Approaches to low carbon development in China and India

Low carbon development has gained policy prominence and is a concern of both environment and development policy globally and in China and India. This paper discusses the role of China and India as important global actors in light of development imperatives in the two countries.The article then looks at emerging approaches in the two countries related to financing, science, technology ＆ innovation policy, and subnational actions. The objective is to review efforts in China and India for contributing to learning experiences for other countries. The final section discussed the ways forward in terms of examining the role of China and India in terms of national policy strengthening as well as in global agenda setting. Implementation of sub-national initiatives in both countries faces challenges due to lack of adequate financing as well as knowledge such as greenhouse gas inventories and disaggregated resource and socio-economic assessments. Both India and China are making efforts in technology and innovation domains to set foot on a trajectory of low carbon development with varying degrees of success. In finance,both China and India have experimented with various instruments-the key difference is that China has taken the support of regulation more while India has leaned on to market based instruments. Both China and India are moving on an encouraging track regarding low carbon development with fairly well-designed domestic policies and consistent international engagement.

The Core Issue Facing the Green and Low Carbon Development of the Chinese Economy and the Countermeasures

Green development is an important concept based on China's needs and the international situation. Green development will greatly help China choose its path for economic growth. In the newly ratified Paris Agreement, the carbon emission reduction target willingly and determinedly proposed by China is very challenging. It will increase China's cost per unit of carbon dioxide emissions, slow China's economy growth, and set the upper limit for China's carbon emissions in the future. Facing these challenges, China needs to properly conduct carbon allocations under restrictions and promote green and low carbon development of the Chinese economy primarily by reinforcing structural adjustments and optimizing energy structures, upgrading industrial structures, being actively involved in international cooperation on carbon emission reduction and using other positive strategies.

Comprehensive Appraisal of Provincial Low Carbon Development:A Case Study of China

In this research,the Factor Analysis model of measuring provincial low carbon development in China has been constructed.Based on data from 30 provinces,an empirical study was developed to measure comprehensive low carbon development using the Factor Analysis model(Principal Components method and Normalized Varimax Rotation).The results reveal that the provincial marks of low carbon development are generally low and only nine provinces have high marks(more than 0.80).The results also show significant regional disparity.The provincial marks of the eastern region are higher than both the middle and western provinces of China's Mainland.All of the provinces with high marks(more than 0.90) are located in the eastern region,and those with the lowest marks(0.60) are located in the middle region.Furthermore,regional disparity in low carbon development follows the same pattern as economic development in China.Finally,some suggestions for decision-makers are presented.

Low Carbon Development: Challenges for China as a Rapidly Industrializing Developing Country

China is in a stage of rapid industrialization. Over the past two decades, the size of the Chineseeconomyhasmorethan quadrupledandenergyconsumptionhasmorethandoubled. The drivefor moreindustrialization overthenexttwo decades isleading to similardynamics on a much larger scale. The net increase in emissions of CO2 between 1990 and 2001 amounted to 823 million tons, accounting for27 percent ofthe world total. Energysupplies and security are keyconstraintsto industrialization;therefore, mitigation of emissionscan in fact contribute to the achievement of development goals. There is a need for China to pursuea path oflow carbon development. However, low and zero carbon technologies can hardlymeet thedemandsforthephysicalexpansion oftheeconomy. In ordertocope with the challenges for low carbon development, factors such as responsibility, capability, and potentials have to be taken into account in an international climateregime.

Establishing a Carbon-Neutrality Oriented Economic System through Green, Low-carbon, and Circular Development

Carbon neutrality requires a profound socio-economic revolution.Since the 21;century,China has been promoting social&economic transformation,and put forward a series of strategic directions for development transformation.As China enters the new era of socialism,building a green,low-carbon and circular economic system has become an important direction for future economic development and transformation.This paper analyzes the relationship between the green,low-carbon and circular economic system and carbon neutrality,and points out that green development,low-carbon development and circular development will greatly reduce carbon emissions of economic development and help realize the carbon goal through co-benefit effect,structural adjustment and resource recycling.Finally,the paper puts forward some suggestions for promoting the transformation of the economic system to green,low-carbon and circular development.

Building a Low-carbon Development Policy System towards Carbon Neutrality

China has proposed that it will strive to achieve the carbon neutrality target by 2060,providing strategic guidance for China to accelerate the transformation of its development mode and economic restructuring.But it is very challenging to achieve the target.It requires systematic top design as well as scientific formulation of long-term planning,while multiple institutional policies and institutional mechanism reforms need to be strengthened,such as rule of law,administration and economy,to form a systematic and effective incentive and constraint mechanism.Through the exploration and improvement of its three five-year plans,China has formed a low-carbon policy guarantee system led by binding targets,highlighting key industries and regions,and comprising planning,laws,administrative orders,pilot projects,markets,finance and taxation,and other aspects.However,there are still many problems,including the lack of clear policy paths in the near,medium and long term,the absence of key systems such as total carbon emission control system and climate legislation,poor inter-departmental communication and coordination mechanisms,and inadequate systems such as carbon markets and climate investment and financing.Finally,taking into account the current opportunities and challenges,we propose a low-carbon development policy guarantee system for China to move towards carbon neutrality.

Research on Low-carbon Transportation-oriented Urban Planning and Design Strategy: A Case Study of The Netherlands

In the era of urban stock development,advocatinglow-carbontravelandreducing transportation carbon emissions will help promote the realization of the “dual carbon” goal. Based on the urban planning and design concept of “small block, dense road network”, the paper analyzes the cases of low-carbon transportation-oriented road network planning and construction in the Netherlands,and summarizes the design concept and implementation method of road network planning of public transportation and slow traffic friendly blocks. The successful experiences of low-carbon transportationoriented city construction in the Netherlands are summarized, in order to provide the reference for lowcarbon urban development in China.

Low-carbon development policies and achievements in the context of the livestock sector in China

Rapid growth and a vast transition of Chinese livestock industry driven by economic incentives make it become an important contributor on climate change over the last four decades.This study first analyzes the evolving lowcarbon livestock development policies and regulations,then an assessment and explanations of the achievements and non-achievements are provided.The findings reveal that China began to pay attention to low-carbon development policy starting in the early 1990s.However,only after the cyclic and green concept became the main sustainable development policy,China began to move seriously toward low-carbon livestock development.Several policy instruments were introduced,including moderate scale,feed optimization,manure resource utilization,facility and equipment allocation rate,energy conservation and substitution.Overall,achievements were made in introducing such policies.However,due to the large share of standard agriculture and regional resources,and environmental diversity,such policies may have little effect in practice.The divergence between the policies and actual practices are explained,and important policies applicable to all developing countries are also recommended.

A review of low-carbon technologies and projects for the global cement industry

Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions from the cement industry account for 26%of the total industrial emissions,and the need to develop low-carbon techniques within the cement industry is extremely urgent.Low-carbon projects and technologies for the cement industry in different regions and countries have been thoroughly reviewed in this manuscript,and the low-carbon development concept for each county has been analyzed.For developing countries such as China and India,energy saving and efficiency enhancement are currently the key points,while for developed countries and regions such as Europe,more efforts have been focused on carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS).Global CCUS projects have been previously conducted,and the majority of CCUS projects are currently performed in Europe where major projects such as the CEMCAP,CLEANKER,and IEILAC projects represent the latest research progress in cement production technologies and low-carbon technologies for the global cement industry.The development of low-carbon cement technologies has changed from focusing on the end point to instead focusing on the source and process through the exploration of hydrogen and solar energies,and more disruptive and original technologies are expected to be developed,particularly in the cement industry in China.

低碳城市发展水平的测度及其对策研究——以长株潭为例

以评估城市"低碳"发展水平为研究目标,以长株潭三个一体化城市的社会经济、资源环境、科学技术和交通建筑为研究对象,并与全国平均低碳发展水平作对比,运用改进的层次分析法和主成分分析法构造了低碳发展水平的评价模型,并给定了评价区间标准,对长株潭3市及全国的平均水平进行了实证研究,提出了长株潭3市发展低碳经济的对策。

黑龙江省农垦低碳经济发展战略思考

自2003年英国首次提出"低碳经济"概念之后,发展低碳经济逐步成为全球共识。哥本哈根会议之后,低碳经济极有可能成为"第四次工业革命"。中国决定到2020年要实现单位国内生产总值CO2排放比2005年下降40%～45%,2050年建立起低碳发展格局,在维护第三世界发展权和承担自己的国际义务方面走在世界的前沿。黑龙江省农垦作为国家的重要战略版块,应责无旁贷地抢占低碳经济战略制高点,为实现国家的整体战略目标发挥应用作用。文章规划了黑龙江省农垦的低碳经济发展战略和总体布局,提出了具体的发展对策。

我国低碳技术发展现状及障碍分析

随着人类改造自然的进程不断加速,低碳模式逐渐成为全球经济发展的新方向。在实现低碳发展的过程中,低碳技术作为碳无形资产的一部分对发展目标的实现、低碳竞争力的提升起到推动作用。文章首先综述了低碳技术的概念,给出了低碳技术的定义;其次按照技术研发的一般周期总结了我国低碳技术的发展现状,并列举了主要相关技术的进展以及未来的预期;最后从低碳技术创新动力及国外低碳技术转让两个角度找出了阻碍我国低碳技术发展的因素。

能源消耗视角下的低碳经济发展路径选择——以福建省为例

为应对气候变化和全球变暖,减少温室气体排放,低碳经济发展模式是人类社会发展的新选择。从能源需求角度出发,分析了福建省当前能源消耗基本特点,主要体现为能源消费总量呈逐年上升趋势、能源消费弹性系数仍然较高、能源消费构成较为单一等;在此基础上,基于能耗角度,从宏观层面探索福建省低碳经济发展路径,提出了开发新能源,发展低碳城市、走绿色、无公害农业低碳发展之路,建设低碳农村、推行低碳旅游等方案,为促进福建省低碳经济建设进程提供政策指导。

低碳经济发展中的造纸产业节能减排研究初探

造纸企业是工业生产中的耗能大户之一,该行业相关的节能降耗研究具有重要的意义。本文根据国内外造纸业发展的新形势、新要求,结合美国造纸工业能耗带宽和我国造纸工业用能状况,在分析了目前造纸工业的能耗状况基础上,探索了我国节能降耗工作的发展方向。节能工作可推动我国造纸工业节能减排增效,实现向低碳产业经济发展的战略目标。

辽宁省低碳旅游发展模式研究

低碳旅游是以低耗能、低污染为基础的绿色旅游,是低碳经济应用于旅游业中的全新旅游方式。辽宁省低碳旅游发展模式的影响因素包括主观因素和客观因素,如何克服并取得良好发展是关键,旅游酒店低碳化经营模式、旅行社经营低碳化、旅游景区开发低碳化、政府管理低碳化、旅游者消费低碳化、社区居民生活低碳化,成为辽宁省发展低碳旅游的主要模式。

中国城市化进程中的低碳经济发展路径选择

随着中国城市化的快速推进,能源消耗和碳排放总量在未来一段时间内都将持续上升。如何有效遏制城市化进程中的温室气体排放成为控制我国温室气体排放总量不断增加的关键因素。改善城市化进程中的能源消费结构、进行技术创新和政策创新、促进低碳行业的不断发展将是我国低碳城市化发展的必由之路。

全球气候变化背景下中国产业的低碳发展研究

全球性气候变化促使低碳经济走上前台。中国的产业发展受到了前所未有的二氧化碳减排压力,但同时全球气候变化和发展低碳经济也给中国产业的发展带来了机遇。应对全球气候变化,中国要发展低碳经济,建设低碳城市,实现中国产业低碳发展之路。

长株潭城市群交通低碳转型的发展路径

"五位一体"的总体布局将生态文明建设提到前所未有的战略高度,低碳发展、绿色发展已成为区域要求和全民共识。现实表明,交通运输部门的碳排放量仅次于工业部门,是导致全球变暖现象的重要因素,优化交通运输模式,促进城市交通低碳转型,是生态文明建设的题中之义。"两型社会"建设综改区长株潭城市群,应依托交通低碳转型的发展路径,推动长株潭城市群低碳交通的构建。

基于利益相关者视角的低碳交通创新发展模式研究

基于政府、企业、社会组织、公众等不同的利益相关者视角,分析了我国交通发展状况,认为主要存在机动车数量增长较快、交通运输结构不合理、清洁能源政策实施不顺、能源消耗量持续增加、碳排放快速增长等问题,进而分别从政府、企业、社会组织、公众角度提出了创新发展低碳交通的策略,并构建了不同利益相关者协同创新发展低碳交通的合作模式。

基于SWOT分析的上海低碳农业发展探讨

运用SWOT模型全面分析了上海发展低碳农业的优劣势以及可能面对的机遇和挑战,并从法律、政策、技术、组织等方面提出上海发展低碳农业的对策措施。