-甲氧基口山酮.除异荭草苷外,其余化合物均首次从该植物中得到.

蒙药肋柱花化学成分的分离与鉴定

目的研究肋柱花(Lomatogonium rotatum(L.)Fries ex Nym.)的化学成分。方法用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱等方法进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及光谱数据确定化合物的结构。结果分离得到10个化合物,分别鉴定为1,8-二羟基-3,4,5-三甲氧基呫吨酮(1,8-dihydroxy-3,4,5-trimethoxyxanthone,1)、1-羟基-3,7,8-三甲氧基呫吨酮(1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone,2)、8-羟基-1,3,5-三甲氧基呫吨酮(8-hydroxy-1,3,5-trimethoxyxanthone,3)、1-羟基-3,5,8-三甲氧基呫吨酮(1-hydroxy-3,5,8-trimethoxyxanthone,4)、红白金内酯(erythrocentaurin,5)、木犀草素(luteolin,6)、芹菜素(apigenin,7)、5,7,3′,4′,5′-五羟基黄酮(5,7,3′,4′,5′-pentahydroxyflaveone,8)、槲皮素(quercetin,9)、齐墩果酸(oleanolic acid,10)。结论化合物1～4、8、9为首次从肋柱花属中分离得到。

蒙药肋柱花化学成分的分离与鉴定(2)

目的研究肋柱花[Lomatogonium rotatum(L.)Fries ex Nym]的化学成分。方法用硅胶、Seph-adex LH-20柱色谱等方法进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及光谱数据确定化合物的结构。结果分离得到8个化合物,分别鉴定为2α-羟基齐墩果酸(2α-hydroxyoleanolic acid,1)、乌苏酸3β-羟基-乌索-11,12-烯-28,13β内酯(11,12-dehydroursolic acid lactone,2)、阿魏酸(ferulic acid,3)、山奈酚(kaempferol,4)、木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(luteolin-7-O-glucoside,5)、芹菜素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(apige-nin-7-O-glucoside,6)、胡萝卜苷(daucosterol,7)、獐牙菜苦苷(swertiamarin,8)。结论化合物1-4、7为首次从肋柱花属中分离得到。

ICP-OES法测定两种肋柱花21种矿质元素

【目的】用ICP-OES方法测定肋柱花的矿质元素,分析比较两种肋柱花中矿质元素含量差异,为肋柱花资源的深入开发提供科学依据.【方法】采用硝酸-微波消解样品,结合电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP-OES）法对大花肋柱花和肋柱花中21种矿质元素进行测定.【结果】大花肋柱花中检出21种矿质元素,肋柱花中检出18种矿质元素,Se、Mo、Cd未检出.此外,两者均具有较高的Ca、Mg、Fe元素含量,Co在两种肋柱花的含量差异最大,Tl相差最小.线性相关系数r在0.999 0~1.000 0之间,检出限低于0.0040mg/kg,加标回收率在88%~106%之间,RSD在0.20%~4.31%.【结论】ICP-OES法线性关系良好,检出限低,灵敏度高,可适用于两种肋柱花矿质元素的测定;两种肋柱花的矿物质含量存在差异.

肋柱花花粉萌发及其活力测定方法比较

[目的]通过对肋柱花花粉不同培养条件和测定方法进行研究,筛选出适宜花粉萌发的条件,找出简单快速测定肋柱花花粉活力方法。[方法]采用离体萌发法对不同浓度蔗糖、硼酸及培养温度下花粉萌发率进行研究,并通过醋酸洋红染色法、TTC染色法及I_2-KI染色法对花粉活力进行测定。[结果]肋柱花花粉在蔗糖浓度为15%、硼酸浓度为100 mg/L、温度为25℃培养下,花粉萌发率达最大值,超过此条件萌发率下降。与醋酸洋红法和TTC法相比,I_2-KI染色法的测定结果与离体培养萌发法结果相近。[结论]适宜肋柱花花粉萌发的培养条件为15%蔗糖+100 mg/L硼酸,温度为25℃;I_2-KI染色法可作为肋柱花花粉活力快速测定的最佳方法。

蒙药植物肋柱花种子萌发条件研究

选用不同的发芽床和浸种温度对肋柱花种子进行发芽试验,以期找出适于种子发芽的前期处理条件,为提高其繁殖效率,更为进一步制定种子质量检验方法提供理论依据。采用培养皿发芽法,研究不同发芽床类型和浸种温度对肋柱花种子发芽的影响。结果表明:砂上培养条件下种子发芽率和发芽指数最高,种子腐烂率最低,而砂间培养种子腐烂率最高;40℃浸种温度处理下种子的发芽率最高,随着浸种温度升高,发芽率逐渐降低。肋柱花种子适宜发芽条件为浸种温度为40℃,砂上为种子发芽最适发芽床。

蒙药肋柱花的抗炎活性部位研究

目的:筛选肋柱花体外抗炎的有效活性部位。方法:(1)先后用75%乙醇和水提取肋柱花,分别由石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇(极性由低至高)分别萃取得不同部位);(2)以平皿钢管法测定肋柱花不同部位抗炎活性。结果:不同部位比较,乙酸乙酯部位对金黄色葡萄球菌等6种菌抑菌活性都较强。结论:乙酸乙酯部位为抗炎活性部位。

肋柱花种子萌发影响因素研究

目的:通过选用不同的贮存温度和不同浓度的赤霉素溶液处理肋柱花种子,找出肋柱花种子萌发的影响因素,为肋柱花的大规模栽培和有性繁殖的生产实践提供科学指导。方法:采用培养皿萌发法,以发芽率、平均根长和种子简化活力指数为指标,考察不同的贮存温度和不同浓度的赤霉素溶液对肋柱花种子萌发的影响。结果:在贮存温度对肋柱花种子萌发影响的实验中:室外变温组、4℃冰箱组和常温对照组的发芽率分别为95.3%、10.5%和6.0%;平均根长为1.19 cm、1.15 cm和1.12 cm;种子简化活力指数为1.134 1%、0.120 8%、0.067 2%。不同浓度(25 mg·L-1、50 mg·L-1、100 mg·L-1、200 mg·L-1、500 mg·L-1、1000 mg·L-1)赤霉素浸泡后种子的发芽率分别为89.6%、91.0%、94.0%、93.3%、95.0%、90.0%;平均根长为1.12 cm、1.13 cm、1.17 cm、1.15 cm、1.18 cm、1.13 cm;种子简化活力指数为1.003 5%、1.028 3%、1.099 8%、1.072 9%、1.121 0%、1.017 0%。结论:室外变温或赤霉素浸种均能显著促进肋柱花种子的萌发。

内蒙古肋柱花属植物分类及其地理分布研究

确认了内蒙古地区有肋柱花属植物有 3种 1变种 ;其中发现了 1个新变种—橙黄肋柱花 (Lo matogoniumrotatum (L .)FriesexFern .var.aurantiacumY .Z .Zhao)和 1个新种组合—短萼肋柱花 (L .floribundum (Franch .)Y .Z .Zhao) ;编制了新的分种检索表 ;

反相高效液相色谱法测定辐花肋柱花中苦龙苷含量的研究

建立了反相高效液相色谱法测定辐花肋柱花中苦龙苷的含量。采用Kromasil-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)的色谱柱,以甲醇-水(52∶48,体积比)为流动相等度洗脱,流速0.8 ml/min,检测波长254 nm,柱温30℃。结果表明,在试验条件下苦龙苷与其他成分达到基线分离。苦龙苷的线性范围为0.028-0.165μg(r=0.9995)。该方法简便、快速,结果准确、可靠。