This paper describes a new numerical QCD calculation method (direct minimization of QCD-QED-action) and its results for the first-generation (u, d) hadrons. Here we start with the standard color-Lagrangian LQCD = LDir...This paper describes a new numerical QCD calculation method (direct minimization of QCD-QED-action) and its results for the first-generation (u, d) hadrons. Here we start with the standard color-Lagrangian LQCD = LDirac + Lgluon, model the quarks q<sub>i</sub> as parameterized gaussians, and the gluons Ag<sub>i</sub> as Ritz-Galerkin-series. We minimize the Lagrangian numerically with parameters par = (par (q), {α<sub>k</sub>}, par (Ag)) for first-generation hadrons (nucleons, pseudo-scalar mesons, vector mesons). The resulting parameters yield the correct masses and correct magnetic moments for the nucleons, the gluon-distribution and the quark-distribution with interesting insights into the hadron structure.展开更多
量子色动力学(Quantum Chromodynamics,QCD)相图结构和相变临界点是高能物理理论和实验的研究热点。相对论重离子碰撞是探索QCD相图结构、寻找QCD相变临界点的有力工具。美国布鲁克海文国家实验室的相对论重离子对撞机(Relativistic Hea...量子色动力学(Quantum Chromodynamics,QCD)相图结构和相变临界点是高能物理理论和实验的研究热点。相对论重离子碰撞是探索QCD相图结构、寻找QCD相变临界点的有力工具。美国布鲁克海文国家实验室的相对论重离子对撞机(Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider,RHIC)是目前世界上进行高能重离子碰撞的大型实验装置之一,其中的STAR(Solenoidal Tracker at RHIC)实验致力于高温高密条件下夸克胶子等离子体(Quark Gluon Plasma,QGP)性质以及QCD相结构的实验研究。本文着重介绍近年来RHIC-STAR能量扫描实验中运用守恒荷高阶矩和轻核产生寻找QCD相变临界点的研究进展,最后将对高重子密度区QCD相结构的未来研究做出展望。展开更多
探寻量子色动力学(Quantum Chromodynamics,QCD)相图的临界点是相对论重离子碰撞实验低能量扫描(Beam Energy Scan program in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions,RHIC-BES)项目的重要实验目标。初步的实验探测发现了净质子数涨落随着...探寻量子色动力学(Quantum Chromodynamics,QCD)相图的临界点是相对论重离子碰撞实验低能量扫描(Beam Energy Scan program in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions,RHIC-BES)项目的重要实验目标。初步的实验探测发现了净质子数涨落随着对撞能量的非单调行为,定性上符合基于静态模型的理论预言,这暗示着QCD临界点的存在。由于相对论重离子碰撞是一个高速膨胀的体系,动力学效应能显著地改变QCD临界点附近的临界涨落。为最终确定QCD临界点的存在以及研究QCD在有限温有限密区域的相结构,人们发展了一系列QCD临界点附近的动力学模型。本文回顾了近年来关于寻找QCD临界点在实验测量和理论模型的进展,着重强调在临界点及一级相变区域动力学模型的发展和挑战。展开更多
相对论重离子对撞机(Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider,RHIC)-STAR(Solenoid Tracker at RHIC)实验测量了√s_(NN)=7.7~200 GeV能量下Au+Au碰撞中的净质子(净重子的代表)、净电荷和净K介子(净奇异数的代表)多重数分布的累积量,发现净质...相对论重离子对撞机(Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider,RHIC)-STAR(Solenoid Tracker at RHIC)实验测量了√s_(NN)=7.7~200 GeV能量下Au+Au碰撞中的净质子(净重子的代表)、净电荷和净K介子(净奇异数的代表)多重数分布的累积量,发现净质子四阶累积量与二阶累积量之比(κσ^(2))呈现出了非单调的能量依赖性行为。在相对论重离子碰撞实验中只能测到末态粒子的信息。因此,基于多相输运(A Multi-Phase Transport,AMPT)模型对Au+Au碰撞系统中守恒荷(重子数、电荷数和奇异数)的涨落性质进行了研究,发现AMPT模型的结果基本能描述RHIC-STAR实验结果。更重要的是,利用AMPT模型了解了相对论重离子碰撞动力学演化过程中几个关键效应(守恒荷粒子的产生和扩散、强子化、强子再散射和弱衰变)对守恒荷涨落演化及其粒子关联函数的影响。发现正负电荷之间关联可能源于弦熔化机制,重子(质子)关联函数符合重子数守恒期望,奇异数(净K介子)的关联函数源于对产生,这些代表量与守恒荷的对应关系行为上定性一致,但数量不同。虽然AMPT模型目前缺乏临界涨落机制,但我们的结果可以为守恒荷涨落的研究提供一条基线,这有助于在相对论重离子碰撞中寻找量子色动力学(Quantum Chromodynamics,QCD)临界点(Critical End Point,CEP)附近可能的临界行为。初步在模型中考虑临界密度涨落,结果发现它起着一定的作用。展开更多
能量扫描理论合作组(Beam Energy Scan Theory Collaboration,BEST)的目标是建立一个可以描述美国相对论重离子对撞机(Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider,RHIC)上第二期能量扫描实验的动力学框架。该实验有可能找到强相互作用相图上的临...能量扫描理论合作组(Beam Energy Scan Theory Collaboration,BEST)的目标是建立一个可以描述美国相对论重离子对撞机(Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider,RHIC)上第二期能量扫描实验的动力学框架。该实验有可能找到强相互作用相图上的临界点。本文总结自2016年起,BEST合作组取得重要进展,并对未来探索中高密度区相图做了展望。展开更多
相对论性重离子对撞的目的之一是寻找量子色动力学(Quantum Chromodynamics,QCD)临界终点(Critical End Point,CEP),实验中测到的净质子数扰动呈现出非单调的行为,这暗示了CEP的存在。本文使用了3味PNJL(Polyakov-loop Nambu-Jona-Lasin...相对论性重离子对撞的目的之一是寻找量子色动力学(Quantum Chromodynamics,QCD)临界终点(Critical End Point,CEP),实验中测到的净质子数扰动呈现出非单调的行为,这暗示了CEP的存在。本文使用了3味PNJL(Polyakov-loop Nambu-Jona-Lasinio)模型,沿着从实验数据中拟合的化学冻结线,计算了重子数扰动累积量之比C4/C2随对撞能量的变化。结果发现,基于平衡态假设,在对撞能量7.7~200 GeV范围内,随着对撞能量的降低,C4/C2先缓慢下降后上升,这与实验数据一致。这也暗示平衡态假设可以用于探索重离子对撞后系统的演化行为,揭示了相变线跟化学冻结线的关系对观测量的影响非常重要。展开更多
Considering the significance of low-energy electrons(LEEs;0–20 eV) in radiobiology, the sensitization potential of gold nanoparticles(AuNPs) as high-flux LEE emitters when irradiated with sub-keV electrons has been s...Considering the significance of low-energy electrons(LEEs;0–20 eV) in radiobiology, the sensitization potential of gold nanoparticles(AuNPs) as high-flux LEE emitters when irradiated with sub-keV electrons has been suggested. In this study, a track-structure Monte Carlo simulation code using the dielectric theory was developed to simulate the transport of electrons below 50 keV in gold. In this code, modifications, particularly for elastic scattering, are implemented for a more precise description of the LEE emission in secondary electron emission. This code was validated using the secondary electron yield and backscattering coefficient. To ensure dosimetry accuracy, we further verified the code for energy deposition calculations using the Monte Carlo toolkit, Geant4. The development of this code provides a basis for future studies regarding the role of AuNPs in targeted radionuclide radiotherapy.展开更多
We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũintroduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson having a tetrahedron geometry and symmetry. The transition ...We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũintroduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson having a tetrahedron geometry and symmetry. The transition from the neutral pion superposition of two free mesons, d<sub>d</sub>~</sup> and uũ, to the tetrahedron geometry with optional two chiral states may be the symmetry breaking of the QCD ground state. The u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũtetrahedron mass may be calculated by measuring the β decay rate variability. We assume that electrons and positrons are composite particle exotic tetraquarks, dũd<sub>d</sub>~</sup> for the electrons and u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>d<sub>d</sub>~</sup> for the positrons and confined by the strong force. We propose that the QCD tetrahedrons play a central role in electron pairing mechanism in both chemical bond forming and superconductor Cooper pairs. We propose a hypothesis where the QCD ground state tetrahedrons play a central role in low energy physics where quark exchange reactions between particles and the QCD tetrahedrons via gluon junctions transfer all the forces. The QCD ground state u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũtetrahedrons hypothesis provides a symmetry breaking and a mass gap may be created by the ground state QCD tetrahedrons Bose-Einstein condensate.展开更多
基金The project supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 10247004 and 10565001 and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province of China under Grant Nos. 0575020, 0481030 and 0542042
文摘This paper describes a new numerical QCD calculation method (direct minimization of QCD-QED-action) and its results for the first-generation (u, d) hadrons. Here we start with the standard color-Lagrangian LQCD = LDirac + Lgluon, model the quarks q<sub>i</sub> as parameterized gaussians, and the gluons Ag<sub>i</sub> as Ritz-Galerkin-series. We minimize the Lagrangian numerically with parameters par = (par (q), {α<sub>k</sub>}, par (Ag)) for first-generation hadrons (nucleons, pseudo-scalar mesons, vector mesons). The resulting parameters yield the correct masses and correct magnetic moments for the nucleons, the gluon-distribution and the quark-distribution with interesting insights into the hadron structure.
文摘量子色动力学(Quantum Chromodynamics,QCD)相图结构和相变临界点是高能物理理论和实验的研究热点。相对论重离子碰撞是探索QCD相图结构、寻找QCD相变临界点的有力工具。美国布鲁克海文国家实验室的相对论重离子对撞机(Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider,RHIC)是目前世界上进行高能重离子碰撞的大型实验装置之一,其中的STAR(Solenoidal Tracker at RHIC)实验致力于高温高密条件下夸克胶子等离子体(Quark Gluon Plasma,QGP)性质以及QCD相结构的实验研究。本文着重介绍近年来RHIC-STAR能量扫描实验中运用守恒荷高阶矩和轻核产生寻找QCD相变临界点的研究进展,最后将对高重子密度区QCD相结构的未来研究做出展望。
文摘探寻量子色动力学(Quantum Chromodynamics,QCD)相图的临界点是相对论重离子碰撞实验低能量扫描(Beam Energy Scan program in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions,RHIC-BES)项目的重要实验目标。初步的实验探测发现了净质子数涨落随着对撞能量的非单调行为,定性上符合基于静态模型的理论预言,这暗示着QCD临界点的存在。由于相对论重离子碰撞是一个高速膨胀的体系,动力学效应能显著地改变QCD临界点附近的临界涨落。为最终确定QCD临界点的存在以及研究QCD在有限温有限密区域的相结构,人们发展了一系列QCD临界点附近的动力学模型。本文回顾了近年来关于寻找QCD临界点在实验测量和理论模型的进展,着重强调在临界点及一级相变区域动力学模型的发展和挑战。
文摘相对论重离子对撞机(Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider,RHIC)-STAR(Solenoid Tracker at RHIC)实验测量了√s_(NN)=7.7~200 GeV能量下Au+Au碰撞中的净质子(净重子的代表)、净电荷和净K介子(净奇异数的代表)多重数分布的累积量,发现净质子四阶累积量与二阶累积量之比(κσ^(2))呈现出了非单调的能量依赖性行为。在相对论重离子碰撞实验中只能测到末态粒子的信息。因此,基于多相输运(A Multi-Phase Transport,AMPT)模型对Au+Au碰撞系统中守恒荷(重子数、电荷数和奇异数)的涨落性质进行了研究,发现AMPT模型的结果基本能描述RHIC-STAR实验结果。更重要的是,利用AMPT模型了解了相对论重离子碰撞动力学演化过程中几个关键效应(守恒荷粒子的产生和扩散、强子化、强子再散射和弱衰变)对守恒荷涨落演化及其粒子关联函数的影响。发现正负电荷之间关联可能源于弦熔化机制,重子(质子)关联函数符合重子数守恒期望,奇异数(净K介子)的关联函数源于对产生,这些代表量与守恒荷的对应关系行为上定性一致,但数量不同。虽然AMPT模型目前缺乏临界涨落机制,但我们的结果可以为守恒荷涨落的研究提供一条基线,这有助于在相对论重离子碰撞中寻找量子色动力学(Quantum Chromodynamics,QCD)临界点(Critical End Point,CEP)附近可能的临界行为。初步在模型中考虑临界密度涨落,结果发现它起着一定的作用。
文摘能量扫描理论合作组(Beam Energy Scan Theory Collaboration,BEST)的目标是建立一个可以描述美国相对论重离子对撞机(Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider,RHIC)上第二期能量扫描实验的动力学框架。该实验有可能找到强相互作用相图上的临界点。本文总结自2016年起,BEST合作组取得重要进展,并对未来探索中高密度区相图做了展望。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 12004180, 21906083, 11975122, and 22006067)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20190384)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Nos. NE2020006, NS2022095)。
文摘Considering the significance of low-energy electrons(LEEs;0–20 eV) in radiobiology, the sensitization potential of gold nanoparticles(AuNPs) as high-flux LEE emitters when irradiated with sub-keV electrons has been suggested. In this study, a track-structure Monte Carlo simulation code using the dielectric theory was developed to simulate the transport of electrons below 50 keV in gold. In this code, modifications, particularly for elastic scattering, are implemented for a more precise description of the LEE emission in secondary electron emission. This code was validated using the secondary electron yield and backscattering coefficient. To ensure dosimetry accuracy, we further verified the code for energy deposition calculations using the Monte Carlo toolkit, Geant4. The development of this code provides a basis for future studies regarding the role of AuNPs in targeted radionuclide radiotherapy.
文摘We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũintroduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson having a tetrahedron geometry and symmetry. The transition from the neutral pion superposition of two free mesons, d<sub>d</sub>~</sup> and uũ, to the tetrahedron geometry with optional two chiral states may be the symmetry breaking of the QCD ground state. The u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũtetrahedron mass may be calculated by measuring the β decay rate variability. We assume that electrons and positrons are composite particle exotic tetraquarks, dũd<sub>d</sub>~</sup> for the electrons and u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>d<sub>d</sub>~</sup> for the positrons and confined by the strong force. We propose that the QCD tetrahedrons play a central role in electron pairing mechanism in both chemical bond forming and superconductor Cooper pairs. We propose a hypothesis where the QCD ground state tetrahedrons play a central role in low energy physics where quark exchange reactions between particles and the QCD tetrahedrons via gluon junctions transfer all the forces. The QCD ground state u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũtetrahedrons hypothesis provides a symmetry breaking and a mass gap may be created by the ground state QCD tetrahedrons Bose-Einstein condensate.
