Design and Engineering Application of Direct Mixing Lubrication System for Emulsion Pipeline in Secondary Cold Rolling Mill

With the benefit fierce competition in the steel industry market in recent years,double cold reduction products have been developed towards strength improvement and thickness reduction.The traditional cold-rolling lubrication process with a fixed flow rate and concentration cannot solve the problems,which are uncontrollable plate shape and the excessive consumption of lubricating oil.Moreover,based on the analysis of the traditional direct aplication lubrication system of double cold reduction mill,a set of design scheme suitable for the emulsion pipeline direct mixing lubrication system of double cold reduction mill unit was proposed.The design completed the selection of key components,which included the static mixer and atomization nozzle selection,pump and oil pump design selection,pipeline design selection,flow type selection,pressure gauge selection,electronic control cabinet design selection and other eight aspects.Equipment of the emulsion pipeline direct mixing lubrication system of double cold reduction has been developed.Comparing with characteristics of the traditional direct aplication lubrication system,the emulsion pipeline direct mixing lubrication system was better applied to the production practice of a 1220 double cold reduction mill.The consumption of ton of steel was reduced by 9.6%.The rolling energy consumption and fuel consumption comprehensive costs decreased by 10.7%,and the strip steel section thickness difference was reduced by 19.3%.In addition,the plate shape quality defect rate decreased by 25.6%,otherwise creating a large economic benefit for the unit and promoting the application value.

Thermal Aspects in Lubrication System Design for Internal Combustion Engines

The mechanical losses in an internal combustion engine cause a significant decrease in the engine’s overall efficiency. Wherever friction work is dissipated a heat load will inevitably appear. This heat load has to be taken care of in some way, usually with both the water-cooling and the lubrication system. Despite its name, one of the major tasks of the latter one is, to draw out heat from between lubricated surfaces. In contrast to the water cooling system, which is primarily designed for cooling the cylinder block, the lubrication system is mainly required for cooling the crankshaft and piston rod bearings. A lubrication system for today’s automotive engines consists of several components, i.e. an oil pump, a pressure relief valve and an oil filter. This study focuses on the dynamic characteristics of a pressure relief valve and how the system temperature is affected by the critical design parameters of the valve. Using a thermodynamic simulation model together with an optimisation strategy makes it possible to express the desired system characteristics. Then, the optimisation strategy seeks for a similar system configuration with help of the model.

Microstructure and preparation of nano S-W-S new solid lubrication system

The method for preparing a new solid lubrication system of nano S W S was presented. The microstructure of the S W S nano cluster was investigated using TEM and XRD. The system is a mixture clusters of both monocrystal and polycrystal of layered hexagonal structure with one tungsten atom linking with two sulphur atoms, and the week Van der Waals’ force bonding together the different layers. The changes of electronic structure were studied with XPS. The hybridization of different electronic shell orbitals of the sulphur atom in the nano cluster is regarded as the quantum size effect. The clusters are found to be of a closed spherical structure without any dangling bond. [

Application of rolling technique lubrication system of 2150 mm hot rolling line

In order to reduce the friction force between the roll and rolling material,decrease the rolling force and consumed power,enhance the product quality and rolling efficiency,rolling technique lubrication has been applied widely in mordern hot rolling mill at present.The constitution and control principle of rolling technique lubrication System of 2 150 Hot Rolling Line are analyzed.In light of the problems that took place while testing and applicating,the reformation measures are pointed out.Since taking measures,some good effect has been obtained,which ensure the technique lubrication system operating steadily.

A novel polyionic liquid with lubricity and viscosity-increasing dual functionalities as the additive in aqueous lubrication system

The polyionic liquid poly-PEGMA-r-METAC(PPM)with quaternary ammonium has been synthesized and evaluated as additive in aqueous lubricating fluids.The rheological behavior of aqueous lubricating fluids with PPM has been characterized to confirm PPM’s function as a viscosity modifier.The tribological behavior of aqueous lubricating fluids with PPM has been investigated on SRV-V and MTM testing machines.It was found that PPM has excellent viscosity-increasing,lubricating,and anti-wear properties as an additive for aqueous,which can be attributed to the ability of PPM to form the protective film and boundary tribofilm generated from complex tribochemical reaction on rubbing surface.The obtained PPM with dual functions of anti-corrosion additives and viscosity index improver can play an important role in diverse lubrication regimes.

Construction of ternary PEG200-based DESs lubrication systems via tailoring tribo-chemistry

Designing novel lubricants with easily customized structures,devisable compositions,and simple and economic synthesis over traditional lubricants is critical to fulfilling complex applications,prolonging machine lifetime,and saving energy.Deep eutectic solvents(DESs),which show tunable composition,adjustable structure,easy fabrication,and environmental friendliness,are promising candidates for variable and complicated lubricants applications.To promote the use of DESs as lubricants,a series of PEG200-based DESs with active heteroatoms were fabricated to tailor the tribological performance via tribo-chemistry.Thereinto,PEG200/boric acid(BA)DES shows optimal lubrication performance by forming tribo-chemical reaction film composited of B2O3,iron oxides,and FeOOH,and PEG200/thiourea(TU)DES displays abrasive wear-reducing property by producing FeS tribo-chemical film.Given the excellent abrasive wear-resistance of PEG200/TU DES and friction reduction of PEG200/BA DES,ternary PEG200/BA/TU DESs,composited of PEG200/TU DES and PEG200/BA DES,are first exploited.The ternary DESs possess superior wettability and thermal stability,which render them potential lubricants.Tribological tests of the ternary DESs demonstrate that synergistic lubrication is achieved by forming a transfer film consisting of FexBy,BN,B2O3,and FeS.Wherein FexBy,BN,and B2O3 increase load bearing of the film,and FeS mitigates severe abrasive wear.The proposed design philosophy of novel DESs as lubricants opens up a unique realm that is unattainable by traditional DESs lubrication mechanisms and provides a platform to design next-generation DESs lubrication systems.

Tribological Performance of Different Concentrations of Al_(2)O_(3)Nanofluids on Minimum Quantity Lubrication Milling

Nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication(NMQL)is a green processing technology.Cottonseed oil is suitable as base oil because of excellent lubrication performance,low freezing temperature,and high yield.Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles improve not only the heat transfer capacity but also the lubrication performance.The physical and chemical proper-ties of nanofluid change when Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles are added.However,the effects of the concentration of nanofluid on lubrication performance remain unknown.Furthermore,the mechanisms of interaction between Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparti-cles and cottonseed oil are unclear.In this research,nanofluid is prepared by adding different mass concentrations of Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles(0,0.2%,0.5%,1%,1.5%,and 2%wt)to cottonseed oil during minimum quantity lubrication(MQL)milling 45 steel.The tribological properties of nanofluid with different concentrations at the tool/workpiece interface are studied through macro-evaluation parameters(milling force,specific energy)and micro-evaluation parameters(surface roughness,micro morphology,contact angle).The result show that the specific energy is at the minimum(114 J/mm^(3)),and the roughness value is the lowest(1.63μm)when the concentration is 0.5 wt%.The surfaces of the chip and workpiece are the smoothest,and the contact angle is the lowest,indicating that the tribological proper-ties are the best under 0.5 wt%.This research investigates the intercoupling mechanisms of Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles and cottonseed base oil,and acquires the optimal Al_(2)O_(3)nanofluid concentration to receive satisfactory tribological properties.

Tribological Mechanism of Graphene and Ionic Liquid Mixed Fluid on Grinding Interface under Nanofluid Minimum Quantity Lubrication

Graphene has superhigh thermal conductivity up to 5000 W/(m·K),extremely thin thickness,superhigh mechanical strength and nano-lamellar structure with low interlayer shear strength,making it possess great potential in mini-mum quantity lubrication(MQL)grinding.Meanwhile,ionic liquids(ILs)have higher thermal conductivity and better thermal stability than vegetable oils,which are frequently used as MQL grinding fluids.And ILs have extremely low vapor pressure,thereby avoiding film boiling in grinding.These excellent properties make ILs also have immense potential in MQL grinding.However,the grinding performance of graphene and ionic liquid mixed fluid under nano-fluid minimum quantity lubrication(NMQL),and its tribological mechanism on abrasive grain/workpiece grinding interface,are still unclear.This research firstly evaluates the grinding performance of graphene and ionic liquid mixed nanofluids(graphene/IL nanofluids)under NMQL experimentally.The evaluation shows that graphene/IL nanofluids can further strengthen both the cooling and lubricating performances compared with MQL grinding using ILs only.The specific grinding energy and grinding force ratio can be reduced by over 40%at grinding depth of 10μm.Work-piece machined surface roughness can be decreased by over 10%,and grinding temperature can be lowered over 50℃at grinding depth of 30μm.Aiming at the unclear tribological mechanism of graphene/IL nanofluids,molecular dynamics simulations for abrasive grain/workpiece grinding interface are performed to explore the formation mechanism of physical adsorption film.The simulations show that the grinding interface is in a boundary lubrication state.IL molecules absorb in groove-like fractures on grain wear flat face to form boundary lubrication film,and graphene nanosheets can enter into the grinding interface to further decrease the contact area between abrasive grain and workpiece.Compared with MQL grinding,the average tangential grinding force of graphene/IL nanofluids can decrease up to 10.8%.The interlayer shear effect and low interlayer shear strength of graphene nanosheets are the principal causes of enhanced lubricating performance on the grinding interface.EDS and XPS analyses are further carried out to explore the formation mechanism of chemical reaction film.The analyses show that IL base fluid happens chemical reactions with workpiece material,producing FeF_(2),CrF_(3),and BN.The fresh machined surface of workpiece is oxidized by air,producing NiO,Cr_(2)O_(3) and Fe_(2)O_(3).The chemical reaction film is constituted by fluorides,nitrides and oxides together.The combined action of physical adsorption film and chemical reaction film make graphene/IL nano-fluids obtain excellent grinding performance.

Effect of Surface Roughness on Lubrication Performance of Bump-Type Gas Foil Bearings

Taking bump-type gas foil bearings as the research object,a deformation model of bump foil and a thin-plate finite element model of top foil were proposed.By solving Reynolds equation and energy equation,the pressure distribution and the temperature distribution of gas films in foil bearings were obtained.Further,a numerical method for calculating the lubrication performance of gas foil bearings with considering the surface roughness was proposed.With a specific example,effects of the surface roughness on the bearing lubrication performance were parametrically studied.The results indicate that rougher journal surface can lead to larger fluctuation of the lubrication performance,while surface roughness of top foil has few effects on the fluctuation.Moreover,the mean values of performance parameters almost remain constant at different values of surface roughness.

Assessment of Lubrication Property and Machining Performance of Nanofluid Composite Electrostatic Spraying(NCES)Using Different Types of Vegetable Oils as Base Fluids of External Fluid

The current study of minimum quantity lubrication(MQL)concentrates on its performance improvement.By contrast with nanofluid MQL and electrostatic atomization(EA),the proposed nanofluid composite electrostatic spraying(NCES)can enhance the performance of MQL more comprehensively.However,it is largely influenced by the base fluid of external fluid.In this paper,the lubrication property and machining performance of NCES with different types of vegetable oils(castor,palm,soybean,rapeseed,and LB2000 oil)as the base fluids of external fluid were compared and evaluated by friction and milling tests under different flow ratios of external and internal fluids.The spraying current and electrowetting angle were tested to analyze the influence of vegetable oil type as the base fluid of external fluid on NCES performances.The friction test results show that relative to NCES with other vegetable oils as the base fluids of external fluid,NCES with LB2000 as the base fluid of external fluid reduced the friction coefficient and wear loss by 9.4%-27.7%and 7.6%-26.5%,respectively.The milling test results display that the milling force and milling temperature for NCES with LB2000 as the base fluid of external fluid were 1.4%-13.2%and 3.6%-11.2%lower than those for NCES with other vegetable oils as the base fluids of external fluid,respectively.When LB2000/multi-walled carbon nanotube(MWCNT)water-based nanofluid was used as the external/internal fluid and the flow ratio of external and internal fluids was 2:1,NCES showed the best milling performance.This study provides theoretical and technical support for the selection of the base fluid of NCES external fluid.

Achieving oxidation protection effect for strips hot rolling via Al_(2)O_(3) nanofluid lubrication

It was discovered the application of Al_(2)O_(3) nanofluid as lubricant for steel hot rolling could synchronously achieve oxidation protection of strips surface.The underlying mechanism was investigated through hot rolling tests and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.The employment of Al_(2)O_(3) nanoparticles contributed to significant enhancement in the lubrication performance of lubricant.The rolled strip exhibited the best surface topography that the roughness reached lowest with the sparsest surface defects.Besides,the oxide scale generated on steel surface was also thinner,and the ratio of Fe_(2)O_(3) among various iron oxides became lower.It was revealed the above oxidation protection effect of Al_(2)O_(3) nanofluid was attributed to the deposition of nanoparticles on metal surface during hot rolling.A protective layer in the thickness of about 193 nm was formed to prevent the direct contact between steel matrix and atmosphere,which was mainly composed of Al_(2)O_(3) and sintered organic molecules.MD simulations confirmed the diffusion of O_(2) and H_(2)O could be blocked by the Al_(2)O_(3) layer through physical absorption and penetration barrier effect.

Simulation analysis of wear characteristics of connecting rod bearing bush based on improved mixed lubrication model

The failure rate of crankpin bearing bush of diesel engine under complex working conditions such as high temperature,dynamic load and variable speed is high.After serious wear,it is easy to deteriorate the stress state of connecting rod body and connecting rod bolt,resulting in serious accidents such as connecting rod fracture and body damage.Based on the mixed lubrication characteristics of connecting rod big endbearing shell of diesel engine under high explosion pressure impact load,an improved mixed lubrication mechanism model is established,which considers the influence of viscoelastic micro deformation of bearing bush material,integrates the full film lubrication model and dry friction model,couples dynamic equation of connecting rod.Then the actual lubrication state of big end bearing shell is simulated numerically.Further,the correctness of the theoretical research results is verified by fault simulation experiments.The results show that the high-frequency impact signal with fixed angle domain characteristics will be generated after the serious wear of bearing bush and the deterioration of lubrication state.The fault feature capture and alarm can be realized through the condition monitoring system,which can be applied to the fault monitoring of connecting rod bearing bush of diesel engine in the future.

Multifunctional Lubricant Additive Improves Lubrication and Antioxidation Properties of Tung Oil

It is of considerable significance to develop efficient and environmentally friendly machinery lubricant additives because of the increasing depletion of petrochemical resources and severe environmental problems.Herein,we proposed a facile strategy to synthesize a multifunctional vegetable oil-based lubricant via the lignin derivative vanillin coupled to amine and diethyl phosphite to produce a lubricating additive with both extreme pressure and antioxidant properties.Compared with pure tung oil,the lubricating and antioxidant performance of tung oil is significantly improved after adding additives.Adding the 1.0 wt%additive to the tung oil reduced the friction wear coefficient and the volume,and the oxidation induction time was much longer than pure tung oil.

Versatile MXene Gels Assisted by Brief and Low‑Strength Centrifugation

Due to the mutual repulsion between their hydrophilic surface terminations and the high surface energy facilitating their ran-dom restacking,2D MXene nanosheets usually cannot self-assemble into 3D macroscopic gels with various applications in the absence of proper linking agents.In this work,a rapid spontaneous gelation of Ti3C2Tx MXene with a very low dispersion concentration of 0.5 mg mL^(-1) into multifunctional architectures under moderate centrifugation is illustrated.The as-prepared MXene gels exhibit reconfigurable internal structures and tunable rheological,tribological,electrochemical,infrared-emissive and photothermal-conversion properties based on the pH-induced changes in the surface chemistry of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) nanosheets.By adopting a gel with optimized pH value,high lubrication,exceptional specific capacitances(~635 and~408 F g^(-1) at 5 and 100 mV s^(-1),respectively),long-term capacitance retention(~96.7%after 10,000 cycles)and high-precision screen-or extrusion-printing into different high-resolution anticounterfeiting patterns can be achieved,thus displaying extensive potential applications in the fields of semi-solid lubrication,control-lable devices,supercapacitors,information encryption and infrared camouflaging.

Synthetic polymers:A review of applications in drilling fluids

With the growth of deep drilling and the complexity of the well profile,the requirements for a more complete and efficient exploitation of productive formations increase,which increases the risk of various complications.Currently,reagents based on modified natural polymers(which are naturally occurring compounds)and synthetic polymers(SPs)which are polymeric compounds created industrially,are widely used to prevent emerging complications in the drilling process.However,compared to modified natural polymers,SPs form a family of high-molecular-weight compounds that are fully synthesized by undergoing chemical polymerization reactions.SPs provide substantial flexibility in their design.Moreover,their size and chemical composition can be adjusted to provide properties for nearly all the functional objectives of drilling fluids.They can be classified based on chemical ingredients,type of reaction,and their responses to heating.However,some of SPs,due to their structural characteristics,have a high cost,a poor temperature and salt resistance in drilling fluids,and degradation begins when the temperature reaches 130℃.These drawbacks prevent SP use in some medium and deep wells.Thus,this review addresses the historical development,the characteristics,manufacturing methods,classification,and the applications of SPs in drilling fluids.The contributions of SPs as additives to drilling fluids to enhance rheology,filtrate generation,carrying of cuttings,fluid lubricity,and clay/shale stability are explained in detail.The mechanisms,impacts,and advances achieved when SPs are added to drilling fluids are also described.The typical challenges encountered by SPs when deployed in drilling fluids and their advantages and drawbacks are also discussed.Economic issues also impact the applications of SPs in drilling fluids.Consequently,the cost of the most relevant SPs,and the monomers used in their synthesis,are assessed.Environmental impacts of SPs when deployed in drilling fluids,and their manufacturing processes are identified,together with advances in SP-treatment methods aimed at reducing those impacts.Recommendations for required future research addressing SP property and performance gaps are provided.

Silicone oil as a corneal lubricant to reduce corneal edema and improve visualization during

AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of silicone oil(SO)as a corneal lubricant to improve visualization during vitrectomy.METHODS:Patients who underwent vitreoretinal surgery were divided into two groups.Group 1 was operated on with initial SO(Oxane 5700)as a corneal lubricant.Group 2 was operated on with initial lactated ringer’s solution(LRS)and then replaced with SO as required.Fundus clarity was scored during the surgery.Fluorescein staining was performed to determine the damage to corneal epithelium.RESULTS:Totally 114 eyes of 114 patients were included.Single SO use maintained a clear cornea and provided excellent visualization of surgical image.In group 1,the fundus clarity was grade 3 in 41/45 eyes and grade 2 in 4/45 eyes.In group 2,corneal edema frequently occurred after initial LRS use.The fundus clarity was grade 3 in 19/69 eyes,2 in 37/69 eyes and 1 in 13/69 eyes(P<0.05).SO was applied in 29 eyes of initial LRS use with subsequent corneal edema,which eliminated the corneal edema in 26 eyes.Corneal fluorescein staining score in group 1 was 0 in 28 eyes,1 in 11 eyes and 2 in 6 eyes,and 40,20 and 9,respectively,in group 2(all P>0.05).CONCLUSION:The use of SO as a corneal lubricant is effective and safe for preserving and improving corneal clarity and providing clear surgical field during vitrectomy.

FlowBreakdown of Hybrid Nanofluid on a Rigid Surface with Power Law Fluid as Lubricated Layers

Thiswork investigates an oblique stagnation point flowof hybrid nanofluid over a rigid surface with power lawfluidas lubricated layers. Copper (Cu) and Silver (Ag) solid particles are used as hybrid particles acting in water H2O asa base fluid. The mathematical formulation of flow configuration is presented in terms of differential systemthat isnonlinear in nature. The thermal aspects of the flow field are also investigated by assuming the surface is a heatedsurface with a constant temperature T. Numerical solutions to the governing mathematical model are calculatedby the RK45 algorithm. The results based on the numerical solution against various flow and thermal controllingparameters are presented in terms of line graphs. The specific results depict that the heat flux increases over thelubricated-indexed parameter.

Design and Application of Intelligent Diagnosis System for three Pumping Stations of Stamping Automation

This paper focuses on the maintenance of automotive stamping automation equipment.Through long-term self-study and accumulated experience,we independently developed a process monitoring system based on the three pumping stations of clutch,tension pad and lubrication in the stamping automation production line,which is used for real-time monitoring and diagnosis in the automatic production process without stopping the machine,and for the detection of oil temperature change,high-pressure pipeline leakage and oil return pipe In this paper,the improved case has strong practicability,low development cost,and has been recognized by peers in terms of cost efficiency improvement,which is easy to be popularized.

RESEARCH ON THE EVALUATION METHOD OF FRICTION AND LUBRICATION IN DEEP DRAWING

The deformation characteristic of bland in deep drawing is discussed. It is pointed out that the friction and lubrication conditions in for drawing are different from that in mechanical motion or machine work or other plastic process. The common test methods in laboratories are analyzed. It shows that though all those test methods can test the friction coefficient, the probe test method is most suitable for the research of friction and lubrication and the process in deep drawing, for this method is identical with the actual work condition either from the test principle or deformation status of the blank. Last the successful application in the deep drawing simulator newly developed the the probe method are intro- duced in detail.

Effect of Die Wall Lubrication on Warm Compaction Powder Metallurgy

Die wall lubrication was applied on warm compaction powder metallurgy in hope to reduce the concentration level of the admixed lubricant since lubricant is harmful to the mechanical property of the sintered materials. Iron-based samples were prepared by die wall lubricated warm compaction at 135 ℃ and 175 ℃, using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) emulsion as die wall lubricant. A compacting pressure of 700 MPa and 550 MPa were used. The admixed lubricant concentration ranging from 0 to 0.6 wt.% was used in this study. Compared with non-die wall lubricated samples, the die wall lubricated samples have higher green densities. Results show that in addition to the decrease in ejection forces, green density of the compacts increased linearly with the decrease in admixed lubricant content. Mechanical property of the sintered compacts increase sharply when the admixed lubricant concentration reduced to 0.125 wt.% or less. Ejection force data indicated that samples with die wall lubrication show lower ejection forces when compared with samples without die wall lubrication. No scoring was observed in all experiments even for samples contain no admixed lubricant. Our results indicated that under experimental condition used in this study, no matter at which compaction pressure, compaction temperature, graphite and lubricant contents in the powder the die wall lubricated warm compaction would give the highest green density and lowest ejection force. It can be concluded that combination of die wall lubrication and warm compaction can provide P/M products with higher density and better quality. It is a feasible way to produce high performance P/M parts if suitable die wall lubrication system was applied.