Sedimentary Environment and Mineralization of the Black Shale Polymetallic Layer in the Early Cambrian,SW China:Constraints from in situ LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Pyrite

A polymetallic layer is usually developed at the bottom of the early Cambrian black shale in Guizhou Province.The mineral that makes up the polymetallic layer is related to the sedimentary facies.To analyze the differentiation mechanism between polymetallic deposits(Ni-Mo and V),the Zhijin Gezhongwu profile located in the outer shelf and the Sansui Haishan V deposit located in the lower slope are selected to study the in situ sulfur isotopes and trace elements of pyrite.The results show that δ^(34)S values of pyrite vary widely from−7.8‰to 28‰in the Gezhongwu profile,while the δ^(34)S values are relatively uniform(from 27.8‰to 38.4‰)in the Haishan profile.The isotopic S composition is consistent with the transition that occurs in the sedimentary phase from the shelf to the deep sea on the transgressive Yangtze platform;this indicates that the δ^(34)SO_(4)^(2−)values in seawater must be differently distributed in depositional environments.The sulfur in the Ni-Mo layer is produced after the mixing of seawater and hydrothermal fluid,while the V layer mainly originates from seawater.Overall,the Ni-Mo and V deposits have been differentiated primarily on the basis of the combined effect of continental weathering and hydrothermal fluid.

Nitrogen isotope stratigraphy of the Early Cambrian successions in the Tarim Basin:Spatial variability of nitrogen cycling and its implication for paleo-oceanic redox conditions

The Early Cambrian represents a critical time period characterized by extraordinary biological innovations and dynamic redox conditions in seawaters.Nitrogen isotopic signatures of ancient sediments have the potential to elucidate the evolutionary path of marine redox states and the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle within the water column of the Early Cambrian ocean.While existing research on this topic has predominantly focused on South China,the exploration of other continental margins has been limited,leaving contradictory hypotheses untested.In this study,pairedδ^(15)N andδ^(13)C org analyses were performed on the Lower Cambrian successions from the Shiairike section(inner ramp)and Well Tadong 2(deep shelf/basin)in the northwestern and eastern Tarim Basin,respectively.Our data from the Shiairike section reveal a discernible shift in the operation of different nitrogen cycles for the black chert-shale unit,also referred to as the black rock series in Chinese literature,of the Yurtus Formation(Fortunian stage to lower Stage 3).Oscillatingδ^(15)N values for its lower part are suggestive of alternating anaerobic assimilation of NH 4+and denitrification/anammox.This is likely attributed to a shallow,unstable chemocline consistent with the upwelling and incursion of deep,anoxic waters during a major transgression.In contrast,aerobic nitrogen cycling,indicated by positiveδ^(15)N values of>2‰,dominated the upper part alongside a reduction in upwelling intensity.On the other hand,theδ^(15)N signatures of Xishanbulake and Xidashan Formations of Well Tadong 2,which encompass a time interval from the Cambrian Fortunian Age to Age 4,are indicative of N_(2)fixation by diazotrophs as the major nitrogen source.The two studied intervals,although not time-equivalent,exhibit separated states of nitrogen cycling at least during the deposition of the Yurtus black rock series.The spatially different nitrogen cycling of the studied sections is compatible with a redox-stratified ocean during the deposition of the Yurtus black rock series.The build-up of a NO_(3)−reservoir and aerobic nitrogen cycling in seawater was largely restricted to near-shore settings whereas anaerobic nitrogen cycling dominated by N_(2)fixation served as the main nitrogen uptake pathway in off-shore settings.

Hydrocarbon Generation Potential and Organic Matter Enrichment Mechanism of the Cambrian Marine Shale in the Tadong Low Uplift,Tarim Basin

Cambrian shales in China and elsewhere contain abundant oil and gas resources.However,due to its deep burial and limited outcrop,there has been relatively little research conducted on it.The Cambrian shale of the Tadong low uplift in the Tarim Basin of western China,specifically the Xidashan-Xishanbulake Formation(Fm.)and overlying Moheershan Fm.provide a case study through the use of organic petrology,mineralogy,organic and elemental geochemistry,with the aim of analyzing and exploring the hydrocarbon generation potential(PG)and organic matter(OM)enrichment mechanisms within these shale formations.The results indicate that:(1)the Cambrian shale of the Tadong low uplift exhibits relatively dispersed OM that consists of vitrinite-like macerals and solid bitumen.These formations have a higher content of quartz and are primarily composed of silica-based lithology;(2)shale samples from the Xidashan-Xishanbulake and Moheershan formations demonstrate high total organic carbon(TOC)and low pyrolytic hydrocarbon content(S_(2))content.The OM is predominantly typeⅠand typeⅡkerogens,indicating a high level of maturation in the wet gas period.These shales have undergone extensive hydrocarbon generation,showing characteristics of relatively poor PG;(3)the sedimentary environments of the Xidashan-Xishanbulake and Moheershan formations in the Tadong low uplift are similar.They were deposited in warm and humid climatic conditions,in oxygen-deficient environments,with stable terrigenous inputs,high paleoproductivity,high paleosalinity,weak water-holding capacity,and no significant hydrothermal activity;and(4)the relationship between TOC and the paleoproductivity parameter(P/Ti)is most significant in the Lower Cambrian Xidashan-Xishanbulake Fm.,whereas correlation with other indicators is not evident.This suggests a productivity-driven OM enrichment model,where input of landderived material was relatively small during the Middle Cambrian,and the ancient water exhibited lower salinity.A comprehensive pattern was formed under the combined control of paleoproductivity and preservation conditions.This study provides valuable guidance for oil and gas exploration in the Tarim Basin.

Main controlling factor and mechanism of gas-in-place content of the Lower Cambrian shale from different sedimentary facies in the western Hubei area, South China

The Lower Cambrian shale gas in the western Hubei area,South China has a great resource prospect,but the gas-in-place(GIP)content in different sedimentary facies varies widely,and the relevant mechanism has been not well understood.In the present study,two sets of the Lower Cambrian shale samples from the Wells YD4 and YD5 in the western Hubei area,representing the deep-water shelf facies and shallowwater platform facies,respectively,were investigated on the differences of pore types,pore structure and methane adsorption capacity between them,and the main controlling factor and mechanism of their methane adsorption capacities and GIP contents were discussed.The results show that the organic matter(OM)pores in the YD4 shale samples are dominant,while the inorganic mineral(IM)pores in the YD5 shale samples are primary,with underdeveloped OM pores.The pore specific surface area(SSA)and pore volume(PV)of the YD4 shale samples are mainly from micropores and mesopores,respectively,while those of the YD5 shale samples are mainly from micropores and macropores,respectively.The methane adsorption capacity of the YD4 shale samples is significantly higher than that of the YD5 shale samples,with a maximum absolute adsorption capacity of 3.13 cm^(3)/g and 1.31 cm^(3)/g in average,respectively.Compared with the shallow-water platform shale,the deep-water shelf shale has a higher TOC content,a better kerogen type and more developed OM pores,which is the main mechanism for its higher adsorption capacity.The GIP content models based on two samples with a similar TOC content selected respectively from the Wells YD4 and YD5 further indicate that the GIP content of the deep-water shelf shale is mainly 34 m^(3)/t within a depth range of 1000—4000 m,with shale gas exploration and development potential,while the shallow-water platform shale has normally a GIP content of<1 m^(3)/t,with little shale gas potential.Considering the geological and geochemical conditions of shale gas formation and preservation,the deep-water shelf facies is the most favorable target for the Lower Cambrian shale gas exploration and development in the western Hubei area,South China.

Geological characteristics of the southern segment of the Late Sinian–Early Cambrian Deyang-Anyue rift trough in Sichuan Basin, SW China

Based on the latest drilling, seismic and field outcrop data, the geological characteristics(e.g. strata, development and sedimentary evolution) of the southern segment of the Late Sinian–Early Cambrian Deyang–Anyue rift trough in the Sichuan Basin are analyzed. First, the strata in the southern segment are complete. The first to second members of Dengying Formation(Deng 1 + Deng 2) are found with relatively stable thickness(400–550 m), and the third to fourth members(Deng 3+ Deng 4) show great thickness difference between the marginal trough and the inner trough, which is up to 250 m. The Cambrian Maidiping Formation and Qiongzhusi Formation in southern Sichuan Basin are relatively thin, with the thickness changing greatly and frequently. Second, the Deyang–Anyue rift trough extended southward during the Deng 4 period, affecting southern Sichuan Basin. Compared to the middle and northern segments of the rift trough, the southern segment is generally wide, gentle and shallow, with multiple steps, and alternating uplifts and sags, which are distributed in finger shape. Third, the Deng 1 + Deng 2 in southern Sichuan Basin records the dominance of carbonate platform and unobvious sedimentary differentiation, and the Deng 4 exhibits obvious sedimentary differentiation, namely, basin–slope–secondary slope–slope–secondary slope–platform margin–restricted platform, from the inner trough to the marginal trough. Fourth, the rift trough in southern Sichuan Basin has evolved in four stages: stabilization of Deng 1–Deng 2, initialization of Deng 3–Deng 4, filling of Maidiping–Qiongzhusi, and extinction of Canglangpu Formation.

Crohn’s disease in low and lower-middle income countries: A scoping review

BACKGROUND While Crohn’s disease has been studied extensively in high-income countries,its epidemiology and care in low and lower-middle income countries(LLMICs)is not well established due to a lack of disease registries and diagnostic capacity.AIM To describe the published burden,diagnostic/treatment capacity,service utilization,challenges/barriers to individuals with Crohn’s in LLMICs and their providers.METHODS We conducted a scoping review utilizing a full search strategy was developed and conducted in PubMed,Embase and World Health Organization Global Index Medicus.Two independent reviewers screened the titles and abstracts of all of the publications found in this search,reviewed selected publications,and extracted relevant data,which underwent descriptive review and was analyzed in Excel.RESULTS The database search yielded 4486 publications,216 of which were determined to be relevant to the research questions.Of all 79 LLMICs,only 21(26.6%)have publications describing individuals with Crohn’s.Overall,the highest number of studies came from India,followed by Tunisia,and Egypt.The mean number of Crohn’s patients reported per study is 57.84 and the median is 22,with a wide range from one to 980.CONCLUSION This scoping review has shown that,although there is a severe lack of populationbased data about Crohn’s in LLMICs,there is a signal of Crohn’s in these settings around the world.

Superimposed hydrocarbon accumulation through multi-source and multi-stage evolution in the Cambrian Xixiangchi Group of eastern Sichuan Basin:A case study of the Pingqiao gas-bearing anticline

The Xixiangchi Group in eastern Sichuan Basin has great potential for natural gas exploration.However,there is a lack of in-depth studies of the hydrocarbon sources and the formation and evolution of gas reservoirs in this Group.Systematic investigation about the gas reservoir in Pingqiao anticline was consequently carried out in terms of characteristics of reservoir bitumen,the geochemical characteristics of natural gas,diagenetic minerals,and fluid inclusions.Based on this,combined with the reconstruction of the burial history,thermal evolution history and uplifting history of strata,and analysis of the regional tectonic settings,the hydrocarbon sources were identified and the formation and evolutionary processes of the gas reservoirs in Xixiangchi Group was revealed in this study.It was shown that the gas reservoirs have mixed gas sources from the shale source rocks in the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation and in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation,and experienced several evolutionary stages,including the paleo-oil reservoir stage from the Late Siliurian to the Middle Permian,the paleo-gas reservoir stage from the Late Permian to the Early Cretaceous,and the superimposed accumulation and mixed-source gas reservoir stage since the Late Cretaceous.The mixed-source gas reservoir is formed by the adjustment of the Xixiangchi Group paleo-gas reservoirs and depressurization of the overpressure Wufeng-Longmaxi shale gas reservoirs and the charging of gas into the Xixiangchi Group reservoir of the Pingqiao anticline since the Late Cretaceous,which show obvious superimposed accumulation characteristics.There are different accumulation patterns in different geological periods.The accumulation pattern of the“old source-young reservoir”(i.e.hydrocarbons generated from older source rocks accumulating in younger reservoirs)dominates before the Late Cretaceous,and that of“juxtaposed young source-old reservoir”(i.e.hydrocarbons generated from younger source rocks accumulating in juxtaposed older reservoirs)dominates after the Early Cretaceous.Moreover,faults acted as critical vertical pathways for hydrocarbon migration during the evolution of the Xixiangchi Group gas reservoirs.This model provides new insights and theoretical basis for evaluation and mapping of the Xixiangchi Group play fairway in eastern Sichuan Basin.

Helcionelloids from the Cambrian Fortunian of the Northern Yangtze Platform,China

A study of the morphological and microstructural characteristics of helcionelloids from the Nanjiang area(north Sichuan,China)at the northern Yangtze Platform was undertaken,in order to understand their phylogenetic position.Helcionelloids fossils from the Kuanchuanpu Formation of the Changtanhe–Maolinzi section include 7 genera and 11 species.There are distinct differences in the degree of shell bending,the apical morphology and apex position,the outline of the aperture and the height of the shell,all of which constitute important identification features.Although helcionelloid apices exhibit varying degrees of rotation towards the aperture,they do not show any signs of evident distortion.A pair of basally-symmetrical muscle scars are discovered on the shells of helcionelloids(such as Bemella simplex),showing a distinct difference when compared with those of the stem-group gastropod(e.g.,Pelagiella).The prismatic shell layer of helcionelloids has been observed,which are common components in Cambrian molluscs,but differ significantly from the dense layer microstructure found in contemporary molluscs.The microstructures,muscle scars and morphological characteristics demonstrate that helcionelloids represent a stem-group of molluscs.

Distribution and geochemical significance of trace elements in kerogens from Ediacaran–Lower Cambrian strata in South China

Some trace elements(TEs),both bio-essential and redox-sensitive,are promising tracers of Earth’s surface processes.As an essential sedimentary organic matter,kerogen may have inherited and retained the key TEs from organisms.In this study,the distribution of TEs in kerogens from two sections(Dongkanshang and Fengtan) in South China was analyzed to explore its biogeochemical significance during Ediacaran-Lower Cambrian.Compared with V and Zn,the relative concentrations of Co,Ni,Cu,and Mo were generally higher in kerogens than in the whole rocks.Enrichment of TEs in the kerogen was involved in the selective utilization of TEs by different organic precursors and the competition of sulfide in the depositional environment.The significant content of TEs in the kerogens from deep-water facies corresponded to a more negative δ^(13) Ckeras a result of the dominant taxa of chemo autotrophs with tremendous bioaccumulation potential for trace metals and the reduction conditions favorable for organic matter preservation.Furthermore,the content variations of trace elements in the kerogens coincided with the rise and fall of the Ediacaran biota,implying that the trace elements might have played an important role in early life evolution.

Environmental Effects on Differential Organic Matter Enrichment of the Lower Cambrian Shale,Tarim Basin,NW China

Early Cambrian shale is an important petroleum source rock around the world.Because of little drilling data and poor seismic data,until recently,organic matter enrichment of the Lower Cambrian Yuertusi and Xishanbulake formations shale is still an enigma in the Tarim Basin,northwestern China.Total organic carbon(TOC),major and trace element data of Cambrian shale samples from five boreholes have been analyzed to decipher the mechanism of the organic matter enrichment.The results show that the shales deposited in the western restricted intraplatform have much higher TOC contents(3.2%-19.8%,on average 11.0%)than those from the eastern basin(2.2%-10.2%,on average 4.5%).The paleoproductivity proxies(Ba,Ba/Al,P/Al)in the western restricted platform are much higher than those in the eastern basin.The trace element indicators such as V/Cr,Ni/Co,Mo-TOC and Mo_(EF)-U_(EF)suggest an anoxic environment across the basin,but a more restricted environment in the western intraplatform.The paleoproductivity rather than anoxic condition and hydrothermal activity are concluded to have resulted in the differentiation of the organic matter enrichment from the western intraplatform to eastern basin in the early Cambrian shales;the restricted environment was favorable for paleoproductivity and preservation of organic matter.

Copper Mineralization in the Lower Cambrian Cover of Jbel N’Zourk (Central Anti Atlas, Morocco): Tectonic-Mineralizations Relationships

The Moroccan Anti-Atlas is a vast geological region composed of a Precambrian basement covered by a late-Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic sedimentary sequences. More than 200 copper occurrences are listed in these sequences. The copper mineralization of the Jbel N’Zourk (Central Anti-Atlas) is observed into the lower Limestones of the lower Cambrian (Adoudou formation), just above the volcanic formations of the Jbel Boho between Bou Azzer El Graara and Zenaga inliers. The region is by an E-W shortening resulting in an overlapping structure with vergence associated with folds. Generally, the mineralization is hosted along the principal fault of Jbel N’Zourk and sometimes in the anticlines hinges. The petrographic study showed that the mineralization can be observed in several aspects, either in the fractures and veins, in small karsts or rarely disseminated in calcite and dolomite minerals. These observations host new arguments who contribute to a later reconcentration of the copper mineralization of Jbel N’Zourk, trapped on faulted and folded structures attributed to Variscan deformation.

四川盆地“槽-隆”控制下的寒武系筇竹寺组页岩储层特征及其差异性成因

四川盆地寒武系筇竹寺组是继五峰组-龙马溪组后页岩气勘探开发的重要接替层位,目前在德阳-安岳裂陷槽中心和槽缘部署的Z201井和WY1井页岩气勘探取得良好效果,但裂陷槽内筇竹寺组页岩储层发育特征仍不清楚。以槽内中心Z201井和槽缘WY1井为重点,结合其他页岩气勘探开发资料,系统分析了研究区筇竹寺组页岩各小层矿物特征、有机地化特征、储层及储集空间特征、含气性特征。研究结果表明:①筇竹寺组可划分为8个小层,页岩整体以脆性矿物为主,总有机碳含量(TOC)普遍大于1%,为优质烃源岩,且槽内TOC高于槽缘,具备良好的生气条件。②筇竹寺组页岩有机孔与无机孔均发育,槽内孔隙发育更好,具有极高的含气量。1,3,5和7小层黑色页岩储层品质较好,5小层储层品质最优。③德阳-安岳裂陷槽控制了筇竹寺组页岩储层发育,槽内Z201井钻遇的筇竹寺组页岩储层优于槽缘WY1井。④乐山-龙女寺古隆起控制筇竹寺组页岩有机质演化程度,古隆起内筇竹寺组有机质热演化成熟度普遍低于古隆起外,隆起区适中的热演化程度具备大规模富气的条件。筇竹寺组页岩储层各项条件较好,是未来页岩气勘探开发的主要接替区域。

四川盆地南部下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩孔隙结构特征与页岩气赋存模式

近年来,四川盆地南部地区(以下简称川南地区)下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气勘探开发取得了实质性的突破,但是,关于筇竹寺组页岩气储层孔隙结构特征及其对页岩气赋存模式影响的研究还较为薄弱。为此,以川南地区W207井筇竹寺组页岩为例,以总有机碳含量(TOC)不小于1.0%为界,将筇竹寺组页岩划分出4个高有机碳页岩层段(H1—H4层),并基于大视域扫描电镜、流体注入法孔隙定量表征、三维分子结构建模与分子模拟等方法,研究了不同富有机质层段页岩孔隙特征,并着重分析了H3层页岩孔隙发育特征与页岩气赋存模式。研究结果表明:(1)筇竹寺组页岩纵向上孔隙发育差异较大,其中H3层页岩孔隙系统最为有利,发育粒缘缝—有机质纳米连通孔隙—有机质基质分子内孔隙3级孔隙网络,其矿物粒缘缝与有机质纳米孔隙提供了较大的游离气储集空间,页岩有机质分子结构中普遍发育微孔,提供了较大的吸附空间;(2)微孔对总吸附量的贡献随压力增高而降低,但在30.0 MPa时仍贡献了56%以上的总吸附气量;(3)高温高压下(30.0 MPa、70℃),页岩中游离气甲烷含量占总含气量的57%,当压力由30.0 MPa降低至16.5 MPa,游离气贡献总开采气量超过80%;(4)粒缘缝、有机质纳米连通孔隙和有机质基质分子内孔隙良好的配置关系为页岩气富集及开发提供了良好的连通体系,远离风化壳的超压层段有利于页岩孔隙发育。结论认为,川南地区筇竹寺组H3层页岩孔隙系统发育,具备页岩气高产地质条件,是筇竹寺组下一步重点关注层段,在此基础上寻找远离风化壳、孔隙发育的超压页岩储层是筇竹寺组选区选层的关键。

塔里木盆地中下寒武统膏质白云岩盖层突破压力预测方法

针对塔里木盆地中下寒武统白云岩盖层层段不易精确厘定和物性变化复杂的问题,在运用岩性统计分析和实验测试手段的基础上,以优势盖层岩性膏质白云岩为主要研究对象,确定其具有不同物性特征的分散状、斑块状、裂缝分散状、裂缝斑块状4种微观结构,进而得到颗粒结构、石膏-黏土含量和裂缝发育程度是影响白云岩突破压力的3个主要因素。据此选取能够响应膏质白云岩岩性和物性特征的测井曲线,运用逐步线性回归分析,明确膏质白云岩突破压力与自然伽马和补偿中子测井数据相关性最强,进而构建其突破压力的预测公式。应用该方法可以准确地预测塔里木盆地中下寒武统膏质白云岩的突破压力,并通过单井分析和连井剖面初步确定巴楚-塔中隆起地区中下寒武统盖层发育特征为“横向上彼此相连,纵向上互相叠置”,对其下部储层内的油气封闭起着积极作用。研究结果与目前油气发现部位具有良好的一致性,可以为塔里木盆地中下寒武统天然气保存条件分析及明确下一步勘探层位提供指导。

塔里木盆地寒武系盐下白云岩成藏条件分析与勘探部署方向

塔里木盆地寒武系盐下具有优质的生储盖组合,是盆地级重大战略接替领域,但由于埋深大、层系古老,寒武系盐下勘探面临烃源岩、沉积储层与油气保存等基础地质方面诸多认识问题。本文在前人研究基础上,通过野外露头、钻井分析与区域地震大剖面解释,重新认识寒武系盐下烃源岩、沉积储层、盖层与油气保存条件,结合已钻井分析,指出寒武系盐下有利勘探方向,优选有利勘探区带。结果表明:1)下寒武统玉尔吐斯组烃源岩分布受控于前寒武纪裂坳体系,主要分布在北部坳陷及周缘、塔西南地区,总面积约26.8×10^(4) km^(2)。2)寒武系盐下发育肖尔布拉克组内—中缓坡丘滩体、吾松格尔组礁后滩两套储层。肖尔布拉克组内—中缓坡丘滩体沿塔南古陆周缘分布,面积4.5×10^(4) km^(2);吾松格尔组礁后滩发育在轮南—古城台缘带内侧,面积5.3×10^(3) km^(2)。3)中寒武统膏盐岩盖层发育膏盐湖、膏云坪、泥云坪3个相带,由巴楚隆起—阿瓦提凹陷膏盐湖中心向四周呈环带状展布,总面积大约25×10^(4) km^(2)。4)基于已钻井分析,提出近源、规模优质储盖组合与古隆起背景是寒武系盐下勘探突破的方向。优选塔中北斜坡、古城—肖塘南、温宿周缘、轮南地区4个Ⅰ类有利区与麦盖提斜坡1个Ⅱ类有利区,总面积5.4×10^(4) km^(2)。研究成果对于塔里木盆地寒武系盐下勘探部署具有一定的指导意义。

鄂尔多斯盆地寒武系储层沥青地质特征及来源分析

本文通过对储层沥青的分布、含量、岩石学特征、成熟度、元素组成、生物标志物、同位素等的研究,剖析了鄂尔多斯盆地寒武系储层沥青的地质特征及来源。结果表明,寒武系储层沥青富集程度较高,多呈条带状和环状,赋存于微裂缝、粒间和溶蚀孔隙中。具有清晰的边界,高热演化程度(等效镜质组反射率值为1.35%~3.48%),高C原子组成的地质特征,为热裂解的焦沥青成因。寒武系储层沥青具有明显C_(27)规则甾烷优势、C_(23)三环萜烷及植烷优势的特征,表明其形成于还原环境,来源于低等藻类。较高三环萜烷/藿烷和较低藿烷/甾烷比值,表明其为海相成因。寒武系储层沥青中较高三芳甲藻甾烷参数(三芳甲藻甾烷/(C_(30)3-甲基-24-乙基三芳甾烷+三芳甲藻甾烷))和(C_(26)+C_(27))/C_(28)三芳甾烷比值,与东坡组烃源岩分布特征最为相似。此外,有机碳同位素和相似Rb/Sr、Zn/Co和Cu/Sr分布特征,进一步证实了盆地南缘和东缘寒武系储层沥青主要来源于东坡组烃源岩,即东坡组海相烃源岩生成的油气已经在鄂尔多斯盆地南缘和东缘运聚并成藏,寒武系原生油气藏的勘探潜力在鄂尔多斯盆地南部较大,不容忽视。

汉中地区构造演化及寒武系页岩气形成地质条件研究

近年来陕南地区页岩气勘探取得了一定的成果,与其同属扬子板块北缘的汉中地区也被认为具有较好的页岩气资源前景。本文利用野外地质调查、二维地震、岩石学及有机地球化学等资料,对汉中地区构造演化及寒武系页岩气地质条件开展研究。结果表明,汉中地区经历了南华纪—三叠纪海相演化、三叠纪末—白垩纪陆内演化和新生代断陷盆地三个演化阶段,寒武系牛蹄塘组和石牌组为海陆过渡相沉积,其中暗色泥岩有机质类型以Ⅱ1型和Ⅱ2型为主,TOC含量0.45%~2.79%,Ro为0.61%~1.21%,整体属于中等—好的成熟烃源岩,具备良好的生烃潜力;且牛蹄塘组灰黑色粉砂质泥岩中有机质较为丰富,石英等脆性矿物及黏土矿物含量较高,微裂缝及孔隙发育,有利于页岩气生成、赋存以及后期开发。综合分析认为汉中地区寒武系具备良好的页岩气资源前景,且东部地质条件优于西部。

塔里木盆地西南部寒武系充填层序及沉积样式演化

针对塔里木盆地西南部寒武系存在的古隆起陆棚相分歧,利用锆石U-Pb(铀-铅同位素测年)年龄、井-震联合开展了寒武系层序充填与沉积演化的研究。研究表明:在巴楚隆起,寒武系直接覆盖在克拉通结晶基底之上,寒武系沉积充填与前寒武系结构呈“镜像”关系。受前寒武系地形、构造运动和海平面升降控制,塔里木盆地西南部寒武系发育4个Ⅱ级层序,分别为寒武系层序1(玉尔吐斯组—肖尔布拉克组)、寒武系层序2(吾松格尔组—沙依里克组)、寒武系层序3(阿瓦塔格组)、寒武系层序4(下丘里塔格群),共包含7个沉积相、10个沉积亚相。塔里木盆地西南部寒武系层序1—寒武系层序3早、中寒武世巴楚隆起—麦盖提斜坡—塔西南坳陷沉积相为台地—缓坡—斜坡—深水陆棚相沉积,表现为向海凝缩减薄的沉积特征并发育寒武系烃源岩;寒武系层序4晚寒武世塔里木盆地西南部主体演化为局限台地,塔里木盆地西台东盆沉积格局正式形成。

渝东地区平桥构造寒武系洗象池群天然气成藏特征及意义

位于渝东地区南部平桥一带的平桥1井在洗象池群中获得天然气勘探突破。本文通过对洗象池群气藏中的天然气碳同位素研究,认为气藏中烃类来源于五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气;基于平桥1井岩心、成像测井,结合毗邻的南川三泉等洗象池群剖面的储层初步研究,认为:平桥1井的产气层段孔洞发育,气藏属于孔洞型或裂缝—孔洞型;平桥1井洗象池群岩心裂缝中的白云石、石英及方解石等矿物充填序列及包裹体特征研究表明,裂缝形成及矿物充填主要发生在燕山-喜山期,发育构造变形的燕山期是洗象池群气藏充注的重要时期,燕山—喜山期的隆升期也是气藏进一步充注的时期。渝东南部平桥一带洗象池群的成功勘探证实早期页岩气藏通过部分页岩气释放及侧向供烃可以形成工业气藏,对整个渝东高陡构造带下组合的油气勘探具有推动意义。

华北板块南缘寒武系苗岭统碳酸盐岩硬底:缺乏生物扰动背景下的早期海底胶结作用

华北地台南缘寒武系苗岭统碳酸盐岩硬底发育在核形石灰岩和鲕粒灰岩之上,并明显截断下伏的碳酸盐沉积物。本文通过对硬底界面之下颗粒间的放射纤维状方解石胶结物和等厚环边的微晶胶结物分析,表明其形成于早期海底胶结作用,该时期早期胶结区靠近沉积物—水界面,易受潮汐和波浪冲刷而暴露海底,并在持续搅动的高能环境中经历磨蚀和平整,形成硬底。由于硬底形成后几乎没有受到强烈改造和持续生物侵蚀的影响,通常表现出简单、平坦的表面形态。研究区馒头组二段含硬底层段形成于低、高能交替的潮间—潮下水道环境,以微晶方解石为主要的胶结剂沉淀;张夏组含硬底层段形成于台内鲕粒滩高速建造期,以物理化学沉淀和早期海底胶结作用为主。研究区出现的硬底表明,该时期海水化学条件和海底生态环境利于碳酸盐沉积物的早期胶结。硬底作为早期海底胶结作用的突出证据,对于研究碳酸盐沉积物的早期成岩作用及岩化特征具有重要意义,其形成过程及成因也为古海洋化学条件和底栖生态系统的变化提供了主要依据。