Study of the Early and Middle Triassic Lower Yangtze Sea Basin

The Early and Middle Triassic primary lower Yangtze sea basin was formed before the Yangtze and Sino. Korean blocks collided and were assembled. showing the characteristics of an open continental shelf.continental margin sea. In order to provide evidence useful for oil and gas exploration in the studied region, this paper centres on the features of the sediments and their facies framework in the basin and the sedimentation parameters such as the deposition rate, palaeotemperature, palaeosatinity, palaeodepth of water and palaeocurrents of the basin.

Lower Triassic and Induan-Olenekian Boundary in Chaohu,Anhui Province,South China

Since the West Pingdingshan Section in Chaohu was proposed as the candidate of the Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Induan-Olenekian boundary in 2003, the Lower Triassic of Chaohu has been extensively studied. Based on the studies on the Lower Triassic of Chaohu, （1） a continuous conodont zonation is established, which has become an important reference for Lower Triassic stratigraphic correlation over the world; （2） the First Appearance Datum of conodont Neospathodus waageni was suggested and has been basically accepted as the primary marker to define the InduanOienekian boundary; （3） a characteristic Lower Triassic excursion of carbon isotopes was brought to light and has been proven to be not only an excellent index for the stratigraphic correlation but also a unique indication for the perturbation of ecological environments in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction; （4） a magnetostratigraphic sequence is constituted with a certain biostratigraphic control in the low-latitude region and it presents an important correlation to the Boreal sequence; （5） a cyclostratigraphic study provides an alternative method to constrain the age of the chronostratigraphic units; and （6） a scheme of the Olenekian subdivision is recently suggested to define the boundary between the Smithian and Spathian Substages. In addition, Chaohu is also the type locality of the Chaohuan Stage, the upper stage of the Lower Triassic in the China Chronostratigraphic System.Thus, the Lower Triassic of Chaohu is not only a classic sequence in South China, but also a key reference sequence to the investigation of the corresponding stratigraphy and geological events over the world. The recent achievements are viewed here for an overall understanding of the sequence. Then the current situation of the Induan-Olenekian and Smithian-Spathian boundaries is discussed to provide a reference for later works.

Sedimentary-volcanic tuffs formed during the early Middle Triassic volcanic event in Guizhou Province and their stratigraphic significance

The sedimentary-volcanic tuff (locally called “green-bean rock”) formed during the early Middle Triassic volcanic event in Guizhou Province is characterized as being thin, stable, widespread, short in forming time and predominantly green in color. The green-bean rock is a perfect indicator for stratigraphic division. Its petrographic and geochemical features are unique, and it is composed mainly of glassy fragments and subordinately of crystal fragments and volcanic ash balls. Analysis of the major and trace elements and rare-earth elements (REE), as well as the related diagrams, permits us to believe that the green-bean rock is acidic volcanic material of the calc-alkaline series formed in the Indosinian orogenic belt on the Sino-Vietnam border, which was atmospherically transported to the tectonically stable areas and then deposited as sedimentary-volcanic rocks there. According to the age of green-bean rock, it is deduced that the boundary age of the Middle-Lower Triassic overlain by the sedimentary-volcanic tuff is about 247 Ma.

Negative carbon isotopic excursion on the Lower/Middle Cambrian boundary of Kaili Formation, Taijiang County, Guizhou Province, China: Implications for mass extinction and stratigraphic division and correlation

The stratigraphic division and correlation of the Lower/Middle Cambrian boundary is a global problem that has not yet been perfectly solved up to now. That is because there existed two global biogeographic regions during the period from Early Cambrian to Middle Cambrian. Although much work has been done from the angle of paleontology and great achievements have been acquired in this aspect, no biological assemblage has yet been established for global stratigraphic correlations due to the coexistence of the two global biogeographic regions —— the Atlantic biogeographic region and the Indian-Pacific biogeographic region during the Early-Middle Cambrian. So, to develop and establish other approaches to the stratigraphic division and correlation of the Lower/Middle Cambrian on a global scale is a possible way to solve the puzzling problem. This work systematically studied acritarch fossils from the Early-Middle Cambrian Kaili Formation at Taijiang County, Guizhou Province. The Lower/Middle Cambrian boundary was divided in terms of acritarch fossil assemblage. The divided boundary is generally consistent with what was divided by trilobite and can be correlated with the Lower/Middle Cambrian boundaries divided by acritarch assemblage in Siberia and Europe. On this basis, the Lower/Middle Cambrian boundary is divided in terms of an obvious carbon isotopic excursion on a global scale during the transitional period from Early Cambrian to Middle Cambrian boundaries in Siberia and North America. The method for the stratigraphic division and correlation of the Lower/Middle Cambrian boundary in terms of carbon isotopic oscillations is helpful to solving the global problem on the division and correlation of the Lower/Middle Cambrian boundary. It is also evidenced that the extinction of a lot of trilobites at the end of Early Cambrian is closely related with this event of carbon isotopic excursion.

Discussion on Induan-Olenekian Boundary in Chaohu, Anhui Province, China

This paper proposes a scheme for the definition of the Lower Triassic Induan Olenekian boundary (IOB) based on investigation of sections in Chaohu, Anhui Province, China as well as data accumulated from other studies elsewhere. The conodont Neospathodus waageni is suggested as the index fossil of the boundary. According to the FAD of N. waageni , the IOB is at the base of bed 25 2 of the West Pingdingshan Section in Chaohu, 42.19 m above the Permian Triassic boundary, and it is slightly higher than the base of the Flemingites Euflemingites Ammonoid Zone at the section.

An Update of Conodonts in the Induan-Olenekian Boundary Strata at West Pingdingshan Section,Chaohu,Anhui Province

The Lower Triassic in Chaohu （巢湖） area, Anhui （安徽） Province, China, is well developed and its sequence is typical in South China. After a brief introduction of the Induan-Olenekian boundary of Chaohu, this article presents some new data on conodonts. More than ten times of conodont samplings and investigations have recovered thousands of conodont specimens, which are especially rich in the Induan-Olenekian boundary strata at the West Pingdingshan Section in Chaohu City, Anhui Province. The most distinctive forms are the conodonts of the Neospathodus dieneri group and N. waageni group. The first occurrence of N. waageni eowaageni, which is regarded as the indicator of the Induan-Olenekian boundary, is situated at 40.49 m above the base of Yinkeng （殷坑） Formation. Some key conodonts and seven new specimens are introduced.

Subdivision and age of the Yanchang Formation and the Middle/Upper Triassic boundary in Ordos Basin, North China

The Yanchang Formation is extensively developed in the Ordos Basin and its surrounding regions. As one of the best terrestrial Triassic sequences in China and the major oil-gas bearing formations in the Ordos Basin, its age determination and stratigraphic assignment are important in geological survey and oil-gas exploration. It had been attributed to the Late Triassic and regarded as the typical representative of the Upper Triassic in northern China for a long time, although some scholars had already proposed that the lower part of this formation should be of the Middle Triassic age in the mid-late 20 th century. In this paper, we suggest that the lower and middle parts of the Yanchang Formation should be of the Ladinian and the bottom possibly belongs to the late Anisian of the Middle Triassic, mainly based on new fossils found in it and high resolution radiometric dating results. The main source rocks, namely the oil shales and mudstones of the Chang-7, are of the Ladinian Age. The upper part of the Yanchang Formation, namely the Chang-6 and the above parts, belongs to the Late Triassic. The uppermost of the Triassic is missed in most parts of the Ordos Basin. The Middle-Upper Triassic Series boundary lies in the Yanchang Formation, equivalent to the boundary between Chang-7 and Chang-6. The Ladinian is an important palaeoenvironmental turning point in the Ordos Basin. Palaeoenvironmental changes in the basin are coincidence with that of the Sichuan Basin and the main tectonic movement of the Qinling Mountains. It indicates that tectonic activities of the Qinling Mountains are related to the big palaeoenvironmental changes in both the Ordos and Sichuan Basins, which are caused by the same structural dynamic system during the Ladinian.

The Relationship between the “Green-Bean Rock” Layers and Conodont Chiosella timorensis and Implications on Defining the Early–Middle Triassic Boundary in the Nanpanjiang Basin, South China

The Triassic ＂Green-bean Rock＂ （GBR） layers were widely recognized around the Early-Middle Triassic boundary interval in the Nanpanjiang Basin, South China. To determine the precise relationship between the GBR layers and the first appearance datum （FAD） of the conodont Chiosella timorensis, four Lower-Middle Triassic sections from the Nanpanjiang Basin, including the Gaimao, Bianyang lI, Zuodeng and Wantou sections have been studied in detail. Detailed conodont biostratigraphy convinces us that there is no exact temporal relationship between the GBR layers and first occurrence of Ch. timorensis. Moreover, the numbers of the GBR layers are different from the place to place within the Nanpanjiang Basin, and the time span of the GBR layers was much longer than previously estimated. Global correlations show that the FAD of Ch. timorensis is contemporaneous basinwide and worldwide and more suitable marker defining the Olenekian-Anisian boundary （Early-Middle Triassic boundary） than any other proxies.

New Progress on Studies of the Lower-Middle Devonian Boundary in South China

The controversies on the division and correlation of the Devonian have never stopped since Lonsodale found and named the Devonian at Devonshire, Britain, especially on the determination and correlation of the Lower-Middle Devonian Boundary. The correlation between the different areas and sedimentary facies are still an international question although the international stratotype section has already been established. Recently,

川东北宣汉地区海相“新型杂卤石钾盐矿”的发现、突破与前景

全球探明钾盐资源主体为古代海相可溶性固体钾盐矿床(氯化钾、光卤石),仅少量来自现代盐湖卤水钾矿。与国外不同的是,目前我国探明钾盐资源主体为现代陆相盐湖钾矿,古代海相可溶性固体钾盐找矿40余年,未获突破。四川盆地是我国主要大型海相成钾盆地之一,前人在中—下三叠统发现大量与硬石膏和白云石共伴生或互层的杂卤石,但绝大部分埋深超过2000 m,目前尚难以开发利用。2017年以来,笔者通过对四川盆地东北部宣汉盐盆普光地区卤水探井(恒成2、3井)岩芯复查,发现杂卤石主要与石盐共伴生,大量破碎的杂卤石碎屑颗粒分布于石盐基质中,KCl含量达边界工业品位以上,不同于钾石盐和光卤石,亦不同于前人发现的与硬石膏和白云石共伴生或互层的杂卤石(石膏型杂卤石),将之命名为“新型杂卤石钾盐矿”。小试和中试结果表明,该“新型杂卤石钾盐矿”可以采用对接井注水溶采,是能够得到规模化开发利用的“活矿”,是一种全新的硫酸盐+氯化物复合型海相可溶性固体钾盐矿床新类型。通过成钾条件、成矿规律综合研究,笔者提出了新型杂卤石钾盐矿“双控复合成矿”理论新认识、建立了“三高、两低、一大”综合测井识别新模型,创新理论技术指导设计部署“钾锂兼探”基准井——川宣地1井,探获厚29.46 m、氯化钾(KCl)平均含量12.03%(最高20.5%)的“新型杂卤石钾盐矿”厚层高品位工业矿层。与此同时,采用岩芯样品实测数据和测井解释数据拟合的方法,建立矿石K含量和密度参数的测井定量预测模型,结合“气钾兼探”,利用33口钻井数据,依据古代固体盐类勘查规范(2020),运用“几何法”,初步估算“新型杂卤石钾盐矿”氯化钾(KCl)资源规模:推断资源量2.45亿t(超大型)、潜在资源4.65亿t,合计7.1亿t,奠定了川东北达州市宣汉地区形成中国首个亿吨级海相钾盐基地的资源基础,取得了我国海相可溶性固体钾盐找矿的重大突破。

The mechanism of barrier river reaches in the middle and lower Yangtze River

Alluvial channel has always adjusted itself to the equilibrium state of sediment transport after it was artificially or naturally disturbed. How to maintain the equilibrium state of sediment transport and keep the river regime stable has always been the concerns of fluvial geomorphologists. The channel in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is characterized by the staggered distribution of the bifurcated river and the single-thread river. The change of river regime is more violently in the bifurcated river than in the single-thread river. Whether the adjustment of the river regime in the bifurcated river can pass through the single-thread river and propagate to the downstream reaches affects the stabilities of the overall river regime. Studies show that the barrier river reach can block the upstream channel adjustment from propagating to the downstream reaches; therefore, it plays a key role in stabilizing the river regime. This study investigates 34 single-thread river reaches in the mid- dle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. On the basis of the systematic summarization of the fluvial process of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the control factors of barrier river reach are summarized and extracted： the planar morphology of single-thread and meandering; with no flow deflecting node distributed in the upper or middle part of the river reach; the hydraulic geometric coefficient is less than 4; the longitudinal gradient is greater than 12‰, the clay content of the concave bank is greater than 9.5%, and the median diameter of the bed sediment is greater than 0.158 mm. From the Navier-Stokes equation ,the calculation formula of the bending radius of flow dynamic axis is deduced and then the roles of these control factors on restricting the migration of the flow dynamic axis and the formation of the barrier river reach are analyzed. The barrier river reach is considered Such. When the ratio of the migration force of the flow dynamic boundary is less than 1 under different flow levels axis to the constraint force of the channel boundary is less than 1 under different flow levels.The mechanism of the barrier river reach is such that even when the upstream river regime adjusts, the channel boundary of this reach can always constrain the migration amplitude of the flow dynamic axis and centralize the planar position of the main stream line under different upstream river regime conditions, pro- viding a relatively stable incoming flow conditions for the downstream reaches, thereby blocking the upstream river regime adjustment from propagating to the downstream reaches.

陕南镇巴地区中-晚三叠世界线富锂黏土岩的发现及找矿意义

首次报道了扬子板块北缘镇巴地区中-晚三叠世界线黏土岩锂的超常富集,黏土岩产于关岭组(T_(2)g)/须家河组(T_(3)x)平行不整合界面,为古风化壳沉积物,Li_(2)O品位0.08%~0.11%,最高达0.22%,超过了该类型矿产的边界品位(0.06%),界线黏土岩的岩石学特征、矿物组成及岩石成因亟待查明。本文通过XRD分析、TIMA分析以及详细的地球化学研究,查明了界线黏土岩的矿物组成,探讨了黏土岩形成的沉积环境及物质来源,提出了不整合面黏土岩类关键金属矿产的综合找矿方向。研究表明,镇巴地区T_(2)/T_(3)界线黏土岩主要由石英、伊利石、高岭石组成,并含有极少量绿泥石、蒙脱石和铝绿泥石。主量元素(SiO_(2)、Al_(2)O_(3)、^(T)Fe_(2)O_(3)、TiO_(2))特征表明界线黏土岩属于铝土质泥岩,黏土岩CIA值(化学蚀变指数)为85~93,ICV值(成分变异指数)为0.22~0.46,说明其沉积母岩经历了强烈的化学风化作用。微量元素(V、Ni、Sr、Ba)显示黏土岩形成于氧化-还原过渡的陆相淡水沉积环境。我国目前在不整合面发现的黏土岩有铁-铝质黏土岩、铝质黏土岩、铝土岩,代表了古风化壳沉积,并产有锂、镓、稀土、铌等关键金属矿产,形成时代主要为石炭纪-二叠纪,具有多元素综合成矿的特点,建议后期加强不整合面黏土岩类的综合找矿工作,助力新一轮找矿突破。

黔西南下—中三叠统界线年龄

下—中三叠统界线年龄的精确测定是进行区域地层年表和国际地层委员会全球标准年表研究中重要的组成部分。中国贵州望谟甘河桥剖面下—中三叠统地层为奥仑尼克阶—安尼阶界线层型的理想候选剖面 ,其临界层位的玻屑凝灰岩为下—中三叠统界线的岩性标志。应用高精度高灵敏度的二次离子探针质谱对玻屑凝灰岩中的锆石进行 U- Pb年代学分析 ,结果为 2 39.0± 2 .9Ma(2σ)。这是首次直接从界线层位准确测定的下—中三叠统界线的锆石 U - Pb同位素年龄。中国贵州望谟甘河桥剖面下—中三叠统界线剖面地层连续 ,牙形石分带清楚 ,临界层位发育区域上分布较为稳定的玻屑凝灰岩 ,是极好的区域等时标志层。这一剖面有望成为国际下—中三叠统界线层型剖面。

贵州南部地区安尼阶底界锆石SHRIMP年龄结果

中国西南地区中下三叠统广泛发育多层凝灰岩,贵州望谟甘河桥剖面安尼阶底界,即中/下三叠统界线位于火山凝灰岩之下0.5m处为国际上奥伦尼克阶/安尼阶(Olenekian-Anisian)界线层型牙形石划分标志Chiosella timorensis首现的位置。从火山凝灰岩分离出20颗岩浆成因锆石的SHRIMP年龄测定,获得206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为247.6±1.7Ma(95% conf.)或±1.4(2σ)Ma,此结果与贵州关刀剖面Olenekian-Anisian界线附近凝灰岩用TIMS方法得出的247.2±0.1 Ma年龄有很好的一致性。望谟甘河桥剖面中下三叠统界线凝灰岩在华南地区大面积分布,本文的结果为区域地层对比和划分提供了新的年龄数据,同时为研究三叠纪初期生物复苏时限提供了新的年龄参考。

鄂尔多斯盆地中三叠统与上三叠统地层界线讨论

针对延长组地层划分的争议,开展了延长组孢粉组合、岩石学特征、湖盆演化规律等对比分析,结果显示长8—长10油层组与长1—长7油层组差异显著。其中,长8—长10油层组沉积期,地势平坦,河流、三角洲和滨浅湖广泛发育,岩石成分成熟度低,孢粉组合中蕨类植物孢子占优势,中三叠世的重要分子Punctatisporites、Verrucosisporites含量较高;长7油层组沉积期深湖范围宽广,盆地西南、西部地区长7油层组砂岩中石英含量明显提高,岩石类型发生较大的改变,西缘和西南缘沉积体系也由辫状河、辫状河—三角洲体系演化成冲积扇、扇三角洲沉积体系,该段地层孢子花粉含量相近,以具有晚三叠世色彩的Duplexisporites大量出现为特征。此外,在盆地西部、西南及湖盆中部地区,长7油层组底部稳定分布的一套凝灰岩薄层,记录了同期的火山、岩浆活动等地质事件,为早印支运动的重要表现形式,因此长7与长8油层组之间地层界线为中三叠统与上三叠统界线。

贵州南部地区中三叠统青岩阶底界附近牙形石生物地层学研究

下—中三叠统界线的划分一直是国际地层学研究中一个有争议的问题。中国西南地区从台地相到盆地相不同类型下—中三叠统地层均较发育 ,为奥仑尼克阶—安尼阶界线层型的研究提供了有利条件。根据贵州望谟甘河桥剖面和贵州省贵阳市青岩剖面牙形石的研究 ,可识别出 6个可与国内外进行对比的牙形石带 ,自下而上分别为 :1N eospathdus cristagalli间隔带 ,2 N eospathodus pakistanensis间隔带 ,3N eospathodus waageni间隔带 ,4 N eospathodus homeri— N . triangularis组合带 ,5 Chiosella timorensis间隔带 ,6 N eogongdolellaregale延限带。在贵阳青岩剖面和望谟甘河桥剖面 ,早—中三叠世存在一个 N eospathodus— Chiosella—N eogongdolella的牙形石演化系列。在这个演化序列中 ,在 N eospathodus homeri— N . triangularis带上部出现N eospathodus homeri和 Chiosella timorensis之间的过渡类型 N eospathodus qingyanensis,表明在下—中三叠统附近牙形石存在较好的演化关系。在贵阳青岩剖面 ,下—中三叠统界线位于紫云组顶面之下 1.5 m处 Chiosellatimorensis带首现的位置 ,在望谟甘河桥剖面 ,下—中三叠统界线位于紫云组顶面之下 0 .5 m处 Chiosella timorensis带首现的位置。依据上述情况 ,本文?

早三叠世生物-环境-年代地层研究

二叠纪末生物大灭绝及随后早三叠世复苏期是古、中生代之交重大地质突变期的主体。这一时期,生物演化更替显著、生态空间扩展快速广泛,因而生物地层分辨率高、可对比性强;各种重大地质事件活动频度和作用强度显著增加、影响范围广泛,因而其产生的识别标志明显、区域精时对比能力强;由于突变期伴随有强烈的地内构造活动,火山物质提供了丰富的精确地质测年素材,同时伴随重大突变过程而被强化的历史阶段性和时间节奏性地质记录,也为年代地层精确定年和计时提供了独特的条件。因此古、中生代之交的地质记录为高分辨率生物-环境-年代地层综合研究提供了最佳条件。文中以中国南方二叠系-三叠系界线地层和下三叠统研究工作为基础,系统总结和分析了这一时期的生物地层序列、环境事件标志及其地层学价值、年代地层学研究进展,提出环境地层学研究是进一步深化古、中生代之交重大地质突变期地层学研究的新突破口。

四川盆地东部海相下—中三叠统界线的锶同位素年龄标定

中国西南地区海相下-中三叠统以火山碎屑岩为其直观界线，该年龄的标定可为区域地层年表和国际地层委员会全球标准年表研究提供重要的下-中三叠统界线年龄参考值。基于此，本文测试了四川盆地东部华蓥山下-中三叠统界线火山碎屑岩附近的石膏和硬石膏样品^87Sr／^86Sr比值，以及相应的Si、Ca、Mg、Mn、Sr以及SO4^2-的含量．根据锶同位素地层学的原理，尝试对下-中三叠统界线进行了年龄标定；同时评估了样品的成岩蚀变性、对海水信息的代表性以及年龄标定结果的可靠性。火山碎屑岩附近5个样品的。^87Sr／^86Sr比值变化在0．708243～0．708391之间，标定的年龄值在240．5～242．5Ma的范围内，2个紧靠火山碎屑岩样品的年龄值在242Ma左右（分别为241．9Ma和242．5Ma），从而为华南地区以火山碎屑岩作为海相下-中三叠统界线的合理性提供了重要的化学地层学依据，也为全球下-中三叠统界线提供了一个新的年龄值。

华北早中三叠世盆地恢复与古生界生烃

华北东部地区中下三叠统分布零星,面积小,但具有相似的岩性、岩相和韵律特征,反映为大型盆地的沉积背景。在广大范围内,由西北至东南,砂岩颗粒变细、泥质含量增多、沉积厚度变大的方向性明显,反映早中三叠世的沉积面貌和晚二叠世晚期(石千峰期)相似,表明其不但继承了晚二叠世“北聚南散”的古地球动力学背景,而且继承了北西高、南东低的古地理格局,说明海西运动一直延续到中三叠世。应用镜质体反射率(R_o)法、声波时差法及磷灰石裂变径迹法等多种方法恢复了中下三叠统的沉积厚度,编制了原型盆地沉积等厚图。中下三叠统沉积沉降中心位于临清-东濮-太康和两淮地区,沉积中心的中下三叠统厚度达2000～2600 m。伴随中下三叠统的沉积,至中三叠世末,下古生界马家沟组顶面埋深达3080～3690 m,古地温为112.4～130.7℃;R_o 值为0.85%～1.10%,下古生界以海相有机质为主的烃源岩已过了生油高峰,有机质的80%已完成向石油的转化,后期生烃潜力微乎其微;而上古生界以煤系为主的烃源岩,由于腐殖煤生烃高峰比Ⅰ-Ⅱ_1型干酪根生烃高峰滞后,尚处于早期生烃阶段,仍保留有较大的生烃潜力。

贵州中、下寒武统界线层型候选剖面地球化学特征研究

在贵州台江八郎凯里组中、下寒武统界线层型候选剖面上,对中、下寒武统界线剖面沉积岩地球化学特征进行了研究,发现沉积岩中的微量元素含量和稀土元素分布模式沿剖面的变化均具规律性,元素反映的沉积环境也具类似特点。剖面微量元素及稀土元素地球化学特征在界线剖面12～13层之间变化明显,突变点主要分布在这两层样品中。因此,将八郎界线剖面上中、下寒武统界线置于剖面12～13层之间。