Different Deficit Irrigation Lower Limits and Irrigation Quotas Affect the Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat by Regulating Photosynthetic Characteristics

To determine suitable thresholds for deficit irrigation of winter wheat in the well-irrigated area of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,we investigated the effects of different deficit irrigation lower limits and quotas on the photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat.Four irrigation lower limits were set for initiating irrigation(i.e.,light drought(LD,50%,55%,60%and 50%of field holding capacity(FC)at the seedling-regreening,jointing,heading and filling-ripening stages,respectively),medium drought(MD,40%,50%,55%and 45%of FC at the same stages,respectively),adequate moisture(CK1,60%,65%,70%and 60%of FC at the same stages,respectively),heavy drought(CK2,35%,40%,45%and 40%of FC at the same stages,respectively))and five irrigation quota per event(30,60,90,120 and 180 mm)were set for each lower limit.We found that the increase of drought stress is conducive to normal photosynthesis of winter wheat leaves which is supported by the following findings.First,photosynthetic rate(Pn)of LD60 treatment was higher than that of LD30,LD90,LD120,LD180,MD30,MD60,MD90,MD120 and MD180.Then,Under the 90 mm irrigation quota treatment,the yield of winter wheat basically increased with the increase of irrigation’s lower limit.Moreover,With the increase in irrigation quota,the yield of winter wheat increased,and the water use efficiency(WUE)of winter wheat increased at first and then decreased.In addition,compared with the LD30,MD30,MD60,MD90,MD120,and MD180,the yield of winter wheat in LD60 treatment increased by about 3.23%(3-year average),32.3%,19.9%,11.7%,10.1%,and 14.6%.At the same time,the WUE with LD60 treatment of winter wheat was significantly higher than LD90,LD120,LD180,MD30,MD60,MD90,MD120,MD180 treatments.There was a positive correlation between soil volumetric water content and Pn and between yield and Pn.The key period for yield formation in winter wheat is 180 days after sowing.In conclusion,to achieve the dual goals of stable winter wheat yield and efficient utilization of water resources in this region,the suitable threshold for initiating deficit irrigation of winter wheat is the LD60 treatment.This conclusion provides data support for water-saving and stable yield of winter wheat in this area.

THE APPLICATION OF WEINSTEIN-CHIEN′S METHOD——THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS OF FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY OF RECTANGULAR PLATES WITH EDGES ARE THE MIXTURE OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED PORTIONS AND CLAMPED PORTIONS

In this paper, the method of relaxed boundary conditions is applied to rectangular plates with edges which are a sort of the mixture of simply supported portions and clamped portions, so that the lower limit of fundamental frequency of such plates is evaluated. A kind of polynomial satisfying the displacement boundary conditions is designed, os that it is enabled to evaluate the upper limit of fundamental frequency by Ritz' method. The practical calculation examples solved by these methods have given satisfactory results. At the end of this paper, it is pointed out that the socalled exact solution of such plates usually evaluated by the force superposition method is essentially a kind of lower limit of solution, if the truncated error of series which occurs in actual calculation is considered.

Dependence of Lower Molding Temperature Limit and Molding Time on Molding Mechanism in Dental Thermoforming

Effectiveness and safety of a sports mouthguard depend on its thickness and material, and the thermoforming process affects these. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of differences in molding mechanisms on the lower molding temperature limit and molding time in dental thermoforming. Ethylene vinyl acetate resin mouthguard sheet and two thermoforming machines;vacuum blower molding machine and vacuum ejector/pressure molding machine were used. The molding pressures for suction molding were −0.018 MPa for vacuum blower molding and −0.090 MPa for vacuum ejector molding, and for pressure molding was set to 0.090 MPa or 0.450 MPa. Based on the manufacturer’s standard molding temperature of 95˚C, the molding temperature was lowered in 2.5˚C increments to determine the lower molding temperature limit at which no molding defects occurred. In order to investigate the difference in molding time depending on the molding mechanism, the duration of molding pressure was adjusted in each molding machine, and the molding time required to obtain a sample without molding defects was measured. The molding time of each molding machine were compared using one-way analysis of variance. The lower molding temperature limit was 90.0˚C for the vacuum blower machine, 77.5˚C for the vacuum ejector machine, 77.5˚C for the pressure molding machine at 0.090 MPa, and 67.5˚C for the pressure molding machine at 0.45 MPa. The lower molding temperature limit was higher for lower absolute values of molding pressure. The molding time was shorter for pressure molding than for suction molding. Significant differences were observed between all conditions except between the pressure molding machine at 0.090 MPa and 0.45 MPa (P < 0.01). A comparison of the differences in lower molding temperature limit and molding time due to molding mechanisms in dental thermoforming revealed that the lower molding temperature limit depends on the molding pressure and that the molding time is longer for suction molding than for pressure molding.

Lower limits of evaluation parameters for the lower Paleozoic Longmaxi shale gas in southern Sichuan Province

Here we present six key parameters that have been applied to evaluate the Silurian Longmaxi shale gas accumulations of southern Sichuan Province.These parameters include richness of organic matter,single layer shale thickness,burial depth of the shale,maturity,shale properties,and brittle mineral content.In combination with drilling data,the lower limits of these six parameters for marine shale gas have been evaluated and the following conclusions are drawn:(1)Organic carbon recovery, gas content inversion,and production tests have been applied for the first time to measure the lower limit of TOC,which is determined to be 1.0%.(2)Based on the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion theory for source rocks and the characteristics of Longmaxi shale,the lower limit of the single-layer thickness is estimated to be 30 m,of which a thickness of at least 15 m should contain high-quality shale.(3)Based on the correlation of TOC and porosity,the lower limit of gas-filled porosity is 1.2%.(4)Other parameters,such as maturity,burial depth,and brittle mineral content have also been studied with regard to the geologic conditions of southern Sichuan.Based on the study results,an evaluation index system has been established for highly evolved marine shale gas,and the system has been applied successfully to geologically screened shale gas occurrences in southern Sichuan Province.

Lower limit law of welding windows for explosive welding of dissimilar metals

The influence of explosive charge thickness on the quality of explosive welding of dissimilar metals was investigated.The lower limit law should be followed in the course of explosive welding.Three welding experiments of stainless steel（410S）and steel（Q345R）were carried out in three different kinds of explosive charge thicknesses,namely 15,25and 35mm.Interfaces of morphology and mechanical properties of three samples were observed and tested.It was found that micro and small wavy bonding is mainly formed for charge thickness of 15mm whose strength is the highest with minor deformation and few defects in the interface;small and middle wavy bonding are mainly formed for charge thickness of 25 mm whose strength is comparatively mediocre;big wavy bonding is mainly formed for charge thickness of 35 mm whose strength is the lowest.The cause of high bonding strength of the micro and small wavy interface was analyzed and verified on the basis of the results of Electron Probe Micro-Analyzer（EPMA）tests of three selected samples.

Predicted lower limit of normal reduces misclassification risk of airflow limitation in asymptomatic elderly never-smokers

Background It remains controversial what better defines abnormal lung function at the extremes of age. This study aimed to establish new spirometric reference equations for residents in Jinan and compare the most accepted two spirometric definitions of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）--a fixed post-bronchodilator ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity （FEVJFVC） below 70% vs. FEV1/FVC 〈lower limit of normal （LLN）-in an elderly population （age 〉60 years）. Methods Among 10 002 cases, only never-smokers who had no respiratory symptoms or diagnoses of cardio- pulmonary diseases and whose lung function measurements strictly followed the American Thoracic Society guidelines, were included in the statistical analysis. For each gender, prediction equations of FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC and corresponding LLN values were developed using multiple regression models. Results In this cross-sectional study, spirometric reference values were statistically derived from a sample of 1328 healthy never-smokers （672 males, 656 females）, age 56-84 years. As expected, age and height were the main predictors for all lung function parameters. Using the two spirometric definitions, the number of pulmonary function test results interpreted as obstructed varied markedly in the elderly population for both genders （males： X2=19.59, P 〈0.01; females： X2=5.67, P=0.017）. Conclusions The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease （GOLD） criterion probably leads to over- diagnosis in asymptomatic elderly never-smokers. Our study suggests that the predicted LLN values will reduce the misclassification risk instead. However, cohort studies are urgently needed for clinical validation.

LOWER BOUND LIMIT ANALYSIS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELASTOPLASTIC STRUCTURES BY BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD

Based on the lower bound theorem of limit analysis, a solution procedure for limit analysis of three_dimensional elastoplastic structures was established using conventional boundary element method (BEM). The elastic stress field for lower bound limit analysis was computed directly by three_dimensional boundary element method (3_D BEM). The self_equilibrium stress field was constructed by the linear combination of several self_equilibrium “basis vectors” which can be computed by elastic_plastic incremental iteration of 3_D BEM analysis. The lower bound limit analysis problem was finally reduced to a series of nonlinear programming sub_problems with relatively few optimal variables. The complex method was used to solve the nonlinear programming sub_problems. The numerical results show that the present solution procedure has good accuracy and high efficiency.

Dynamic investigation of the finite dissolution of silicon particles in aluminum melt with a lower dissolution limit

The finite dissolution model of silicon particles in the aluminum melt is built and calculated by the finite difference method, and the lower dissolution limit of silicon particles in the aluminum melt is proposed and verified by experiments, which could be the origin of microinhomogeneity in aluminum-silicon melts. When the effects of curvature and interface reaction on dissolution are not considered; the dissolution rate first decreases and later increases with time. When the effects of curvature and interface reaction on dissolution are considered, the dissolution rate first decreases and later increases when the interface reaction coefficient （k） is larger than 10 1, and the dissolution rate first decreases and later tends to be constant when k is smaller than 10-3. The dissolution is controlled by both diffusion and interface reaction when k is larger than 10-3, while the dissolution is controlled only by the interface reaction when k is smaller than 10-4.

Effect of Different Lower Irrigation Limits on Rape Quality

In this study, two rape varieties, ＂Zajiaolvbang＂ and ＂bilv＂, were used as experimental materials to investigate the effect of different lower irrigation limits （80%, 60%, 40% and 20% of field capacity） on quality of pet-grown rape. The results showed that contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, vitamin C, nitrate and organic acids in rape all increased with the decreasing lower irrigation limit. Rape plants represented the best quality with lower irrigation limit of 60% of field capacity.

Establishing the lower limits of total serum testosterone among Chinese proven fertile men who received treatment of assisted reproductive technology

Testosterone(T)plays a crucial role in spermatogenesis because extremely low levels of intratesticular T lead to correspondingly low serum levels of total T(tT),severe disorders of spermatogenesis,and male sterility.However,there is little consensus on the lower limits of serum tT in proven fertile men undergoing assisted reproductive technology treatments in Chinese or other Asian populations.We aimed to establish the reference range of serum tT based on a population of 868 fertile Chinese men undergoing in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo transfer(IVF/ICSI-ET)treatments.We defined a fertile man as having had a live baby with his partner as recorded in our IVF registration system.The lower limits of serum tT were established using a Siemens IMMULITE 2000 chemiluminescent system.The 1st,2.5th,and 5th percentiles and their 95%confidence intervals(CIs)were 3.6(95%CI:2.7–4.1)nmol l−1,4.3(95%CI:4.1–5.0)nmol l−1,and 5.6(95%CI:4.8–5.8)nmol l−1,respectively.Using the linear correlation of serum tT between the Siemens platform and a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry platform,the calculated lower limits of serum tT were also established for fertile Chinese men undergoing IVF/ICSI-ET treatments,which will benefit the clinical diagnosis and treatment of male infertility during such procedures.

磷酸铁锂离子电池热失控产物爆炸下限预测方法

为准确预测磷酸铁锂电池热失控产物的爆炸下限,在密闭压力容器内开展了磷酸铁锂电池热失控实验,结合热失控特性和气相色谱-质谱联用技术,计算了热失控产物气体组分,基于能量守恒方程和绝热火焰温度,建立了磷酸铁锂电池热失控产物爆炸下限的预测模型,并验证了绝热火焰温度法、Le Chatelier法和Jones法的准确性,考察了电解液蒸气对热失控产物爆炸下限的影响。结果表明,常温下采用Le Chatelier法计算得到的爆炸下限偏差最小,为1.14%;采用绝热火焰温度法计算结果偏差最大,为10.02%。在60%~100%荷电状态(state of charge, SOC)范围内,磷酸铁锂电池热失控气体的爆炸下限先升后降。当热失控产物考虑电解液蒸气时,60%SOC磷酸铁锂电池热失控产物爆炸下限仅为3.93%,较未考虑电解液蒸气热失控气体的爆炸下限降低了22.49%,这说明电解液蒸气提高了磷酸铁锂电池热失控产物的爆炸风险。

低渗—特低渗气藏储集层物性与电性下限变化规律

南海西部东方A区气藏和文昌X/Y区气藏均为低渗—特低渗气藏,储集层微观孔隙结构复杂,对物性和电性下限变化规律认识不清。通过开展不同压差条件下的岩心单相驱替实验,结合高温高压条件下岩心毛细管压力-岩电联测实验,开展研究区低渗—特低渗储集层下限研究,分别获取储集层孔隙度、渗透率、含气饱和度和电阻率下限。在此基础上,开展储集层下限变化规律研究,结果表明,东方A区气藏储集层物性与气体流量呈正相关关系,而文昌X/Y区特低渗岩心气体流量极低,且增大实验压差提高气体流量不明显。在束缚水条件下,随着生产压差增大,2个区块孔隙度和渗透率下限逐渐降低。随着储集层物性变好,含水饱和度上限均变低。东方A区气藏电阻率下限随物性变好而逐渐增大,文昌X/Y区气藏特低渗气层电阻率下限随物性变好而逐渐降低,其原因主要是受储集层微观孔隙结构和地层流体赋存状态影响。

基于水量平衡的澳洲坚果灌溉制度研究

基于澜沧气象站1958-2017年的实测气象资料,采用作物系数法和水量平衡法计算澳洲坚果各生育期的作物需水量及不同典型年的灌溉定额,利用灌水上、下限的差值制定了适宜的灌溉制度。澳洲坚果在丰水年、平水年、中等干旱年及特枯年的需水量分别为829.55、844.99、875.24、915.07 mm,各生育期的需水量由大到小依次为:成熟期—采摘期>果实膨大期>萌芽期—花期>休眠期。各典型年的作物系数基本不变,萌芽期—花期(休眠期)、果实膨大期、成熟期—采摘期的作物系数分别为0.33、0.91、0.76。不同灌水上、下限的差值会影响灌溉定额和灌溉制度,当差值大于6.0%时,灌溉定额保持不变,约为237.5 mm;当差值小于6.0%时,灌溉定额随差值减小而减小,当差值较小时,灌溉次数增多,灌水规律不一致;而当差值为3.3%时,制定的灌溉制度更为合理,即分别取灌水上限(19.8%)、下限(16.5%),在灌溉保证率分别为25%、50%、75%、95%时,灌溉定额分别为1921.65、2149.35、2317.50、2652.30 m^(3)/hm^(2),灌溉次数分别为16、18、19、21次。最适宜的灌水上、下限的差值为3.3%,在此条件下制定的灌溉制度科学合理且能够提高水资源的利用效率。研究结果可为目前缺少试验资料的澳洲坚果灌溉管理、灌溉工程规模确定和农业水资源高效利用提供科学依据。

On the Confidence Limits of Bernoulli Parameter in Any Sequential Case

Let x 1,x 2,… be independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables, in which x n=0 or 1 and the probability of ｛x n=1｝ is p. Here p is unknown. Let τ be any finite stopping time for (x n,n1). For any sequential sample (x 1,x 2,…,x τ ) and γ∈(0,1), we have given an optimal confidence limit of p with confidence level γ . Some related problems are also discussed.

Statistical Properties and Confidence Limits about the Mean Time between the Failures (MTBF) in Failure-free Period Life Test (FFPLT)

On the basis of strict mathematical description about Failure_Free Period Life Test (FFPLT), the statistical properties of the tests and optimal confidence limit of the parameter are discussed in detail and corresponding calculating formulae are found out.

基于时程分析法的中美隔震设计对比研究

介绍了中国《建筑隔震设计标准》(GB/T 51408—2021)(以下简称《隔标》)和美国Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures(ASCE 7-16)隔震设计的相关要求,并针对基于《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB 50011—2010)(2016年版)(以下简称《抗规》)设计的某9度区近场隔震结构,进行了两国规范的设计对比。按《抗规》设计的隔震结构,仍然能满足《隔标》的设计要求。ASCE 7-16对于隔震支座考虑了老化和环境、测试、制造等因素引起的性能参数变化,并按隔震支座的上限及下限属性进行了结构设计。基于相同地震概率水准(50年超越概率2%)的设计对比研究表明,ASCE 7-16的等效侧力法计算值高于《隔标》,按ASCE 7-16要求选择的地震波反应谱明显高于《隔标》,其时程分析结果也大于中国规范,对隔震支座的性能要求更高。

鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长7段陆相页岩层系致密储层充注物性下限及其控制因素

近年来,鄂尔多斯盆地长7段页岩层系致密储层油藏勘探取得重大突破,其储层充注物性下限的大小是评价该地区致密油勘探开发潜力的关键。本次研究通过孔隙度、渗透率(简称为孔渗)含油饱和度分析以及高压压汞等实验方法,采用物性试油法、经验统计法和孔喉半径法分析不同地区、不同层位致密储层充注物性下限,并探讨其控制因素和对油气富集的影响。结果表明:陇东—姬塬地区致密砂岩以石英为主,储层孔渗平均为8.17%和0.15×10^(-3)μm^(2);陕北地区致密砂岩以长石为主,储层孔渗平均为8.20%和0.21×10^(-3)μm^(2)。陇东—姬塬地区的长71段致密储层孔渗下限为4.93%和0.034×10^(-3)μm^(2),长72段致密储层孔渗下限为4.36%和0.027×10^(-3)μm^(2);陕北地区长71段致密储层孔渗下限为5.90%和0.048×10^(-3)μm^(2),长72段致密储层孔渗下限为5.60%和0.043×10^(-3)μm^(2)。储层充注物性下限受储层物性、源岩生烃能力和源储间距三个因素影响。储层物性好、烃源岩生烃能力强、源储间距小的地区储层充注下限低,如烃源岩厚度更大的陇东—姬塬地区储层充注下限低于陕北地区,源储间距小的长72段储层充注下限低于长71段。储层充注物性下限越低,储层含油饱和度越高。储层充注下限低的陇东地区,平均含油饱和度为31.28%,陕北地区平均含油饱和度则为28.40%,明显低于陇东地区。同理,长72段储层含油饱和度高于长71段储层。

岩性分区异常下限衬值法圈定化探异常的优劣:以江苏金山地区为例

笔者以金山地区1∶10000土壤地球化学调查数据为例,利用岩性分区异常下限衬值法圈定异常,通过与传统方法对比,发现岩性分区异常下限衬值法可以有效避免岩性对异常的控制作用,消除背景的影响,圈定的化探异常能提供更有效的找矿信息。通过野外踏勘和异常查证,并对有找矿意义的重点异常进行槽探、钻探验证,发现具工业价值钨矿体和铅锌矿脉。研究表明,利用岩性分区异常下限衬值法在岩性较复杂区确定异常下限的有效性,该方法可以推广使用。

钢芯铝绝缘导线融冰传热分析

为消除电网覆冰灾害,对一种嵌入绝缘层的钢芯铝绞线结构进行了融冰研究,简要介绍了其在不断电情况下,利用线路运行电流实现在线融冰技术的原理。针对该导线结构,文章从传热学角度对其融冰物理过程进行了分析,建立了无重力条件下该导线融冰时的简易数学模型,推导了该导线达到融冰稳态时,导线各部分温度分布解析式,设计定制了嵌入绝缘层的钢芯铝绞线来进行融冰实验,实验结果验证了该导线融冰的有效性和可行性。

基于实验的碳酸盐岩气藏储量计算——以X气藏为例

四川盆地X气藏为碳酸盐岩储层,储层层间及层内都具有较强的非均质性,是气藏储量计算面临的困难之一。针对此问题,本文采用实验方法支撑储量计算,首先通过实验测量得到气藏各小层岩心的孔隙度、渗透率等基础物性参数,将小层渗透率校正为克氏渗透率,并根据物性差异将储层分类为孔隙型储层、孔隙-孔洞型储层,再通过产能模拟实验计算得到气藏工业产能对应的有效储层孔隙度和渗透率等储层物性下限。继而通过液膜厚度实验测得各目标储层的液膜厚度,并结合压汞实验测得的孔径分布曲线,得到有效储层中含烃孔隙体积比例,最后通过地质储量计算公式得到气藏储量。研究结果表明:①利用基础物性测试实验、产能模拟实验、水膜厚度实验等实验方法,确定储层物性下限以及有效孔隙体积比例,为气藏储量计算奠定基础,X气藏有效储层孔隙度下限为1.21%~1.56%;②气藏有效储层中含烃孔隙体积比例范围在42.62%~67.73%,通过地质储量计算公式可得到该气藏的有效储量;③该方法对于非均质性较强的碳酸盐岩储层气藏的储量确定具有理论意义和现场指导意义。