Understanding the viscera-related theory that the lung and large intestine are exterior-interiorly related

Pairing of the viscera and bowels is an important theory,which provides guidance to traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) clinical practice.Investigating this theory has been the focus of research on the basic theory of TCM.Recently,researchers have performed many studies on the theory that the lung and large intestine are exterior-interiorly related,which is a different point of view to that of previous literature,recent clinical studies and experimental studies,and these recent studies have enforced the theoretical connotation of the statement.However,there are problems in some of these studies including recent clinical studies and experimental studies.In the current article,literature on the viscera-related theory of the lung and large intestine are exterior-interiorly related is reviewed from physiological,pathological,and clinical views,and some opinions on the current research status are discussed.

Infrared Thermal Imaging-Based Research on the Intermediate Structures of the Lung and Large Intestine Exterior-Interior Relationship in Asthma Patients

Objective: By observing body surface temperature variation of the intermediate structures of the Lung(Fei) and Large Intestine(Dachang) exterior-interior relationship in asthmatic patients, to investigate the pathological response on the pathway of channels and to substantiate the objective existence of the intermediary structures. Methods: The study included 60 subjects meeting the bronchial asthma inclusion criteria(experimental group) and 60 healthy subjects(normal control group). ATIR-M301 infrared thermal imaging device was used for detecting body surface temperature of the subjects and collecting the infrared thermal images. The temperature values of the intermediate structures of Lung and Large Intestine exterior-interior relationship [throat, Quepen, elbow, nose, Lieque(LU 7), Pianli(LI 6)], control areas(0.2 cm lateral to the above structures) and Yintang(EX-HN 3) were measured on the infrared thermal image by infrared imaging system. Then, the above temperature values were compared and analyzed within and between two groups. Results: There were insignificant differences between the temperature on the left and right sides of the intermediate structures(Quepen, elbow, LU 7, LI 6) in normal control group(P>0.05). Except for that of Quepen, there were insignificant differences between the temperature of the intermediate structures and their corresponding control areas in normal control group(P>0.05). In the experimental group, the temperature on the left and right sides of the intermediate structures(Quepen, elbow, LU 7, LI 6) showed statistically significant differences(P<0.05 or P<0.01); the temperature difference between intermediate structure(throat, Quepen, elbow, nose, LI 6) and their respective control areas were also significant(P<0.05 or P<0.01). The temperature of the intermediate structures(throat, Quepen, elbow, LU7, LI 6) between the experimental group and normal control group showed significant differences(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusions: This study is an initial step to validate the objective existence of Lung and Large Intestine exterior-interior relationship intermediate structures, as described in the Chinese classical medical literatures, through the functional imaging angle. The intermediate structures are the pathological reaction areas of the bronchial asthmatic patients.

The Association between Pulmonary Function Impairment and Colon Inflammation in Ulcerative Colitis Patients： A Scientific Basis for Exterior-Interior Correlation between Lung and Large Intestine

Objective： To investigate the involvement of pulmonary function impairment in ulcerative colitis（UC）, and explore a scientific basis for the Chinese medicine（CM） theory of exterior-interior correlation between Lung（Fei） and Large intestine（Dachang）. Methods： Totally 120 patients with a diagnosis of UC were recruited and the demographics, clinical data, and blood samples were collected. C-reactive protein（CRP） and erythrocyte sedimentation rate（ESR） concentrations were measured. Every patient accepted pulmonary function test and took chest radiograph（CXR）. Results： Pulmonary function abnormalities were present in 72 of 120 patients. The median（interquartile range） vital capacity（VC）, forced vital capacity（FVC）, forced expiratory volume in 1 s（FEV_1）, carbon monoxide diffusion capacity（DL_∞） of lung, total lung capacity（TLC） and functional residual volume（FRV） were decreased in distal UC and pancolitis compared with ulcerative prochitis（P〈0.0005）. Male patients had increased VC, FEV_1/FVC, and residual volume（RV）/TLC compared with female（P〈0.0005）, but decreased DLCO and carbon monoxide iffusion capacity（KCO） of lung/alveolar ventilation（P〈0.0005）. Age was strongly correlated with RV（Spearman rank correlation coefficient（rs）=–0.57, P〈0.0001）, and RV/TLC（rs=0.48, P〈0.0001）. Age was also correlated with FEV_1/FVC（rs=–0.29, P=0.001）, forced expiratory flow in 75% vital capacity（FEF75%, rs=–0.20, P=0.03）, DLCO（rs=–0.21, P=0.02）, TLC（rs=–0.25, P=0.006）, and FRV（rs=–0.28, P=0.002）. The course of disease was correlated with FEF75%（rs=–0.18, P=0.049） and KCO（rs=–0.19, P=0.036）. Chest radiograph abnormalities were presented in 38 of 120. Pulmonary symptoms were presented in 10 of 120. Other extraintestinal complications were presented in 21 of 120. Conclusions： Pulmonary function impairment was more frequently than other extraintestinal complications in UC patients, which may be affected by sex, age, extent and course of disease. These results may be a scientific basis for the theory of exterior-interior correlation between Lung and Large intestine.

Experimental Study on the Mechanism of Protective Effect of Free Fu on Gut-derived Endotoxin-Mediated Lung Damage

The effect of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on endotoxin (ET)-mediated lung damage caused by incomplete ligation of large intestine and the influence of free Fu on the expression of TNF-α mRNA were explored. Forty SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal control group, model group, ligation group and treatment group (n=10 in each group). The models were made by the method of partly ligating the rectum outside the body. The plasma level of lipopolysaccaride was measured by dynamic nephelo metric method and the serum level of TNF-α was detected by the method of radioactive immunity. The expression of TNF-α mRNA in lung tissue was detected by RT-PCR method. The results were compared among the 4 groups. The results showed the plasma levels of ET and serum TNF-α in the model group and the expression of TNF-α mRNA in the lung tissues were remarkably higher than those in the normal control group (P<0.01). After the treatment of free Fu, all of the above indexes in the treatment group were all decreased as compared with model group (all P<0.01), and the damage to lung was alleviated. It was concluded that TNF-α might play a very important role in the ET-mediated lung damage caused by incomplete ligation of large intestine, free Fu could protect the lung from damage.

A Comparative Study of The Regular Pattern of Syndrome and Treatment of Lung-intestine Related Diseases in Ancient and Modern Medical Cases Based on Data Mining

Objective: To analyze the similarities and differences of the applications of "the lung and large intestine being interior-exteriorly related"between the ancient and modern clinical practices, and to reveal the theory meaning.Method: Based on the ancient and modern medical cases database, 245 ancient medical records and 373 modern medical records were studied with the general statistical description and analysis of association rules, and the results were compared to summarize the similarities and differences of the regular pattern of syndrome and treatment on lung-large intestine related diseases in ancient and modern medical records.Results: In modern medical cases, intestinal diseases appeared with the main symptom of constipation due to deficiency of lung qi and qi stagnation of large intestine were always treated by purgation together with replenishing and restoring lung qi. In ancient medical cases, large intestine heat was always caused by lung heat and a variety of diarrhea symptoms appeared. They were always treated by clearing heat and moistening lungs. In addition, the symptom of bound stool caused by qi stagnation of large intestine due to lung qi stagnation was always treated by lowering lung qi to regulate and smooth large intestine qi. And Armeniae Amarum Semen was used by both as a core medicinal herb.Conclusion: Ascending-descending of qi movement is the core of the lung and large intestine relationship. In other words, the lung and the large intestine communicate through qi.

杨燕教授从肺论治儿童功能性便秘的临床经验

儿童功能性便秘约占小儿便秘的95%以上,是小儿消化系统的常见病,病程迁延易对儿童的身心健康产生严重影响。文章总结杨燕教授治疗儿童功能性便秘的临床经验。杨燕教授认为便秘的病机主要是大肠的传导功能失常,但与肺脏密切相关。肺与大肠相表里,肺气亏虚或肺气郁闭,宣肃失职,气机不畅,津液疏布失常,肺热移于大肠,肠失濡润,均可导致便秘发生。从肺论治,临证采用塞因塞用之法补气启闭治虚秘,提壶揭盖之法理肺通腑治实秘,同时重视良好的饮食结构及日常护理,临床疗效显著。附验案1则以佐证。

从“金郁泄之”论治溃疡性结肠炎

“金郁泄之”理论出自《黄帝内经》,“金”是肺与肠的基本属性,“郁”指郁滞,壅塞不通的异常状态,故“金郁”可理解为属金脏腑如肺、大肠所发壅滞、阻塞之证。“泄之”是五行属金脏腑郁滞的治疗方法,其具体含义应随“金郁”的病理产物、病位的不同而不同。溃疡性结肠炎多由邪蕴肠腑,气血瘀滞,肠道传导失司,湿、热、瘀于大肠相互搏结成郁,改变肠道属金肃降之性所致,其核心病机为湿热内蕴,气血瘀滞,属于“金郁”的范畴,病位虽在大肠,可波及于肺。故治疗应顺应“泄之”的法则,以祛除肺肠之郁为主,包括清泄与宣泄两种方法,同时补益肺、脾、肾三脏之气,以恢复肺肠之功能,达到扶正祛邪,标本兼顾的目的,促进溃疡性结肠炎的愈合。

基于“肺与大肠相表里”探析血管内皮细胞与肠道菌群的关联

肠道菌群及其代谢物失调对内皮细胞损伤和功能障碍具有重要影响。中医“肺”与血管内皮细胞在结构、生理及病理方面具有相关性。中医学“肺与大肠相表里”理论是肺与肠在结构、生理及病理方面相关性的高度概括,可作为血管内皮细胞与肠道菌群相关联的理论基础。本文可为以肠道菌群为切入点、修复血管内皮细胞损伤干预心血管疾病的实验研究提供理论依据,并为中医药临床治疗相关疾病提供参考。

从“肺与大肠相表里”阐释针灸治疗哮喘的理论内涵

针灸治疗肺系疾病有深厚的理论根源和得天独厚的优势,并有丰富的临床应用经验。“肺与大肠相表里”理论指导下针灸“肺肠同治”对改善哮喘症状及气道炎症反应具有重要意义。基于“肺与大肠相表里”理论,主要从肺与大肠组织相连、经络相通、功能上相互为用以及病理上的相互影响等方面,系统阐释肺与大肠的特殊关系,进而阐释“肺肠同治”针灸治疗哮喘的理论内涵和意义,为临床“肺肠同治”针灸治疗哮喘的推广和应用提供理论基础,更好地指导临床实践。

基于“肺合大肠”理论探讨肺纤维化中医病机

肺纤维化是一种以肺泡上皮细胞损伤、成纤维细胞病理性增殖转型、细胞外基质过度沉积导致肺组织结构破坏及功能丧失的呼吸系统疾病,病死率高且尚无较好治疗方法。本文以“肺合大肠”的中医认识即“肺与大肠相表里”理论为基础,以“肺合大肠”的现代医学认识即“肠-肺轴”理论为关键点,结合二者探讨相关机制,初步阐述中医药调控“肠-肺轴”治疗肺纤维化的内涵,为临床通过“肠-肺轴”治疗肺纤维化提供新思路。

从“肺-肠”轴角度探讨肠道菌群与过敏性鼻炎的关系

过敏性鼻炎属于全球高发的气道变应性疾病,较多人群深受其影响,关于其更安全有效的治疗方式仍不断被探寻与挖掘。近年来关于肠道微生态与肺部疾病的相互关系被深入研究,文章基于肺肠关系,结合中医“肺与大肠相表里”理论,并从西医胚胎发育、菌群微环境、内分泌代谢、黏膜免疫等角度探讨肺-肠关系,在此基础上,认为肠道菌群可从细胞因子免疫平衡、机体黏膜等方面影响过敏性鼻炎的发生发展,以期为临床治疗过敏性鼻炎提供更多思路。

基于“肺-肠轴”交互作用探讨宣白承气汤在肺系疫病治疗中的意义

肺系疫病是由外感疫毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,消化道症状为其常见兼证被视为疾病的传变。“肺-肠轴”交互作用与中医“肺与大肠相表里”理论具有一致性,均阐释了肺与大肠的协调与统一。医家多认为肺系疫病的治疗应从肺肠同治的角度出发,宣肺以畅达气机,泻下以通调水道。本文通过分析古代与现代医家对肺系疫病的研究以及患者的症状,基于“肺与大肠相表里”理论,从宣肺通腑的角度出发,探讨宣白承气汤肺肠同治原则在肺系疫病治疗中的意义,给肺系疫病以新的诊疗思路,提供新的治疗途径。

从肠论治脓毒症所致ALI/ARDS有效性的Meta分析

目的系统评价在中医“肺与大肠相表里”理论下指导下,从肠论治脓毒症所致急性肺损伤/急性呼吸迫综合征(ALI/ARDS)的临床疗效,为临床提供循证参考。方法通过计算机检索中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库、维普中文期刊数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBMdisc)荷兰医学文摘Embase数据库、美国国立医学图书馆PubMed数据库、Cochrane图书馆数据库中,从建库至2020年10月8日发表的将通腑法作为干预措施治疗脓毒症所致ALI/ARDS的随机对照试验(RCT)。对照组采用常规西医治疗,试验组在常规西医治疗基础上联合通腑法治疗。由2名研究者筛选文献并对符合纳入标准的文献进行数据提取,运用改良Jadad量表进行质量评价,采用RevMan5.4和Stata16.0软件对数据进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入13篇文献,均为单中心RCT,其中≥4分的文献7篇,<4分的文献6篇。共纳入579例患者,其中试验组290例,对照组289例。Meta分析显示,与对照组比较,联合通腑法治疗能明显提高脓毒症所致ALI/ARDS患者氧合指数[PaO_(2)/FiO_(2),均数差(MD)=62.55,95%可信区间(95%CI)为55.74~69.37,P<0.05],降低白细胞介素-6(IL-6,MD=-29.70,95%CI为-48.34~-11.06,P<0.05)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α,MD=-2.94,95%CI为-5.28~-0.59,P<0.05)降钙素原(PCT,MD=-1.34,95%CI为-2.17~-0.51,P<0.05)和C-反应蛋白(CRP,MD=-22.41,95%CI为-36.52~-8.29,P<0.05)水平,缩短机械通气时间(MD=-2.26,95%CI为-2.86~-1.66,P<0.05)和重症监护病房(ICU)住院时间(MD=-4.15,95%CI为-7.47~-0.84,P<0.05),降低28d病死率[相对危险度(RR)=0.43,95%CI为0.24~0.76,P<0.05]和急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ,MD=-3.53,95%CI为-5.41~-1.64,P<0.05)。结论从肠论治对减轻脓毒症所致ALI/ARDS患者病情及改善预后有一定价值,但仍需进一步开展高质量的RCT以验证其疗效,为临床治疗提供更准确的循证医学证据。

“肺与大肠相表里”物质相关性的研究进展

中医药文化历史源远流长,作为中医药藏象理论的重要组成部分,“肺与大肠相表里”阐述了肺-肠来源相同,生理上相互协作,病理上和治疗上相互影响。现基于“肺与大肠相表里”理论,分别从经络、津液代谢、黏膜免疫及肠道运动等方面探讨肺-肠物质相关性,为临床治疗肺肠相关疾病提供参考。

杨志波教授辨证论治痤疮经验

杨志波教授从事临床40余载,专治皮肤科疑难杂症,在治疗痤疮方面,主张脏腑辨证、整体施治,另辟蹊径提出“肺与大肠相表里、脾胃相表里”与痤疮密切相关的学术思想,治疗上紧扣其病机,以清肺胃热、健脾祛湿为本,同时滋阴固中贯穿始终,结合患者实际随证加减,内外同治,亦强调治未病观念,注重日常防护,临床疗效可观。此文引用2则医案以此论证。

中医学对肠道菌群与非酒精性脂肪性肝病的理论认识

近年来,非酒精性脂肪性肝病全球流行率逐年升高,但发病机制至今尚未明确。中医学将非酒精性脂肪性肝病归属于“臌胀”“肝癖”“痰浊”“积聚”等,认为肝体用失调、脾肾亏虚是本病主要特点,痰、湿、浊、瘀、热为本病主要病理因素。随着对肠道菌群研究的不断深入,肠道菌群及其代谢产物有改善胰岛素抵抗、减少氧化应激、调节脂质代谢和调节免疫等多种作用,与肝脏功能及非酒精性脂肪性肝病之间的关系也受到广泛关注。许多研究揭示了肠-肝轴与非酒精性脂肪性肝病发生发展相关,饮食、抗生素、益生菌及益生元、粪菌移植、微生态制剂、噬菌体等干预措施均可以通过改变肠道菌群来缓解非酒精性脂肪性肝病。从现代医学对肠道菌群生理功能的研究中,我们发现现代医学“肠”的消化吸收、调节代谢、改善免疫等功能可属于中医“脾主运化”“脾主升清”功能的范畴。文章从中医“肝脾相关”“肝与大肠相通”“肝从左升,肺从右降,肺与大肠相表里”等理论视角出发,就中医学对肠道菌群与非酒精性脂肪性肝病关系的认识及相关治疗作一综述,阐述中医学治疗本病的理论基础,结合现代医学理念,以期为非酒精性脂肪性肝病的中医治疗提供新思路、新方法。

基于肺与大肠相表里的肺病患者肠道便菌群特点研究

目的探讨肺病患者与非肺病患者便球杆菌群特点,为肺肠同治提供临床依据。方法采用横断面调查法,将112例患者分为肺病组47例和非肺病组65例,对患者进行问卷调查,包括一般人口学资料、肺系疾病及病程、非肺系疾病及病程、用药、饮食、睡眠、情志、体力及大便情况。采集粪便标本,行涂片法检测球杆菌比值。结果肺病组、非肺病组分别脱落3、5例。肺病组球杆比平均值为0.78,非肺病组为0.35,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.041);肺病组革兰阴性杆菌平均值为56.59%,非肺病组为65.50%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.040);肺病组革兰阳性球菌平均值为33.52%,非肺病组为23.80%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.004);肺病组革兰阴性杆菌异常型23例,非肺病组44例,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.038);肺病组纳差21例,非肺病组14例,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.012);肺病组便秘23例,非肺病组19例,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.044);肺病组便溏15例,非肺病组9例,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.033)。结论肺病患者存在肠道菌群失调,有明显的纳差、便秘、便溏,存在肺肠同病趋势,基于肺与大肠相表里的肺肠同治具有一定临床意义。

基于中医古籍研究的“肺与大肠相表里”理论源流及其内涵探讨

"肺与大肠相表里"理论历经千年发展,理论体系日臻完善,包含着丰富的内涵与外延。本文以梳理"肺与大肠相表里"的理论发展源流,探讨其理论内涵为目的,采用传统文献学的研究方法,对相关古籍进行系统整理与分析,得出"肺与大肠相表里"理论以《黄帝内经》的"脏腑相合"为源头,经秦汉、晋隋唐、宋金元和明清等各个时期医家的不断阐发和应用,其理论内涵得到不断丰富和发展。"肺与大肠相表里"理论所表达的基本内涵——肺与大肠之间通过互相观察彼此,可相互表征彼此,以体现相互配合的关系。这种肺与大肠关系的实现以经络为沟通联络基础,以气机升降为功能基础,以气血津液为重要物质基础,以阴阳五行学说为哲学基础。

“肺与大肠相表里”理论指导治疗ALI/ARDS的临床疗效报告

[目的]观察"肺与大肠相表里"理论指导治疗急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫统合征(ALI/ARDS)患者的临床疗效。[方法]将42例ALI/ARDS患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各21例。治疗组在西医常规治疗的基础上,加用自拟中药汤剂治疗;对照组仅给予西医常规治疗,均治疗7 d,比较两组疗效性指标。[结果]两组治疗后临床疗效比较,P<0.05,两组临床疗效差异有统计学意义;28 d病死率比较,P>0.05,两组在28 d病死率方面差异无统计学意义;两组在临床症状方面组内、组间比较,均P<0.05,两组在改善症状方面均有统计学意义;两组实验室观察指标组间比较,均P<0.05,两组在改善病情方面均有统计学意义,但两组间比较,均P>0.05,两组差异无统计学意义。[结论]以"肺与大肠相表里"理论为指导,中西医结合治疗ALI/ARDS的方案可有效缓解病情。

“肺肠合病”模型大鼠肺、肠CGRP与CCK8表达的实验研究

目的:通过观察模型大鼠肺、结肠组织中降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)与八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK8)表达量的变化,从而探讨"肺与大肠相表里"的机制。方法:实验设空白对照组、肺肠合病组(过敏性哮喘合便秘)共两组。用免疫组化方法测定CGRP与CCK8的表达。结果:在肺肠合病状态下,与空白对照组比较,大鼠肺、结肠组织中CGRP与CCK8的表达呈显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:在肺肠合病状态下,肺、结肠组织中CGRP与CCK8的表达均发生了变化,提示在上述病理模型情况下,说明在上述病理模型情况下肺与大肠之间存在一定的联系,提供了部分支持"肺与大肠相表里"的实验依据。