Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer in a Modified Three-phase Airlift Loop Reactor

A modified internal-loop airlif reactor （MIALR） with a continuous slurry phase was studied to investigate the local hydrodynamic characteristics, including gas holdup, bubble size, bubble rise velocity and local mass transfer properties. Based on the analysis of geometrical construction and fluid properties of gas and slurry, MIALR was divided into six flow regions. In these flow regions, the local hydrodynamic characteristics were investigated over a wide range of operating variables. Furthermore, a new method was developed to measure the dissolved oxygen concentration. The volumetric mass-transfer coefficient in six flow regions was also calculated for comparison.

Hydrodynamics and oxygen transfer in a novel extra-loop fluidized bed bioreactor

In this paper, the characteristics of fluid mixing time in a novel extra-loop fluidized bed were studied. The results showed that the mixing time was shortened with the increase of fluid velocity. All the discrete numbers of the reactor were above 0.2. The serial number n was 2.5 -3.0. It was judged accordingly that the reactor fluid state was continous stirred tank reactor （CSTR） mainly. When the inspiratory capacity increased the mixing time of the reactor was shortened. Thus the air input was beneficial for the fluid mixing. During the three phases mixing process, the mixing time of the reactor could be decreased by the n increase of carrier and air loading together, but the change was not significant. The parameters affecting the reactor fluid state were fluid velocity, inspiratory capacity and carrier. KLa could be increased with the air loading increase, and at the same gas/liquid ratio when the pressure drop was high, KL~ value was increased. The amount of carrier complex influence on KLa. As the carrier loading continued to increase, its value had been dropped but the changes was not significant, and optimization condition was found at above 800 1 000 g carrier loading （pouzzolane） or 600 g PVC. Under gas/liquid ratio of 0.8% -5.2%, KLa was （0.62-1.37）×10^-2· s^-1.

A Comparative Study on Heat Transfer Performance of Typical Petrochemical Reactors

The performance of heat transfer is a key issue for reactor design in petrochemical industry. Since the heat transfer in reactors is a complicated process and depends on multiple parameters, the evaluation of the heat transfer performance is usually challenging, and few previous studies gave an overall view of heat exchange performance of different types of reactors. In this review, heat transfer coefficients of two types of petrochemical reactors, including the packed bed and the fluidized bed, were systematically analyzed and compared based on a number of reported correlations. The relationship between heat transfer coefficients and fluid flow velocity in different reactors has been well established, which clearly demonstrates the varying range of their heat transfer coefficients. Heat transfer coefficients of gas-phase packed bed can exceed 200 W/m^2·K, rather than the suggested values(17—89 W/m^2·K) mentioned in the literature. The fluidized bed shows better performance for both two-phase and three-phase beds as compared to the packed bed. Systems with liquid phase also show better heat transfer performance than other phases because of the larger heat capacity of liquid. Thus the industrial three-phase fluidized beds have the best heat transfer performance with an overall heat transfer coefficient of greater than 1 000 W/m^2·K. The heat transfer results provided by this review can afford not only new insights into the heat transfer in typical reactors, but also the basis and guidelines for reactor design and selection.

Hardware-in-the-loop simulation of communication networks

To enhance the fidelity and accuracy of the simulation of communication networks,hardware-in-the-loop（HITL） simulation was employed.HITL simulation methods was classified into three categories,of which the merits and shortages were compared.Combing system-in-the-loop（SITL） simulation principle with high level architecture（HLA）,an HITL simulation model of asynchronous transfer mode（ATM） network was constructed.The throughput and end-to-end delay of all-digital simulation and HITL simulation was analyzed,which showed that HITL simulation was more reliable and effectively improved the simulation credibility of communication network.Meanwhile,HLA-SITL method was fast and easy to achieve and low-cost during design lifecycle.Thus,it was a feasible way to research and analyze the large-scale network.

数模—动模混合仿真系统的接口建模与稳定性分析

为满足现代电力系统实时仿真的发展需求,数模-动模混合仿真系统结合实时数字仿真和物理动态模拟仿真的优点,成为现代电力系统研究的重要仿真方法。接口系统是混合仿真系统设计中的核心与难点。为了深入分析混合仿真系统的稳定性,对接口系统各个组成环节进行建模得到系统开环传递函数,分别根据劳斯判据和奈奎斯特判据研究开环传递函数中不同参数对系统稳定性的影响。理论推导表明接口系统中滤波器截止频率、接口延时和阻抗模拟比对系统的稳定性影响较大,并通过所搭建的混合仿真系统进行实验,实验结果表明不同参数对系统的稳定性影响与理论推导一致。

有源电力滤波器补偿的PI解耦控制技术研究

电网中电压和电流波形的失真会产生谐波,导致电网功率因数降低,并影响电力系统的稳定性和可靠性。为了确保电力系统的正常工作,研究了基于有源电力滤波器补偿的比例积分(PI)解耦控制技术。设计了基于二极管钳位式的有源电力滤波器模型。结合基尔霍博电压法,降低控制谐波和解除部分变量耦合。针对设备非线性产生的谐波,分析有源电力滤波器的可逆性,获得输入雅可比矩阵,以实现滤波器旋转坐标的线性化。利用变换矩阵转换转动角速向量,输入谐波的幅度,输出电流取样延迟,完成无差PI解耦控制。试验结果表明,所提技术能够有效解耦滤波器的谐波电流成分,从而补偿电网中的失真电流。该技术可以减少谐波对电力系统的整体影响,保证设备的正常运行。

微惯性环节介入法与同阶闭环系统的稳定性

奈奎斯特判据是经典控制理论中最为重要的稳定性判据,但并不适用于同阶闭环系统。同时由于基本环节样式不全、开环传递函数含义易误解且使用不便,导致初学者对自控原理学习和理解的困扰。为此对频域法的一些概念和表达方式进行了梳理,对基本环节和控制系统进行了完整的分类,提出环路传递函数概念解决了开环传递函数含义易误解和使用不便的问题,提出微惯性环节介入法解决了同阶闭环系统稳定性判断的问题,环路传递函数、微惯性环节介入法、巨惯性环节与微阻尼振荡环节替代等方法大大地简化了系统特性的分析,从而完善了频域分析法及其知识体系。

STUDY OF DOWNFLOW LIQUID JET LOOP REACTOR

The hydrodynamic and mass transfer characteristics of a downflow liquid jet loop reactor (D-JLR) were studied experimentally with water/air and CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) solution/air systems. The effects of the geometry, the operating parameters and the physical properties of the liquid phase on gas hold-up and mass transfer coefficient were measuered. Compared with other types of gas-liquid reactor, D-JLR shows higher mass transfer coefficient and lower energy dissipation rate, the optimum diameter ratio was found to be about 0.42-0.6. A model for gas hold-up in D-JLR with Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids has been developed on the basis of the equation of motion and the concept of average mixing length. The prediction of gas hold-up with the model agreed with the experimental results of this work.

水热型地热水平井取热对流传热耦合机制

【目的】闭式取热技术只利用地层热量,不抽采地热水,近年来成为地热开发研究的重点领域之一,但关注储层对流对传热影响的研究相对缺乏。【方法】为了提高单井取热量,提出水热型储层水平井闭式取热工艺,增大井筒与储层的接触面积,且充分利用储层对流。建立水平井、循环水、储层互相耦合的流动传热模型,分储层自然对流、强制对流条件开展取热性能预测,揭示储层对流场、温度场演变特征。【结果和结论】结果表明:(1)储层发育与水平段垂直的强制对流可有效缓解热突破,对取热提升较为明显;与水平段平行的强制对流与自然对流取热量无明显差异。(2)与上覆地层相比,储层段对循环水温的提升占主导地位,平均每米温度提升是上覆地层的2.4倍。(3)储层对流场和温度场演变具有高度耦合特性。当储层只存在自然对流时,温度场变化范围与达西流动活跃区局限于井筒邻近区域,沿径向方向扩展;当储层发育强制对流时,温度场和对流场在水平井筒两侧呈非对称分布,低温区和低达西流速区位于对流下游方向。(4)储层温度动态恢复特征受对流条件控制。强制对流可加速对井筒周围区域热量补给,促进温度恢复,具备长年运行的条件。研究成果为水平井取热系统研究与设计提供借鉴。

Numerical Study of Thermal Performance of a Capillary Evaporator in a Loop Heat Pipe with Liquid-Saturated Wick

Heat transfer of a capillary evaporator in a loop heat pipe was analyzed through 3D numerical simulations to study the effects of the thermal conductivity of the wick, the contact area between the casing and the wick, and the subcooling in the compensation chamber (CC) on the thermal performance of the evaporator. A pore network model with a distribution of pore radii was used to simulate liquid flow in the porous structure of the wick. To obtain high accuracy, fine meshes were used at the boundaries among the casing, the wick, and the grooves. Distributions of temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate were compared for polytetra-fluoroethylene (PTFE) and stainless steel wicks. The thermal conductivity of the wick and the contact area between the casing and the wick significantly impacted thermal performance of the evaporator heat-transfer coefficient and the heat leak to the CC. The 3D analysis provided highly accurate values for the heat leak;in some cases, the heat leaks of PTFE and stainless steel wicks showed little differences. In general, the heat flux is concentrated at the boundaries between the casing, the wick, and the grooves;therefore, thermal performance can be optimized by increasing the length of the boundary.

Experimental Investigation on the Effection of Flow Regulator in a Multiple Evaporators/Condensers Loop Heat Pipe with Plastic Porous Structure

Multiple loop heat pipes which have two evaporators and two condensers in one loop are a kind of active heat transfer device. Since they have two evaporators and two condensers, the operating mode also becomes multiple. This work discusses the cases that multiple loop heat pipes were operated with one condenser at high temperature and the other at low temperature. To avoid the high temperature returning liquid and keep the multiple loop heat pipes work properly, the flow regulator which was made of polyethylene was designed, fabricated and applied in this test. The effect of flow regulator was confirmed and analyzed. In the test that large temperature difference existed between two sinks, it can be found according to the result that the flow regulator worked effectively and prevented the high temperature vapor to enter the inlet of common liquid line, which can keep the evaporators and returning liquid to operate at low temperature. With the increment of heat loads and the temperature difference between two sinks, the pressure difference between two condensers became larger and larger. When the pressure difference was larger than the flow regulator’s capillary force, the flow regulator could not work properly because the high temperature vapor began to flow through the flow regulator. According to the test data, the flow regulator can work properly within the sinks’ temperature 0°C/60°C and the two evaporators’ heat load 30/30 W.

回差矩阵奇异值方法改进和MIMO系统稳定性分析

高速防空导弹大攻角飞行时,耦合现象严重,弹体的高动态响应特征进一步加剧通道耦合,因此研究通道耦合下的系统稳定性至关重要。本文提出一种双通道控制模式下,单通道断开、耦合通道视为内回路的传递函数矩阵,并引入回差阵奇异值法计算系统稳定裕度。通过仿真将传统奇异值法和基于传递函数矩阵的奇异值改进法计算出的稳定裕度、单通道稳定裕度、双通道断开的稳定裕度和基于通道耦合下的稳定裕度,结合系统的时域响应进行对比分析。结果表明,改进回差阵奇异值法计算结果更精确,通道耦合下的开环传递函数对系统稳定性描述更合理。

倾角对平板型LHP 运行性能的影响

通过改变内部毛细芯结构达到改善环路热管性能、减小环路热管体积的目的,取消储液腔,将传统的长矩形蒸汽槽道更改为特斯拉阀形状,并且将蒸发器进出口设置在蒸发器两侧。研究该热管在不同倾角下的启动性能、运行特性。结果显示:相对于0°倾角运行,倾角的存在能够减少环路热管的启动时间,降低蒸发器温度,存在倾角的条件下启动特性差别不大。随着功率的增加,不同倾角的环路热管热阻减小,仅在倾角(10°以下)较低时有较大的热阻。随着倾角的增加,环路热管热阻随功率的变化无较大改变。

抗线圈偏移与倾斜的人工肛门括约肌经皮能量传输系统

传统的经皮能量传输系统大多采用开环系统,充电过程中患者要尽量保持不动,否则会导致线圈错位或翻转,影响接收功率导致不能正常充电。针对上述问题,本文首先采用LCC-S拓扑结构实现了接收端恒压特征,然后基于互感估计和原边功率补偿的方法实时调节发射端发射功率对接收端电压进行控制。仿真和体外实验结果显示,该系统可以使得接收端输出电压在锂电池整个充电过程中恒定不变;该系统可以允许接收线圈在轴向偏移25 mm内、横向偏移22 mm内、翻转角度80°内进行有限姿态变化,使得患者可以在充电过程中适量运动,大大提高了经皮能量传输系统的稳定性与可靠性,对人工肛门括约肌系统的进一步应用有重要意义。

应用于新型环路热管的两相引射器数值模拟

环路热管是一种高效被动式相变传热装置,广泛应用于高热流电子器件散热等领域。前期研究发现将小型两相引射器与平板式环路热管耦合,可大幅提高传热性能。然而,小型两相引射器内部流动及传热机理尚不清晰,难以对新型环路热管进行正向设计与理论建模。通过数值模拟研究了汽水参数和混合腔结构对两相引射器性能及内部流场分布的影响。结果表明,喉部下游存在凝结激波,随着背压增加,其位置逐渐向喉部移动;其强度与背压、蒸汽产量、混合腔长度呈正相关,与水温呈负相关。引射器最大工作背压在40~125 kPa,与蒸汽产量和水温呈正相关,与混合腔长度呈负相关。通过大量模拟,得到了设计功率下水温和混合腔长度对引射器工作模式和压比的影响规律。

35 K空间深低温热传输系统性能天地差异

为了解决空间红外探测系统的深低温散热问题,保证红外探测器的低温工作环境,基于脉冲管制冷机和深冷环路热管,设计研制了一套35 K温区的深低温获取与热传输集成系统.该系统由一套35 K温区氖工质深冷环路热管、两台35 K温区脉冲管制冷机、一台150 K温区脉冲管制冷机、隔热冷屏、测温/加热组件、控制系统等组成.完成了地面单机级、整星级热真空测试,并于2020年完成空间飞行测试.在地面单机试验中开展了水平姿态和逆重力恶劣姿态下的传热测试,保证了空间微重力下必定能稳定工作;整星级测试验证了系统在卫星平台散热工况下的工作特性,空间飞行测试获得了系统的空间微重力下的工作性能.本文分析了系统在上述不同阶段的热性能,包括超临界启动特性,稳态运行性能等,验证了相关设计的正确性,重点对比了不同阶段的性能差异,分析其可能的原因.

高温环路热管设计方法研究与传热极限分析

高超声速飞行器在以高超声速飞行时尾喷管会面临严酷的燃烧热考验,结合高温热管导热性强和环路热管传热距离长等优势,高温环路热管可以作为尾喷管热防护的新方法.根据液态钠高导热系数及高表面张力的物性设计了一种新型蒸发器,提出了一套高温环路热管的设计流程.使用这套设计流程设计了一根高温环路热管,结合热管传热极限的计算方法,对钠热管进行仿真计算,分析了温度和结构对热管传热极限的影响.研究发现在高温环路热管的运行温区内,热管的传热性能随着温度升高一般由声速极限、毛细极限和沸腾极限依次决定.结合研究结论提出了热管结构优化方法,为热管设计提供了理论依据.

拉毛针织面料热传递性能的有限元仿真

为探究拉毛针织面料的毛羽对面料热传递性能的影响规律,提出了一种预测拉毛针织面料热传递性能的方法,建立了针织线圈-毛羽层模型,在此基础上对拉毛针织面料的热传递性能进行有限元仿真分析,并通过实验验证模型的有效性。首先对实验面料进行测量,得到织物的几何结构参数,利用SolidWorks专业建模软件建立织物的针织线圈结构,利用ANSYS DesignModeler建立织物的毛羽层;然后借助有限元分析软件ANSYS Fluent,根据模拟环境设置边界条件,进行迭代运算,得到该模型的温度分布云图;最后将仿真模拟的结果与实验测试结果进行对比,对模型的有效性进行验证。研究结果表明:拉毛针织面料的模拟热阻值与实验热阻值相关系数接近0.993,最大差异小于17.7%,表明该有限元模型具有一定的可行性;拉毛针织面料的表面毛羽密度越高,织物的热阻值越大,但是毛羽密度达到一定范围后,织物热阻值发生较小变化。

绝热段阻力对CO_(2)、R134a和R410A分离式热管传热性能的影响

通过实验研究了上升管和下降管阻力对CO_(2)、R134a和R410A分离式热管传热性能的影响,分析了热管传热极限和传热热阻的变化规律。研究发现阻力变化对不同工质热管的影响不同,对于CO_(2)热管,上升管阻力和下降管阻力对其传热性能的影响程度接近,当上升管或下降管阀门开度从90°降至30°时,CO_(2)热管的传热极限均由1200 W降为700 W。对于R134a和R410A热管而言,上升管阻力对其传热性能的影响更大,当上升管阀门开度从90°降至30°时,R410A热管的传热极限由1300 W降为700 W,R134a热管则未出现正常运行状态,管内始终存在较大的过热过冷度,两种热管的传热热阻也显著增大。而下降管阻力增大对R134a和R410A热管的传热性能几乎无影响。因此,在实际工程设计中,CO_(2)热管应采用上升管和下降管管径相同或相近的结构,而R134a和R410A热管适合采用上升管管径明显大于下降管管径的结构,以达到节省管材的目的。

隔离型双向AC-DC矩阵变换器闭环控制方法研究

根据隔离型双向AC-DC矩阵变换器(Isolated AC-DC Matrix Converter,IAMC)没有中间电容缓冲环节,输入和输出变换器控制之间存在耦合,研究提出了IAMC两级功率变换器的控制方法。通过对全桥变换器进行闭环控制进而实现对直流侧输出电流和功率的直接控制;三相-单相矩阵变换器实现对有功和无功功率的独立控制,以满足网侧功率因数的高精度控制。所提控制策略有效降低了两级变换器的耦合强度,保证了系统的良好性能。在MATLAB中进行仿真,结果表明,所提出的控制方法在使系统电能质量得到提高的同时,可以实现单位功率因数可调,验证了所提控制策略的正确性和有效性。