Safety of the express freight train running over a long-span bridge

Purpose-Express freight transportation is in rapid development currently.Owing to the higher speed of express freight train,the deformation of the bridge deck worsens the railway line condition under the action of wind and train moving load when the train runs over a long-span bridge.Besides,the blunt car body of vehicle has poor aerodynamic characteristics,bringing a greater challenge on the running stability in the crosswind.Design/methodology/approach-In this study,the aerodynamic force coefficients of express freight vehicles on the bridge are measured by scale model wind tunnel test.The dynamic model of the train-long-span steel truss bridge coupling system is established,and the dynamic response as well as the running safety of vehicle are evaluated.Findings-The results show that wind speed has a significant influence on running safety,which is mainly reflected in the over-limitation of wheel unloading rate.The wind speed limit decreases with train speed,and it reduces to 18.83 m/s when the train speed is 160 km/h.Originality/value-This study deepens the theoretical understanding of the interaction between vehicles and bridges and proposes new methods for analyzing similar engineering problems.It also provides a new theoretical basis for the safety assessment of express freight trains.

Wind tunnel testing of wind pressures on a large gymnasium roof

A wind tunnel test was conducted for a large steel gymnasium structure. Simultaneous pressure measurements were made on its entire ellipsoidal roof in a simulated suburban boundary layer flow field. Special attention is paid to the charaeteristics of fluctuating wind pressures in different zones on the roof. Some selected results are presented： 1） correlations between fluctuating wind pressures on both roof surfaces, 2） eigenvalues and eigenvectors of covariance matrices of the fluctuating wind pressures, 3） probability distributions of the fluctuating wind pressures, and 4） statistical characteristics of peak factor. Furthermore, the applicability of the quasi-steady approach is discussed in detail. Based on the results, an empirical formula for estimating the minimum pressure coefficients, using a peak factor approach, is presented. Comparison of the minimum pressure coefficients determined by the proposed formula and those obtained from the wind tunnel tests is made to examine the applicability and accuracy of the proposed formula.

Numerical simulation of aerodynamic derivatives and critical wind speed for long-span bridges based on simplified steady wind field

Combining the computational fluid dynamics-based numerical simulation with the forced vibration technique for extraction of aerodynamic derivatives, an approach for calculating the aerodynamic derivatives and the critical flutter wind speed for long-span bridges is presented in this paper. The RNG k-ε turbulent model is introduced to establish the governing equations, including the continuity equation and the Navier-Stokes equations, for solving the wind flow field around a two-dimensional bridge section. To illustrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach, a simple application to the Hume Bridge in China is provided, and the numerical results show that the aerodynamic derivatives and the critical flutter wind speed obtained agree well with the wind tunnel test results.

快速集装箱平车在明线和隧道内会车时的气动性能

利用三维、可压、非定常N-S方程,采用滑移网格技术对我国正在研制的160 km/h快速集装箱专用平车与动车组分别在明线和隧道内会车时的气动性能进行数值模拟。研究结果表明:集装箱平车以160 km/h的速度与动车组等速交会时,在隧道内会车时车载集装箱中部压力变化幅值是在明线会车时的3.46倍;在明线和隧道内会车时,集装箱列车受到的侧向力和侧滚力矩均与交会列车运行速度近似成平方关系;因隧道内压力分布一维特性较强,集装箱平车交会侧与非交会侧压力相差并不大,因此,在明线会车时集装箱平车受到的侧向力和侧滚力矩均比隧道会车时的大,大约是其1.1倍。

大跨扁平连拱隧道复合式中墙优化研究

为确保隧道施工安全、减少开挖跨度和节约工程投资,针对某依托工程,首先通过ADINA有限元数值模拟,对不同中墙形状下隧道中墙的受力与变形特征进行了分析,选取了复合式中墙最佳形状,在此基础上,对不同中墙厚度时围岩位移、中墙位移与中墙应力等变化全过程进行了研究,并通过现场监控量测对数值模拟结果进行了对比和验证分析。优化了大跨扁平连拱隧道中墙形状,提出了中墙配筋的关键控制因素和Ⅴ级围岩地段合理中墙厚度。

新型预应力混凝土衬砌压力隧洞技术研究

本文提出了一种新型预应力混凝土衬砌压力隧洞技术。该项技术根据厚壁圆筒承受内外水压力理论,利用围岩的抗力作用,采用外加预应力法,在围岩和衬砌混凝土之间安装一种圆环形扁千斤顶设备,根据需要利用水或水泥浆通过有限的径向位移对隧洞衬砌混凝土层外部人为地施加某一数值与分布的均布压应力,用以部分或全部抵消内水压力所产生的拉应力。其优点是省去了预应力钢筋,且施工简便。模拟试验证明,利用水或水泥浆施加预应力法是可行的。有限元计算结果表明,在隧洞衬砌混凝土外层间隔施加预应力时,衬砌混凝土中的应力能够满足工程需要。

数据突变下隧道洞口边坡变形灰色预测研究

根据边坡位移监测信息,应用灰色系统的原理和方法,对边坡的变形发展变化进行预测是一种有效手段。但边坡变形受到某些外界因素的影响发生突变时,监测数据序列不能正确反映边坡变形规律,致使边坡变形预测结果出现强度偏差。因此,提出数据突变预处理方法,并结合四车道扁平特大断面隧道洞口边坡变形现场监测数据,建立数据突变下的时间序列灰色预测模型,对边坡的发展变化情况进行预测。研究结果表明:基于数据突变预处理方法的时间序列灰色预测变形值与边坡实际发展变化一致,提高了时间序列灰色预测的准确性。

压力隧洞新型预应力混凝土衬砌技术模拟试验研究

在现有压力隧洞预应力混凝土衬砌技术的基础上,提出了基于圆环形扁千斤顶技术的新型预应力混凝土衬砌隧洞新概念。实现这个设想的关键设备是圆环形扁千斤顶,是一个用薄钢板制成的中空圆形压力囊,利用液压通过有限的径向位移对隧洞混凝土衬砌层外部施加均布压应力。室内模拟试验证明,采用薄钢板制作的圆环形扁千斤顶可以通过灌浆或注水对衬砌结构施加预应力,衬砌结构环向预压应力与注水压力呈线性关系,与理论结果一致。

ANSYS有限元在模拟隧道暗挖施工中的应用

文章针对重庆地铁一号线第八标工程段施工爆管漏水问题,提出了城市复杂环境条件下的软土大跨超浅埋隧道施工方案,并运用ANSYS有限元方法进行数值模拟分析,验证了该施工方案的可行性。

积石峡水电站导流洞交叉段平顶扭面拱衬砌模板及支撑设计

积石峡水电站导流洞与中孔泄洪洞交叉段体形复杂、施工场地狭窄、施工质量要求高,其顶拱形式为两个城门形顶拱相切形成的平顶扭面拱。根据这些特点和施工特殊性,对交叉段模板及支撑系统进行了设计,并采用底部钢管支柱支撑桁架梁平台,平台上搭设碗扣式脚手架支撑顶部模板的施工方案,成功克服了施工中的各种问题,及时有效地完成了衬砌施工。

Experimental study on flutter stability of a long-span bridge subject to wind-rain actions

Based on the free vibration test method for extracting flutter derivatives,an experiment on flutter stability of a long-span bridge under simultaneous actions of wind and rain was carried out in a wind tunnel.A separated twin-box girder section model was employed as the specimen.The flutter derivatives and critical flutter wind speed of this girder subject to both wind and rain(with various rainfall intensities,wind speeds and attack angles)were obtained,then the flutter stability of the bridge influenced by rainfall was analyzed.Experimental results showed that the flutter derivatives of this bridge depend on the angles of attack of wind flow in the wind and rain fields.Also,rainfall has great effect on three flutter derivatives(H2*,H4* and A4*)and has less effect on other three flutter derivatives(H1*,H3* and A3*).With the increasing rainfall density,the critical flutter velocity first increases and then decreases.Low density of rainfall has the effect of increasing mass,stiffness and damping on bridge decks,and higher density of rainfall has the effect of random inhomogeneous impact on bridge decks.

不同排列方式平屋面建筑群极值风荷载干扰效应影响研究

通过风洞试验,采用单因素轮换法,研究了建筑物排数、列数及面积密度对平屋面低矮建筑群各位置建筑物的屋面极值风压系数干扰效应的影响规律。试验结果表明：屋面大部分区域极值风荷载干扰效应以遮挡效应为主,中心建筑物的屋面各区域、边缘和角部建筑物的角部和中心屋面区域遮挡效应尤为显著,屋面边缘中间区域出现了放大效应,最大增幅达到14%;增加建筑物排数或列数,对角部和边缘建筑物影响较大,其屋面角部和中心区域极值风压缩减效应进一步增强;3排3列建筑群中,中心建筑物屋面各区以及角部和边缘建筑物靠近建筑群中心的屋面角部区域极值风压均对建筑面积密度较为敏感,干扰因子随建筑面积密度增加而线性减小,比例系数接近-1. 0,而角部建筑物和边缘建筑物中远离建筑群中心的屋面角部区域极值风压对建筑面积密度并不敏感。

大尺度平屋盖聚类最优风压分区研究

以大尺度平屋盖为研究对象,针对其风压分布变化梯度较大的问题和GB 50009—2012《建筑结构荷载规范》关于大尺度平屋盖风压分区规定的不完善,围绕大尺度平屋盖风压分区问题,在得到各种风向下风压测点最不利极值风压的基础上,利用最短距离聚类法对风压测点分区,得到不同分区类数下的分区方案,用基于质量系数的聚类有效性评价法确定最佳聚类数及最佳分区方案,并采用面积权重法给出大尺度平屋盖分区风压系数。研究结果表明:大尺度平屋盖聚类最优风压分区类数为3;大尺度平屋盖角部大致在10%屋盖跨度范围内,属于风敏感部位,设计、施工时需特别注意;整个屋面平均风压系数会导致大尺度平屋盖中部偏于保守设计,角部低估了风荷载;在进行大尺度平屋盖抗风设计时,应先确定极值风压分区,并针对不同部位分别进行设计和施工。通过与规范平屋盖分区方式、常用分区方式确定的分区风压系数对比显示,聚类最优风压分区较其他方式确定的分压风压系数结果更为合理。

大跨屋盖表面局部体型系数和峰值风压研究

基于大跨平屋盖和马鞍屋盖风洞测压试验,利用面积时程法得到全风向下屋盖最不利局部体型系数,并将计算结果与我国GB 50009—2012《建筑结构荷载规范》进行对比分析,同时采用Davenport峰值因子法、Hermite矩模型理论,分别计算高斯区、非高斯区峰值因子,得到屋盖表面最不利峰值风压。结果表明：我国GB 50009—2012中关于围护结构局部体型系数的规定不尽合理,在屋盖迎风前缘拐角区域明显低估了风吸力;对于迎风前缘中部区域,规定的局部体型系数过于保守;对于屋盖的中心区域,采用单一系数低估了迎风拐角区域与中心区域交界处的体型系数。为此,基于风洞试验和理论计算结果,参考日本AIJ-2004,对两类屋盖的全风向最不利局部体型系数和峰值风压系数进行了分区界定并给出相应的建议值。