This paper provides an equation to entangle all known fundamental forces by employing their coupling constants, i.e., strong (α<sub>s</sub>), electromagnetic (α), weak (α<sub>w</sub>), and g...This paper provides an equation to entangle all known fundamental forces by employing their coupling constants, i.e., strong (α<sub>s</sub>), electromagnetic (α), weak (α<sub>w</sub>), and gravitational (α<sub>g</sub>) interaction coupling values. The constant coupling formulation is further indicative of many other fundamental forces with significantly weaker coupling values. As an example, the fifth fundamental force, Kashi’s Force, is found to have a coupling constant of 10<sup>-1446</sup>, which is significantly smaller than the smallest known fundamental force, gravitational force, with an approximate coupling constant value of 10<sup>-38</sup>. Additionally, the paper finds the sum of all fundamental forces based on the equation proposed is equal to 0.118065, which is within the range of effective world value of the strong coupling constant α<sub>s</sub>(M<sup>2</sup>z</sub>).展开更多
In 1937, P. Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of the variable gravitational “constant”, and later added the notion of continuous creation of Matter in the World. The Hypersphere World-Uni...In 1937, P. Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of the variable gravitational “constant”, and later added the notion of continuous creation of Matter in the World. The Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing a different mechanism of Matter creation. In this paper, we show that Gravitational parameter G that can be measured directly makes measurable all Cosmological parameters, which cannot be measured directly.展开更多
In this paper a class of risk processes in which claims occur as a renewal process is studied. A clear expression for Laplace transform of the survival probability is well given when the claim amount distribution is E...In this paper a class of risk processes in which claims occur as a renewal process is studied. A clear expression for Laplace transform of the survival probability is well given when the claim amount distribution is Erlang distribution or mixed Erlang distribution. The expressions for moments of the time to ruin with the model above are given.展开更多
It is well known that the boundary element method (BEM) is capable of converting a boundary- value equation into its discrete analog by a judicious application of the Green’s identity and complementary equation. Howe...It is well known that the boundary element method (BEM) is capable of converting a boundary- value equation into its discrete analog by a judicious application of the Green’s identity and complementary equation. However, for many challenging problems, the fundamental solution is either not available in a cheaply computable form or does not exist at all. Even when the fundamental solution does exist, it appears in a form that is highly non-local which inadvertently leads to a sys-tem of equations with a fully populated matrix. In this paper, fundamental solution of an auxiliary form of a governing partial differential equation coupled with the Green identity is used to discretize and localize an integro-partial differential transport equation by conversion into a boundary-domain form amenable to a hybrid boundary integral numerical formulation. It is observed that the numerical technique applied herein is able to accurately represent numerical and closed form solutions available in literature.展开更多
The Standard Model of particle physics requires nine lepton and quark masses as inputs, but does not incorporate neutrino masses required by neutrino oscillation observations. This analysis addresses these problems, e...The Standard Model of particle physics requires nine lepton and quark masses as inputs, but does not incorporate neutrino masses required by neutrino oscillation observations. This analysis addresses these problems, explaining Standard Model particle masses by describing fundamental particles as solutions of Einstein’s equations, with radii 1/4 their Compton wavelength and half of any charge on rotating particles located on the surface at each end of the axis of rotation. The analysis relates quark and lepton masses to electron charge and mass, and identifies neutrino masses consistent with neutrino oscillation observations.展开更多
English mathematics Professor, Sir Andrew John Wiles of the University of Cambridge finally and conclusively proved in 1995 Fermat’s Last Theorem which had for 358 years notoriously resisted all gallant and spirited ...English mathematics Professor, Sir Andrew John Wiles of the University of Cambridge finally and conclusively proved in 1995 Fermat’s Last Theorem which had for 358 years notoriously resisted all gallant and spirited efforts to prove it even by three of the greatest mathematicians of all time—such as Euler, Laplace and Gauss. Sir Professor Andrew Wiles’s proof employed very advanced mathematical tools and methods that were not at all available in the known World during Fermat’s days. Given that Fermat claimed to have had the “truly marvellous” proof, this fact that the proof only came after 358 years of repeated failures by many notable mathematicians and that the proof came from mathematical tools and methods which are far ahead of Fermat’s time, has led many to doubt that Fermat actually did possess the “truly marvellous” proof which he claimed to have had. In this short reading, via elementary arithmetic methods, we demonstrate conclusively that Fermat’s Last Theorem actually yields to our efforts to prove it.展开更多
The main design of this paper is to determine once and for all the true nature and status of the sequence of the prime numbers, or primes—that is, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, and so on. The ma...The main design of this paper is to determine once and for all the true nature and status of the sequence of the prime numbers, or primes—that is, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, and so on. The main conclusion revolves entirely around two points. First, on the one hand, it is shown that the prime sequence exhibits an extremely high level of organization. But second, on the other hand, it is also shown that the clearly detectable organization of the primes is ultimately beyond human comprehension. This conclusion runs radically counter and opposite—in regard to both points—to what may well be the default view held widely, if not universally, in current theoretical mathematics about the prime sequence, namely the following. First, on the one hand, the prime sequence is deemed by all appearance to be entirely random, not organized at all. Second, on the other hand, all hope has not been abandoned that the sequence may perhaps at some point be grasped by human cognition, even if no progress at all has been made in this regard. Current mathematical research seems to be entirely predicated on keeping this hope alive. In the present paper, it is proposed that there is no reason to hope, as it were. According to this point of view, theoretical mathematics needs to take a drastic 180-degree turn. The manner of demonstration that will be used is direct and empirical. Two key observations are adduced showing, 1), how the prime sequence is highly organized and, 2), how this organization transcends human intelligence because it plays out in the dimension of infinity and in relation to π. The present paper is part of a larger project whose design it is to present a complete and final mathematical and physical theory of rational human intelligence. Nothing seems more self-evident than that rational human intelligence is subject to absolute limitations. The brain is a material and physically finite tool. Everyone will therefore readily agree that, as far as reasoning is concerned, there are things that the brain can do and things that it cannot do. The search is therefore for the line that separates the two, or the limits beyond which rational human intelligence cannot go. It is proposed that the structure of the prime sequence lies beyond those limits. The contemplation of the prime sequence teaches us something deeply fundamental about the human condition. It is part of the quest to Know Thyself.展开更多
In this paper, we consider a double compound Poisson risk model involving two independent classes ofinsurance risks with a threshold dividend strategy. We derived the integro-differential equations （IDE） with certai...In this paper, we consider a double compound Poisson risk model involving two independent classes ofinsurance risks with a threshold dividend strategy. We derived the integro-differential equations （IDE） with certain boundary conditions for the present value of dividends until ruin. When the claims from both classes are exponentially distributed, we show that the threshold dividend strategy is an optimal dividend strategy.展开更多
文摘This paper provides an equation to entangle all known fundamental forces by employing their coupling constants, i.e., strong (α<sub>s</sub>), electromagnetic (α), weak (α<sub>w</sub>), and gravitational (α<sub>g</sub>) interaction coupling values. The constant coupling formulation is further indicative of many other fundamental forces with significantly weaker coupling values. As an example, the fifth fundamental force, Kashi’s Force, is found to have a coupling constant of 10<sup>-1446</sup>, which is significantly smaller than the smallest known fundamental force, gravitational force, with an approximate coupling constant value of 10<sup>-38</sup>. Additionally, the paper finds the sum of all fundamental forces based on the equation proposed is equal to 0.118065, which is within the range of effective world value of the strong coupling constant α<sub>s</sub>(M<sup>2</sup>z</sub>).
文摘In 1937, P. Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of the variable gravitational “constant”, and later added the notion of continuous creation of Matter in the World. The Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing a different mechanism of Matter creation. In this paper, we show that Gravitational parameter G that can be measured directly makes measurable all Cosmological parameters, which cannot be measured directly.
基金Supported by the NNSF of China(10471076)the NSF of Shandong Province(Y2004A06)the Key Project of the Ministry of Education of China(206091).
文摘In this paper a class of risk processes in which claims occur as a renewal process is studied. A clear expression for Laplace transform of the survival probability is well given when the claim amount distribution is Erlang distribution or mixed Erlang distribution. The expressions for moments of the time to ruin with the model above are given.
文摘It is well known that the boundary element method (BEM) is capable of converting a boundary- value equation into its discrete analog by a judicious application of the Green’s identity and complementary equation. However, for many challenging problems, the fundamental solution is either not available in a cheaply computable form or does not exist at all. Even when the fundamental solution does exist, it appears in a form that is highly non-local which inadvertently leads to a sys-tem of equations with a fully populated matrix. In this paper, fundamental solution of an auxiliary form of a governing partial differential equation coupled with the Green identity is used to discretize and localize an integro-partial differential transport equation by conversion into a boundary-domain form amenable to a hybrid boundary integral numerical formulation. It is observed that the numerical technique applied herein is able to accurately represent numerical and closed form solutions available in literature.
文摘The Standard Model of particle physics requires nine lepton and quark masses as inputs, but does not incorporate neutrino masses required by neutrino oscillation observations. This analysis addresses these problems, explaining Standard Model particle masses by describing fundamental particles as solutions of Einstein’s equations, with radii 1/4 their Compton wavelength and half of any charge on rotating particles located on the surface at each end of the axis of rotation. The analysis relates quark and lepton masses to electron charge and mass, and identifies neutrino masses consistent with neutrino oscillation observations.
文摘English mathematics Professor, Sir Andrew John Wiles of the University of Cambridge finally and conclusively proved in 1995 Fermat’s Last Theorem which had for 358 years notoriously resisted all gallant and spirited efforts to prove it even by three of the greatest mathematicians of all time—such as Euler, Laplace and Gauss. Sir Professor Andrew Wiles’s proof employed very advanced mathematical tools and methods that were not at all available in the known World during Fermat’s days. Given that Fermat claimed to have had the “truly marvellous” proof, this fact that the proof only came after 358 years of repeated failures by many notable mathematicians and that the proof came from mathematical tools and methods which are far ahead of Fermat’s time, has led many to doubt that Fermat actually did possess the “truly marvellous” proof which he claimed to have had. In this short reading, via elementary arithmetic methods, we demonstrate conclusively that Fermat’s Last Theorem actually yields to our efforts to prove it.
文摘The main design of this paper is to determine once and for all the true nature and status of the sequence of the prime numbers, or primes—that is, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, and so on. The main conclusion revolves entirely around two points. First, on the one hand, it is shown that the prime sequence exhibits an extremely high level of organization. But second, on the other hand, it is also shown that the clearly detectable organization of the primes is ultimately beyond human comprehension. This conclusion runs radically counter and opposite—in regard to both points—to what may well be the default view held widely, if not universally, in current theoretical mathematics about the prime sequence, namely the following. First, on the one hand, the prime sequence is deemed by all appearance to be entirely random, not organized at all. Second, on the other hand, all hope has not been abandoned that the sequence may perhaps at some point be grasped by human cognition, even if no progress at all has been made in this regard. Current mathematical research seems to be entirely predicated on keeping this hope alive. In the present paper, it is proposed that there is no reason to hope, as it were. According to this point of view, theoretical mathematics needs to take a drastic 180-degree turn. The manner of demonstration that will be used is direct and empirical. Two key observations are adduced showing, 1), how the prime sequence is highly organized and, 2), how this organization transcends human intelligence because it plays out in the dimension of infinity and in relation to π. The present paper is part of a larger project whose design it is to present a complete and final mathematical and physical theory of rational human intelligence. Nothing seems more self-evident than that rational human intelligence is subject to absolute limitations. The brain is a material and physically finite tool. Everyone will therefore readily agree that, as far as reasoning is concerned, there are things that the brain can do and things that it cannot do. The search is therefore for the line that separates the two, or the limits beyond which rational human intelligence cannot go. It is proposed that the structure of the prime sequence lies beyond those limits. The contemplation of the prime sequence teaches us something deeply fundamental about the human condition. It is part of the quest to Know Thyself.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (2008GQS0035)the Foundation of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department Research Projects (Y200803009)
文摘In this paper, we consider a double compound Poisson risk model involving two independent classes ofinsurance risks with a threshold dividend strategy. We derived the integro-differential equations （IDE） with certain boundary conditions for the present value of dividends until ruin. When the claims from both classes are exponentially distributed, we show that the threshold dividend strategy is an optimal dividend strategy.
