Early Triassic Volcanic Rocks in the Western Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone:Implications for the Opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean

In this study,zircon U-Pb dating of volcanic rocks from the Zhongba ophiolite of the Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone(YZSZ)in southern Xizang(Tibet)yielded an age of 247±3 Ma.According to whole rock geochemical and Sr-NdPb isotopic data,the Early Triassic samples could be divided into two groups:Group 1 with P-MORB affinity,showing initial^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratios of 0.70253–0.70602,ε_(Nd)(t)values of 4.2–5.3,(^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb)_(t)ratios of 16.353–18.222,(^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb)_(t)ratios of 15.454–15.564,and(^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb)_(t)ratios of 35.665–38.136;Group 2 with OIB affinity,showing initial^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratios of 0.70249–0.70513,ε_(Nd)(t)values of 4.4–4.9,(^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb)_(t)ratios of 17.140–18.328,(^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb)_(t)ratios of 15.491–15.575,and(^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb)_(t)ratios of 36.051–38.247.Group 2 rocks formed by partial melting of the mantle source enriched by a former plume,and assimilated continental crustal material during melt ascension.The formation of Group 1 rocks corresponds to the mixing of OIB melts,with the same components as Group 2 and N-MORBs.The Zhongba Early Triassic rocks belong to the continental margin type ophiolite and formed in the continental–oceanic transition zone during the initial opening of the Neo-Tethys in southern Xizang(Tibet).

Research advances on transfer zones in rift basins and their influence on hydrocarbon accumulation

Transfer zones are structural areas of faults interactions where fault motion or displacement can be transferred from one fault to another, regional strain maintains laterally constant. Transfer zones are widely developed in rift basins and have significance on hydrocarbon accumulation. In this review article, we attempt to summarize recent advances on the types, distance-displacement curves, evolutionary stages and controlling factors of transfer zones in rift basins and their effects on sedimentary systems, reservoir properties, trap formation and hydrocarbon migration. The formation of transfer zones is genetically related to the segmented growth of normal faults. Depending on the degree of interaction between these normal faults, transfer zones in rift basins could be divided into two types: soft-linked and hard-linked, which are further subdivided into transfer slope, oblique anticline, horst and transfer fault based on the combination patterns of normal faults. In general, the development of transfer zones experiences several stages including isolated normal faulting, transfer slope forming, complicating and breaking. During the interaction and growth of segmented normal faults, stress-strain and spatial array of faults, pre-existing basement structures, and mechanical conditions of rocks have a great influence on the location and development processes of transfer zones. A transfer zone is commonly considered as a pathway for conveying sediments from provenance to basin, and it hence exerts an essential control on the distribution of sandbodies. In addition, transfer zone is the area where stresses are concentrated, which facilitates the formation of various types of structural traps, and it is also a favorable conduit for hydrocarbon migration. Consequently, there exists great hydrocarbon potentials in transfer zones to which more attention should be given.

Petroleum geological characteristics and exploration targets of the oil-rich sags in the Central and West African Rift System

Based on seismic,drilling,and source rock analysis data,the petroleum geological characteristics and future exploration direction of the oil-rich sags in the Central and West African Rift System(CWARS)are discussed.The study shows that the Central African Rift System mainly develops high-quality lacustrine source rocks in the Lower Cretaceous,and the West African Rift System mainly develops high-quality terrigenous organic matter-rich marine source rocks in the Upper Cretaceous,and the two types of source rocks provide a material basis for the enrichment of oil and gas in the CWARS.Multiple sets of reservoir rocks including fractured basement and three sets of regional cap rocks in the Lower Cretaceous,the Upper Cretaceous,and the Paleogene are developed in the CWARS.Since the Late Mesozoic,due to the geodynamic factors including the dextral strike-slip movement of the Central African Shear Zone,the basins in different directions of the CWARS differ in terms of rifting stages,intervals of regional cap rocks,trap types and accumulation models.The NE-SW trending basins have mainly preserved one stage of rifting in the Early Cretaceous,with regional cap rocks developed in the Lower Cretaceous strata,forming traps of reverse anticlines,flower-shaped structures and basement buried hill,and two types of hydrocarbon accumulation models of"source and reservoir in the same formation,and accumulation inside source rocks"and"up-source and down-reservoir,and accumulation below source rocks".The NW–SE basins are characterized by multiple rifting stages superimposition,with the development of regional cap rocks in the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene,forming traps of draping anticlines,faulted anticlines,antithetic fault blocks and the accumulation model of"down-source and up-reservoir,and accumulation above source rocks".The combination of reservoir and cap rocks inside source rocks of basins with multiple superimposed rifting stages,as well as the lithologic reservoirs and the shale oil inside source rocks of strong inversion basins are important fields for future exploration in basins of the CWARS.

Isotopic Ages of the Carbonatitic Volcanic Rocks in the Kunyang Rift Zone in Central Yunnan,China

The Mesoproterozoic Kunyang rift, which is located on the western margin of the Yangtze platform and the southern section of the Kangdian axis, is a rare massive Precambrian iron-copper polymetallic mineralization zone in China. The Mesoproterozoic Wulu (Wuding-Lufeng) basin in the middle of the rift is an elliptic basin controlled by a ring fracture system. Moreover, volcanic activities in the basin display zonation of an outer ring, a middle ring and an inner ring with carbonatitic volcanic rocks and sub-volcanic dykes discovered in the outer and middle rings. The Sm-Nd isochron ages have been determined for the outer-ring carbonatitic lavas (1685 Ma) and basaltic porphyrite of the radiating dyke swarm (1645 Ma) and the Rb-Sr isochron ages for the out-ring carbonatitic lavas (893 Ma) and the middle-ring dykes (1048 Ma). In combination of the U-Pb concordant ages of zircon (1743 Ma) in trachy-andesite of the corresponding period and stratum (1569 Ma) of the Etouchang Formation, as well as the Rb-Sr isochron age (1024 Ma) and K-Ar age (1186 Ma) of the dykes in the middle ring, the age of carbonarites in the basin is preliminarily determined. It is ensured that all of these carbonatites were formed in the Mesoprotero/oic period, whereby two stages could be identified as follows: in the first stage, carbonatitic volcanic groups, such as lavas, pyroclastic rocks and volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks, were formed in the outer ring; in the second stage, carbonatitic breccias and dykes appeared in the middle ring. The metamorphic age of the carbonatitic lavas in the outer ring was determined to be concurrent with the end of the first stage of the Neoproterozoic period, corresponding to the Jinning movement in central Yunnan.

Geophysical prospecting of copper-nickel deposits in Beishan rift zone, Xinjiang

The Beishan rift zone in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was formed due to strong activities of faults on the basement of the Tarim continental crust.Despite the fact that many geological research results of the rift zone have been achieved,only a few studies have been conducted on its regional geophysical characteristics.In this paper,the gravity and magnetic anomalies of the rift zone were highlighted through specific data processing of 1∶50000 high-precision aeromagnetic data and gravity data with a grid spacing of 2 km×2 km.Based on this,the geophysical evidence for the scope and internal structures of the Beishan rift zone was obtained for the first time.The distinct characteristics of magnetic and gravity fields in the areas to the north and south of the Beishan rift zone reveal that deep faults exist between the Beishan rift zone and the geological units on the southern and northern sides.Furthermore,the faults on the two areas contain the bidirectional thrusts and have flower-shaped structures according to the characteristics of the magnetic and gravity fields.The Beishan rift zone can be divided into two tectonomagmatic zones,namely the Zhongposhan-Bijiashan-Cihai-Baishanliang zone(the northern zone)and the Bayiquan-Qixin-Baishan zone(the southern zone).The northern zone can be further subdivided into three comet-shaped anomaly groups(tectonomagmatic areas),while the southern zone can be further subdivided into two tectonomagmatic areas.According to the characteristics of aeromagnetic anomalies and gravity field,19 mafic-ultramafic complexes were delineated.The known Pobei,Hongshishan,and Qixin complexes are all located within the inferred complexes,with estimates of total explored resources of Ni,Cu,and Au of 3×10^(6) t,10×10^(3) t and 10 t,respectively.The prospecting of high-grade copper-nickel deposits should focus on the periphery and deep parts of the known and inferred mafic-ultramafic complexes.Among them,the peripheral strata of the complexes specifically have great prospecting potential of large-scale high-grade copper-nickel deposits of magma injection type.Finally,this paper analyzed the application effects of the rapid airborne-ground-drilling synergetic exploration method in the prospecting of copper-nickel deposits in Qixin,Beishan,Xinjiang,which will provide references for further exploration of copper-nickel deposits in Beishan area,Xinjiang.

Shear-wave velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle in the Shanxi rift zone

The Shanxi rift zone is one of the largest and active Cenozoic grabens in the world, studying the velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in this region may help us to understand the mechanisms of rift processes and the seismogenic environment of active seismicity in continental rifts. In this work, using the broadband seismic data of Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi provinces, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from February 2009 to November 2011, we have picked out 350 high-quality phase velocity dispersion curves of fundamental mode Rayleigh waves at periods from 8 to 75 s, and Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps have been constructed from 8 to 75 s period with horizontal resolution ranging from 40 to 50 km by two-station surface-wave tomography. Then, using a genetic algorithm, a 3D shear-wave speed model of the crust and uppermost mantle have been derived from these maps with a spatial resolution of 0.4° × 0.4°. Four characteristics can be outlined from the results： （1） Except in the Datong volcanic zone, in the depth range of 11-30 km, the location of a transition zone between the highand low-velocity regions is in agreement with the seismicity pattern in the study region, and the earthquakes are mostly concentrated near this transition zone; （2） In the depth range of 31-40 km, shear-wave velocities are higher to the south of the Taiyuan Basin and lower to the north, which is similar to the distribution pattern of Moho depth variations in the Shanxi region; （3） The shear-wave velocity pattern of higher velocities to the south of 38×N and lower velocities to the north is found to be consistent with that from the upper crustal levels to depth of 70 km. At the deeper depths, the spatial scale of the low-velocity anomalies zone in the north is gradually shrinking with depth increasing, the low-velocity anomalies are gradually disappearing beneath the Datong volcanic zone at the depth of 151-200 km. We proposed that the root of the Datong volcano may reach to a depth around 150 km; （4） Along the N-S vertical profile at 112.8°E, the 38°N latitude is the boundary between high and low velocities, arguing the tectonic difference between the Shanxi rift zone and its flanks, in the rift zone the seismic velocity is dominated by low-velocity anomalies while in the flanks it is high.

Gravity anomaly and crustal density structure in Jilantai rift zone and its adjacent region

This paper deals with the interpretation of Bouguer gravity anomalies measured along a 250 km long Suhaitu-Etuokeqi gravity profile located at the transitional zone of the Alxa and Ordos blocks where geophysical characteristics are very complex. The analysis is carried out in terms of the ratio of elevation and Bouguer gravity anomaly, the normalized full gradient of a section of the Bouguer gravity anomaly （Gh） and the crustal density structure reveal that （1） the ratio of highs and lows of elevation and Bouguer gravity anomaly is large between Zhengyiguan fault （F4） and Helandonglu fault （F6）, which can be explained due to crustal inhomogeneities related to the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet block in the northeast; （2） the main active faults correspond to the Gh contour strip or cut the local region, and generally show strong deformation characteristics, for example the Bayanwulashan mountain front fault （F1） or the southeast boundary of Alxa block is in accord with the western change belt of Gh, a belt about 10 km wide that extends to about 30 km; （3） Yinchuan- Pingluo fault （FS） is the seismogenic structure of the Pin- gluo M earthquake, and its focal depth is about 15 km; （4） the Moho depth trend and Bouguer gravity anomaly vari- ation indicates that the regional gravity field is strongly correlated with the Moho discontinuity.

Structures and Styles of Deformation in Rift,Ridge,Transform Zone,Oblique Rift and a Microplate Offshore/Onshore North Iceland

The diverging plate boundaries in North Iceland and its shelf display a complex tectonic at the Kolbeinsey Ridge (K-R), the Northern Rift Zone (NRZ), and the Tj?rnes Fracture Zone containing the Grímsey Oblique Rift (GOR), the Húsavík-Flatey Fault (HFF), and the Dalvík Lineament (DL). While active deformation is well-known, the structural pattern is sporadically mapped and a comprehensive account of the upper Tertiary-present deformation is not fully at hand. To address the gaps, this paper provides new regional tectonic maps with continuous coverage, and detailed analyses of the deformation. Faults, open fractures, prominent joints and volcanic edifices were identified on Multibeam/Single beam, Spot 5, and Digital Elevation Model, and subjected to multidisciplinary structural analysis and correlation with selected data. Some of the results are: 1) Six sets constitute the structural pattern. The N-S rift-parallel normal faults are 1/3, and the shear fractures of the transform zone and the oblique rift 2/3 of the fracture population. The en échelon arrangements above deep-seated shear zones indicate dextral slip on WNW to NW, and sinistral slip on NNE to ENE faults, conformable with earthquake data. 2) During the polyphase tectonic, the six sets led to basin and horst formation, block compartmentalisation, rotation, horsetail splay, rhomb-graben in relay zone of strike-slips, and volcanism. 3) Listric faults are absent and the steeply-dipping faults are antithetic, synthetic, or form extensional flower structures above 4 km depth. The Plio-pleistocene/present syn-sedimentary deformation caused a deep half graben in the Eyjafjarearáll Basin (Ey), fault growth, rollover, and sediment onlaps, with some of the faults still active. 4) The plate boundaries of K-R/Ey, GOR/?xarfjreur/NRZ, and DL delimit a major microplate labelled here as Grímsey-Tj?rnes-Dalvík. 5) The WNW earthquake cluster in GOR corresponds either to a blind horsetail splay fault or to initiation of a transform segment parallel to the HFF. The described tectonic-sedimentary-magmatic deformation is relevant to other diverging plate boundaries where similar sets control the hydrocarbon and geothermal resources.

Structural Architecture for Development of Marginal Extensional Sub-Basins in the Red Sea Active Rift Zone

This paper presents a robust kinematic model that describes northern Red Sea and Gulf of Suez rifting and the development of marginal extensional half-graben sub-basins (ESB). A combination of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and structural data was used to provide model constraints on the development of rift segments and ESB in the active rift zones. Structural analysis shows rotation and change in strike of rift-bounding faults. The model describes the northern Red Sea region as a poly-phase rift system initiated by late Oligocene (30 - 24 Ma) orthogonal rifting and the development of marginal ESB (now inland ESB), followed by oblique rifting and flank uplift during the early Miocene (24 - 18 Ma). The oblique rifting fragmented the rift depression into segments separated by oblique-slip accommodation within reactivated Pan-African (ca. 600 Ma) fracture zones, resulting in the development of antithetic faults and an en-echelon distribution of inland ESB. The current phase of rifting was instigated by the development of the Dead Sea Transform in response to increased northeasterly extension during the middle Miocene (ca. 18 Ma). The model explains the widening of the Red Sea rift during the last phase more than the Gulf of Suez rift by developing more antithetic faults and formation of offshore ESB, and deepening the rift depression.

Distribution of the low velocity bulk in the middle-to-lower crust of southern Tibet: implications for formation of the north–south trending rift zones

We conducted the ambient noise tomography to image the shallow crustal structure of southern Tibet. The2D maps of phase velocity anomalies at the periods of10–16 s show that the low velocities are mainly confined along or near some of the rift zones. While the maps at the periods of 18–25 s show that the coherent patterns that the low velocities expand outside of the rift zones. It means that the low velocities are prevailing in the middle crust of southern Tibet. According to the previous study of surface wave tomography with teleseismic data,we find that the low velocities from the lower crust to the lithospheric mantle are also restricted to the same rift zones. Thus,the integrated knowledge of the distribution of the low velocities in southern Tibet provides some new insight on the formation of the north–south trending rift zones. Compiling the multidiscipline evidences,we conclude that the rifting was an integrated process of the entire lithosphere in the early stage（＊26–10 Ma）,but mainly occurred within the upper crust due to the weakening a decoupling in the low velocity middle crust in the late stage（later than ＊8 Ma）.

Geophysical and Geological Features of the Meso-Cenozoic Lower Yangtze Rift Zone

It is clarified in this paper that the Lower Yangtze depression is a Meso-Cenozoic rift zone formed on thebasement of the Hercynian-Indosinian foreland basins. The rift zone is divided into eastern and western sectorsand is different in northern and southern parts. The rift zone in plane combination comprises parallel.trifurcate or splitting rifts. The North Jiangsu-South Yellow Sea region represents a 'drift-type' rift basinwhose deposition center migrates gradually castward. The formation mechanism and dynamic evolution of therift basin are discussed from a viewpoint of the crustal fine-structure, with evidence in geology and geophysicsand analysis results of dynamic forces given.

Dyke Emplacement in the Narmada Rift Zone and Implications for the Evolution of Deccan Traps

Dykes are primarily extensional fractures that form perpendicular to the minimum principal compressive stress,which have been extensively studied in the world during the past decades for various reasons including the

Tectonic Control of the Theistareykir Geothermal Field by Rift and Transform Zones in North Iceland:A Multidisciplinary Approach

This paper presents a multidisciplinary structural analysis of a 165 km2 area in the Northern Rift Zone and the Tjörnes Fracture Zone of Iceland, and unravels the tectonic control of the Theistareykir geothermal field and its surroundings. About 10729 fracture segments (faults, open fractures, joints) are identified in the upper Tertiary to Holocene igneous series. The segments were extracted from aerial images and hillshade, and then analyzed in terms of number of sets, geometry, motions, frequency, and relative age. The correlation with surface geothermal manifestations, resistivity, earthquakes, and occasional well data reveals the critical regional and local fractures at the surface, reservoir level and greater depth. The main conclusions of this study are: 1) The structural pattern consists of N-S rift-parallel extensional fractures and the Riedel shears of the transform zone striking NNE, ENE, E-W, WNW and NW, which compartmentalize together the blocks at any scale. 2) The en échelon segmentation shows strike and oblique slips on the Riedel shears, with a dextral component on the WNW and NW planes and a sinistral component on the NNE to ENE faults. 3) Fractures form under the influence of the transform mechanism and the effect of rifting becomes significant only with time. 4) The WNW dextral oblique-slip Stórihver Fault of the transform zone has a horsetail splay that extends eastwards into the geothermal field. There, this structure, along with few NW, ENE, NNE and N-S fractures, controls the alteration, alignment of fumaroles, emanating deep gases. These fractures also rupture during natural or induced earthquakes. 5) The resistivity anomalies present en échelon geometries controlled by the six fracture sets. These anomalies display clockwise and anticlockwise rotations within the upper 8 km crustal depth, but at 8 km depth, only three sets (the N-S rift structures, and the E-W and the NW Riedel shears) are present at the rift and transform plate boundaries. Results of this study are relevant to resource exploration in other complex extensional contexts where rift and transform interact.ööö

全球天然氢气勘探开发利用进展及中国的勘探前景

在全球能源脱碳背景下,天然氢气作为一种一次能源,因其零碳、可再生的优点而备受关注,但中国目前还未开展专门针对天然氢气的勘探工作。通过介绍全球已知高含量天然氢气(体积分数大于10%)气藏的主要形成地质环境及成因类型,系统总结了天然氢气富集的有利地质条件,并结合国外天然氢气的勘探开发现状,评价了中国天然氢气的勘探前景。研究结果表明:(1)全球高含量天然氢气主要发育于蛇绿岩带、裂谷和前寒武系富铁地层中,且以无机成因为主,富铁矿物的蛇纹石化过程是天然氢气最主要的成因来源,其次为地球深部脱气和水的辐解。(2)优质的氢源与良好的运移通道是氢气富集的前提,而盖层的封盖能力是天然氢气能否成藏的关键要素;天然氢气作为伴生气时,传统盖层对其具备封盖能力,但当其含量较高时,传统盖层可能难以形成有效封盖;裂谷环境、蛇绿岩发育区以及断裂发育的前寒武系富铁地层是富氢气藏的勘探有利区。(3)国外多个国家和地区已制定了天然氢气的勘探开发和利用计划,其中,马里已实现天然氢气的商业开采,美国、澳大利亚也已成功钻探天然氢气勘探井。(4)中国高含量氢气区与富氢地质条件高度匹配,天然氢气勘探前景良好,郯庐断裂带及周缘裂陷盆地区、阿尔金断裂带及两侧盆地区、三江构造带—龙门山断裂带及周缘盆地区的天然氢气勘探潜力较大;中国应尽快开展天然氢气普查工作,加强氢气成藏过程研究和潜力评价,并进行勘探技术、开采分离技术和储运技术的攻关,为天然氢气的大规模开发利用做好技术储备。

中西非裂谷系富油凹陷石油地质特征与勘探方向

基于地震、钻井、烃源岩测试分析等资料,对中西非裂谷系主要盆地富油凹陷石油地质特征进行研究,并探讨未来油气勘探方向。研究表明:中非裂谷系发育下白垩统湖相优质烃源岩,西非裂谷系发育上白垩统陆源海相优质烃源岩,两类烃源岩为中西非裂谷系油气富集提供了物质基础。中西非裂谷系发育包括基岩在内的多套储集层,并存在下白垩统、上白垩统和古近系3套区域盖层。晚中生代以来,受中非剪切带右旋走滑作用等地球动力学因素的影响,中西非裂谷系不同方向的盆地在裂谷作用期次、区域盖层发育层段、圈闭类型及成藏模式等方面存在差异。其中,北东—南西向盆地主要保存了早白垩世一期裂谷层序,区域盖层位于下白垩统裂陷期地层内,形成反转背斜、花状构造及基岩潜山等圈闭类型,发育“源储一体、源内成藏”及“源上储下、源下成藏”两种成藏模式;北西—南东向盆地具有多期裂谷叠置特征,发育上白垩统和古近系区域盖层,形成披覆背斜、断背斜、反向断块等圈闭类型,以“源下储上、源上成藏”为主要成藏模式。多期叠置裂谷盆地的源内成藏组合、强反转盆地的源内岩性油藏及页岩油是中西非裂谷系盆地未来勘探的重要领域。

华北克拉通中西部及周边地区瑞利面波相速度方位各向异性

利用“中国科学台阵探测”项目的密集流动台站以及区域固定台站的地震面波记录,采用程函面波成像方法,得到了华北克拉通中西部及周边地区14~100 s周期高分辨率的瑞利面波相速度方位各向异性分布图像.结果显示,鄂尔多斯块体内部中长周期(20~100 s)为大范围高速和弱各向异性分布特征,但在块体西南部区域各向异性明显增强,向东可一直延伸至108°E附近.我们认为,受青藏高原影响,鄂尔多斯块体西南部岩石圈已发生明显变形,高原扩张对鄂尔多斯块体的影响超出了止于六盘山逆冲推覆带的传统认识.在鄂尔多斯块体内部,长周期(80~100 s)的相速度显示高速区向中部和东南部区域收缩,各向异性强度在高速区外围明显增强,揭示了块体边界带的岩石圈在后期构造活动过程中已遭受不同程度的变形改造,厚度发生了不同程度的减薄.山西断陷带北部大同火山区附近,在20 s以上周期为显著低速异常,不同周期段各向异性存在明显差异,我们推测该区不同深度的各向异性差异与鄂尔多斯块体东北部岩石圈不同深度的几何形态以及青藏高原远程挤压效应有关.山西断陷带中南部区域,在20~60 s周期显示高速和近EW向快波方向,与鄂尔多斯块体中东部高速区具有较好的连续性,认为该区岩石圈仍保留部分原有华北克拉通岩石圈的属性.青藏高原东北缘地区不同周期相速度表现为明显的低速异常,快波方向呈现较为一致的NWW-SEE向分布特征,揭示了在高原下方壳幔介质变形连续一致,符合岩石圈垂直连贯变形模式.

天然氢气规模生成的成因类型与成藏特点

目前对全球天然氢气资源的估量十分巨大,寻找天然氢气的规模聚集区有赖于对其形成机理和富集规律的不断认识。通过对国内外典型天然氢气显示的数据统计,系统总结了全球天然氢气规模聚集的成因类型、并分析了天然氢气藏的分布和成藏特征。研究结果表明:①天然氢气的成因复杂多样,主要包括水岩反应、地幔脱氢、水的辐解、岩石破碎、有机质热解以及微生物作用等,其中,水岩反应生氢和地幔脱气生氢在自然界中普遍发生,在各种地质环境中广泛存在,且其生氢速率高、生氢量大,因此是天然氢气规模生成最重要的2种成因类型。②天然氢气藏的赋存环境集中体现于三大地质背景中:板块俯冲带、前寒武纪富铁地层发育区以及裂谷构造系统。③天然氢气藏的盖层条件受多个因素的影响,不仅要考虑盖层本身的封盖能力,还要考虑由于氢活跃的物理化学性质导致盖层机械性能发生的变化,影响其脆性-韧性行为形成新的裂缝而产生氢气的逃逸。④地下微生物利用氢气进行代谢活动、中深层的加氢生烃作用等耗烃作用不利于氢气规模聚集,因此在寻找天然氢气生成有利区时,应该避开氢被大量消耗的区域。⑤天然氢气的生成时间尺度短和易扩散性等因素,使得天然氢气成藏表现出动态成藏的特征,只要氢生成与散失始终处于一种动态平衡,就能够富集成藏。地下水是水岩反应生氢的必要条件,国外发现的很多天然氢气藏都分布在地下水循环较好的地区。

断陷湖盆陡坡带早期斜向扇三角洲形成机制、发育规律及勘探启示:以东营凹陷北带为例

断陷湖盆作为全球最重要的含油气盆地类型之一,在盆地早期的充填演化过程中,其陡坡带往往能够形成厚达上千米的砂砾岩沉积建造,成为油气勘探的重要领域。目前对这些巨厚层砂砾岩的沉积成因认识仍存在较多的争议。本次研究以济阳坳陷典型的断陷湖盆——东营凹陷陡坡带盐家地区为例,基于高分辨率三维地震数据体、岩心、录井、测井等地质资料,综合运用地震地层学、构造地质学、沉积学和流变学分析方法,对前期在断陷湖盆陡坡带早期发现的斜向扇三角洲的发育特征及其形成演化机制进行了研究,取得了以下主要认识:(1)斜向扇三角洲沉积物中砾石含量相对较高,由牵引流和重力流共同形成,石英含量平均40%~55%,发育扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲前缘和前扇三角洲亚相,其地震响应特征在顺物源方向表现为(斜交、叠瓦和帚状)前积相,在垂直物源方向表现为充填相;(2)斜向扇三角洲主要发育于断陷早期,并于断陷中期大量消亡,扇体与边界断层以低角度斜交,角度通常不会超过45°,扇体的发育规模受到其根部所处位置的影响,扇体的消亡呈非等时性;(3)断陷湖盆陡坡带早期大型斜向扇三角洲的形成演化主要受控于4个因素:边界断层分段特征形成的转换构造为斜向扇三角洲的发育提供输送通道,断陷早期边界断层控制下的古凹槽为斜向扇三角洲的发育提供可容纳空间,断块间相互作用形成的破碎带为斜向扇三角洲的发育提供物质来源以及边界断层的硬连接导致斜向扇三角洲的消亡并向近岸水下扇转换;(4)已发现断陷湖盆陡坡带深层砂砾岩油气藏多属于斜向扇三角洲。本次研究指出陡坡带各级别转换带可作为勘探的重点靶区,布井方向应沿斜交边界断层。本研究不仅丰富了断陷湖盆陡坡带沉积理论,同时能够为中国陆相断陷盆地深层勘探提供新的思路和理论依据。

巧家盆地第四纪洪积物沉积阶段及其对小江断裂带北段活动性的指示

通过对巧家盆地第四纪洪积物沉积阶段及其沉积年代进行分析,为小江断裂带北段第四纪活动性研究提供沉积学证据。研究结果表明:巧家盆地形成于早更新世中期,平均断陷速率为0.59 m/ka,共发育了5个洪积相沉积层。第四纪以来小江断裂带北段处于构造平静期与活跃期相互交替的阶段,期间共经历了早更新世中期~1.6 Ma,0.81~0.79 Ma,0.65~0.59 Ma,0.48~0.4 Ma,0.12 Ma至今等5期构造活跃期,其中0.48~0.4 Ma和0.12 Ma至今为小江断裂带北段构造活动最强烈的阶段。小江断裂带北段活动性与新构造运动过程有着密切的成因联系,受控于青藏高原东南缘持续的侧向扩展挤出作用,但相较于断裂带中段活动性偏弱。

内马铁路穿越大型裂谷工程地质特征及设计方案研究

为了选取合适的穿越活动断裂带铁路隧道安全防控措施,以东非大裂谷东翼地区恩贡隧道为例,采用现场地质调查及理论分析方法,对隧道穿越的断裂带范围内地层结构进行针对性研究,对其地质特征及断裂活动进行总结评价,进而推断出对隧道工程的影响,制定隧道专项设计原则及方案。研究表明,该隧道工程区域内的活动断裂以正断层陡坎形式分布,当7级强震发生时,隧道穿越的断裂带会发生0.9 m平均垂直位移,针对这些裂谷区域可预见的地质灾害,应在设计初期阶段进行规避或预防。研究结果表明,(1)线路应尽可能地规避地质不利地层,若无法绕避,则应采用易于修复的隧道、路基等结构大角度通过;(2)考虑震后的可修复性,应在线路平纵曲线要素的设计上留有足够的富余量,以满足震后调坡需求;(3)应在建设初期对隧道二衬结构内轮廓进行包容性设计,使其灾后隧道内轮廓仍满足列车正常通行的限界要求;(4)针对震后修复需求,对隧道内部轨下结构形式、接触网悬挂方式、水沟电缆槽形式及隧道分节段的结构形式进行特殊设计,使隧道在震后拥有快速恢复正常使用的能力。