Exsolutions of Diopside and Magnetite in Olivine from Mantle Dunite,Luobusa Ophiolite,Tibet,China

The exsolutious of diopside and magnetite occur as intergrowth and orient within olivine from the mantle dunite, Luobusa ophiolite, Tibet. The dunite is very fresh with a mineral assemblage of olivine （〉95%） ＋ chromite （1%-4%） ＋ diopside （〈1%）. Two types of olivine are found in thin sections： one （Fo = 94） is coarse-grained, elongated with development of kink bands, wavy extinction and irregular margins; and the other （Fo = 96） is fine-grained and poly-angied. Some of the olivine grains contain minor Ca, Cr and Ni. Besides the exsolutions in olivine, three micron-size inclusions are also discovered. Analyzed through energy dispersive system （EDS） with unitary analytical method, the average compositions of the inclusions are： Na20, 3.12%-3.84%; MgO, 19.51%-23.79%; Al2O3, 9.33%-11.31%; SiO2, 44.89%-46.29%; CaO, 11.46%-12.90%; Cr2O3, 0.74%-2.29%; FeO, 4.26%- 5.27%, which is quite similar to those of amphibole. Diopside is anhedral f＇dling between olivines, or as micro-inclusions oriented in olivines. Chromite appears euhedral distributed between olivines, sometimes with apparent compositional zone. From core to rim of the chromite, Fe content increases and Cr decreases; and A! and Mg drop greatly on the rim. There is always incomplete magnetite zone around the chromite. Compared with the nodular chromite in the same section, the euhedral chromite has higher Fe3O4 and lower MgCr2O4 and MgAI2O4 end member contents, which means it formed under higher oxygen fugacity environment. With a geothermometer estimation, the equilibrium crystalline temperature is 820℃-960℃ for olivine and nodular chromite, 630℃-770℃ for olivine and euhedral chromite, and 350℃-550℃ for olivine and exsoluted magnetite, showing that the exsolutions occurred late at low temperature. Thus we propose that previously depleted mantle harzburgite reacted with the melt containing Na, Al and Ca, and produced an olivine solid solution added with Na^＋, Al^3＋, Ca^2＋, Fe^3＋, Cr^3＋. With temperature decreasing, the olivine solid solution decomposed; and Fe^3＋, Cr^3＋ diffused into magnetite and Ca^2＋ and Na^＋ into clinopyroxene, both of which formed intergrowth textures. A few Fe^3＋ and Cr^3＋ entered interstitial chromite. Through later tectonism, the peridotite recrystallized and formed deformational coarse grained olivine, fine grained and poly-angled olivine, and euhedral grained chromite. Due to the fast cooling rate of the rock or rapid tectonic emplacement, the exsolution textures in olivine and compositional zones of chromite are preserved.

Origin of the Zedang and Luobusa Ophiolites, Tibet

The Zedang and Luobusa ophiolites are located in the eastern section of the Yalung Zangbo ophiolite belt,and they share similar geological tectonic setting and age.Thus,an understanding of their origins is very important for discussion of the evolution of the Eastern Tethys Ocean.There is no complete ophiolite assemblage in the Zedang ophiolite.The Zedang ophiolite is mainly composed of mantle peridotite and a suite of volcanic rocks as well as siliceous rocks,with some blocks of olivinepyroxenite.The mantle peridotite mainly consists of Cpx-harzburgite,harzburgite,some lherzolite,and some dunite.A suite of volcanic rocks is mainly composed of caic-aikaline pyroclastic rocks and secondly of tholeiitic pillow lavas,basaltic andesites,and some boninitic rocks with a lower TiO2 content （TiO2 ＜ 0.6％）.The pyroclastic rocks have a LREE-enriched REE pattern and a LILE-enriched （compared to HFSE） spider diagram,demonstrating an island-arc origin.The tholeiitic volcanic rock has a LREE-depleted REE pattern and a LILE-depleted （compared to HFSE） spider diagram,indicative of an origin from MORB.The boninitic rock was generated from fore-arc extension.The Luobusa ophiolite consists of mantle peridotite and mafic-ultramaflc cumulate units,without dike swarms and volcanic rocks.The mantle peridotite mainly consists of dunite,harzburgite with low-Opx （Opx ＜ 25％）,and harzburgite （Opx ＞ 25％）,which can be divided into two facies belts.The upper is a dunite-harzburgite （Opx ＜ 25％） belt,containing many dunite lenses and a large-scale chromite deposit with high Cr203; the lower is a harzburgite （Opx ＞25％） belt with small amounts of dunite and lherzolite.The Luobusa mantle peridotite exhibits a distinctive vertical zonation of partial melting with high melting in the upper unit and low melting in the lower.Many mantle peridotites are highly depleted,with a characteristic U-shaped REE pattern peculiar to fore-arc peridotite.The Luobusa cumulates are composed of wehrlite and olivine-pyroxenite,of the P-P-G ophiolite series.This study indicates that the Luobusa ophiolite was formed in a fore-arc basin environment on the basis of the occurrence of highly depleted mantle peridotite,a high-Cr2O3 chromite deposit,and cumulates of the P-P-G ophiolite series.We conclude that the evolution of the Eastern Tethys Ocean involved three stages：the initial ocean stage （formation of MORB volcanic rock and dikes）,the forearc extension stage （formation of high-Cr203 chromite deposits and P-P-G cumulates）,and the islandarc stage （formation of caic-alkaline pyroclastic rocks）.

In-situ Moissanite in Dunite: Deep Mantle Origin of Mantle Peridotite in Luobusa Ophiolite, Tibet

We report the discovery of an in-situ natural moissanite as an inclusion in the Cr-spinel from the dunite envelope of a chromitite deposit in Luobusa ophiolite,Tibet.The moissanite occurs as a twin crystal interpenetrated by two quadrilateral signal crystals with sizes of 17 pm × 10 μm and 20 μm × 7 μm,respectively.The moissanite is green with parallel extinction.The absorption peaks in its Raman spectra are at 967-971 cm-1,787-788 cm-1,and 766 cm-1.The absorption peaks in the infrared spectra are at 696 cm-1,767 cm-1,1450 cm-1,and 1551 cm-1,which are distinctly different from the peaks for synthetic silicon carbide.Moissanites have been documented to form in ultra-high pressure,high temperature,and extremely low fO2 environments and their 13C-depleted compositions indicate a lower mantle origin.Combined with previous studies about other ultra-high pressure and highly reduced minerals in Luobusa ophiolite,the in-situ natural moissanite we found indicates a deep mantle origin of some materials in the mantle sequence of Luobusa ophiolite.Further,we proposed a transformation model to explain the transfer process of UHP materials from the deep mantle to ophiolite sequence and then to the supra-subduction zone environment.Interactions between the crown of the mantle plume and mid-ocean ridge are suggested to be the dominant mechanism.

Unusual Mantle Mineral Group from Chromitite Orebody Cr-11 in Luobusa Ophiolite of Yarlung-Zangbo Suture Zone, Tibet

A wide variety of unusual mantle has been reported from podiform chromitite orebodies Cr-31 and Cr-74 in the Luobusa （罗布莎） ophiolite, Tibet. A detailed investigation of chromitite ore- body Cr-ll, located in the Kangjinla （康金拉） district at the eastern end of the ophiolite, has revealed many of the same minerals, including diamond, moissanite, and some native elements, alloys, oxides, sulphides, silicates, carbonates, and tungstates. This orebody is particularly rich in diamonds, with over 1 000 grains recovered from about 1 100 kg sample of chromitite. More detailed studies and experiments are needed to understand the origin and significance of these unusual minerals because they have not been found in situ. It is a great breakthrough in mineralogical research that we have picked up more than 40 kinds of minerals from the Kangjinla chromite deposit in Luobusa. It is notable that a large amount of diamonds were firstly discovered from the Kangjinla chromite deposit as well as many other unusual minerals, such as moissanites, rutiles, native irons, and metal alloys. Especially, that diamond was found again in different chromitites in the same ophiolite belt provided new key evidence for discussing the origin of the diamond and the hosted chromitite and ophiolite. The mantle mineral group in Tibet has great significance in mineralogy and geodynamics.

Mineral Chemistry and Geochemistry of Peridotites from the Zedang and Luobusa Ophiolites, Tibet: Implications for the Evolution of the Neo-Tethys

We present a new dataset on platinum group elements（PGEs）, whole-rock major and trace elements, and mineral chemistry for the peridotites from the Zedang and Luobusa ophiolite suites, Tibet, in an attempt to better constrain the petrogenesis of the Zedang and Luobusa ophiolites and the tectonic evolution of the Neo-Tethys. Plots of chondrite-normalized PGE, PGE vs. Mg#, and PGE vs. Al_2O_3 suggest that the lherzolite and harzburgite from Zedang and Luobusa have similar PGE characteristics. The Zedang and Luobusa peridotites display U-shaped REE patterns and are enriched in some incompatible elements, indicative of melt-rock interaction. The PGE characteristics may be attributed to partial melting and heterogeneous melt-rock interaction. Mineral chemistry and whole rock major and trace elements data suggest that lherzolite and harzburgite from Zedang and Luobusa have similar geochemical properties. On the spinel Mg# vs. Cr# plot, the composition of the Zedang and Luobusa peridotites is consistent with both abyssal and subduction-zone peridotites. This study indicates that the Zedang and Luobusa peridotites have a similar origin and evolution path： they could have originated from a normal mid-ocean ridge environment and got refertilization in a supra-subduction zone setting.

Distribution and origin of high magnetic anomalies at Luobusa Ophiolite in Southern Tibet

The Luobusa Ophiolite,Southern Tibet,lies in the eastern portion of Indus–Yarlung Zangbo suture zone that separates Eurasia from the Indian continent.An aeromagnetic reconnaissance survey has revealed an EWtrending Yarlung Zangbo River aeromagnetic anomaly zone,and it is considered to be caused mainly by the Indus–Yarlung Zangbo Ophiolite.The Luobusa Ophiolite reflects the eastern portion of the Yarlung Zangbo River aeromagnetic anomaly zone.Conventionally,the ultramafic rock in the Luobusa Ophiolite is considered as the origin of the high magnetic anomalies.However,results from the surface magnetic survey and the magnetic susceptibility measurements from drill cores indicate that the high magnetic anomalies are distributed inhomogeneously in the Luobusa Ophiolite.In some cases,the susceptibility exhibits more than 30 times difference between two sides of the same sample.A fact emerged that the susceptibility of dunite with serpentinization is higher than that of fresh dunite,harzburgite and chromite when we analyzed the measurement results.In order to understand the origin of the high magnetic anomalies,we measured the density and susceptibility of 17 samples,microscopic and electron probe analyses have been performed as well.The result indicates the presence of dunite with serpentinization containing an abundant of micro-fissures filled with magnetite.Olivine has a susceptibility of about 2.7–351(910-5SI),pyroxene about 16–320,and chromite about200–800.All these units feature relatively low susceptibility in ultramafic rock,and only the magnetite is characterized by a high susceptibility of about 200,000(910-5SI).Based on these observations,we conclude that the precipitation of magnetite in the process of serpentinization of the olivine caused by the geological process in the Luobusa Ophiolite is the origin of high magnetic anomalies.

豆荚状铬铁矿中微米级新矿物的发现及指示意义

向着地球深部进军是未来地质科学研究的战略目标之一,微区则是探寻深部地幔元素迁移和物质循环的关键。分子、原子级矿物的分析研究将在解密深部地幔物理化学条件、物质组成中扮演重要角色。蛇绿岩中豆荚状铬铁矿是微米级矿物的主要载体之一。近年来,随着单晶衍射仪、微区衍射和透射电镜等实验技术的发展和应用,在豆荚状铬铁矿中发现了一系列微米级矿物,为揭示地幔物质组成和演化历史提供重要信息。铬铁矿中发现新矿物的矿床包括中国西藏的罗布莎铬铁矿矿床和希腊中部Othrys矿床。其中,罗布莎铬铁矿矿床中发现包括罗布莎矿、林芝矿、那曲矿、藏布矿、雅鲁矿、曲松矿、自然钛、青松矿、巴登珠矿、志琴矿、经绥矿、康金拉矿及文吉矿在内的13种新矿物;Othrys蛇绿岩的Agios Stefanos矿床发现的新矿物有arsenotu?ekite、eliopoulosite、tsikourasite和grammatikopoulosite。这些新矿物以过渡族元素(Fe、Cr、Ni、Mo、V等)、钛的硅化物、碳化物、镍的磷化物等自然元素及金属化合物为主。它们多以矿物发现地或为地学研究做过卓越贡献的科学家名字命名。微米级矿物的发现拓展人类对地幔矿物的晶体结构和晶体化学的认知,为进一步解释深部地幔与还原性流体的高温反应及还原环境下矿物的蚀变作用奠定了基础。

西藏罗布莎铬铁矿体围岩方辉橄榄岩中的异常矿物

近些年,我们在西藏罗布莎蛇绿岩型铬铁矿中发现金刚石和柯石英等超高压矿物和异常地幔矿物,成果多次在美国 AGU 会议上做特邀报告,发表在2007年《Geology》和国内期刊上,并有4个新矿物获得国际新矿物委员会批准。这些成果在国内外引起广泛关注,也引发出一系列新的科学问题,例如,金刚石的赋存状态,物质来源和成因?与其伴随的铬铁矿的成因,与金刚石的关系?两者形成的地质背景、物理化学环境、保存和运移的规律、机制,等等。为了探讨这些问题,我们认为除了研究罗布莎铬铁矿之外,还应该开展铬铁矿的围岩地幔橄榄岩的研究,看看它们中都有什么矿物,与铬铁矿中的矿物究竟存在什么异同以及两者之间的成因联系?为此,我们从西藏罗布莎铬铁矿31号矿体不同高度取回两个各自为1吨重的方辉橄榄岩围岩样品,开展人工重砂矿物的分选。通过矿物成分、激光拉曼和 X 射线衍射光谱的研究,从中识别出金刚石等50余种矿物。经初步对比,认为铬铁矿围岩方辉橄榄岩中发现的矿物组合与铬铁矿中相似,表明两者存在成因上的联系,并可能共同经历了从深部到浅部的地质过程。

中国铬铁矿床的再研究及找矿前景

铬铁矿是生产不锈钢不可替代的原材料,中国目前是世界最大不锈钢消费国。铬铁矿一直是中国的短缺矿种,几乎完全依靠进口。铬铁矿床分为层状和豆荚状两种类型矿床。中国已知的铬铁矿床均属于豆荚状铬铁矿床,主要分布在西藏、新疆和内蒙古等地。该类矿床主要产于蛇绿岩型地幔橄榄岩或相关的堆晶杂岩中。最近在西藏罗布莎和俄罗斯乌拉尔豆荚状铬铁矿中发现深部地幔矿物,认为铬铁矿来自深部地幔,不是产自浅部地幔橄榄岩。认为深部来源的铬铁矿可以成大矿,小岩体也可以成大矿,因此,十分有必要对中国境内的蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩开展新一轮的调查。

西藏罗布莎蛇绿岩铬铁矿中的超高压矿物和新矿物(综述)

近十余年来的研究,在西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带中的罗布莎蛇绿岩型铬铁矿中,发现可能来自深部(>300km深度)异常地幔矿物群。该矿物群中具有深部成因指示意义的矿物有:①呈斯石英假象的柯石英;②微粒金刚石和产在锇铱矿中的原位金刚石;③铬铁矿和锇铱矿中发现硅尖晶石;④铬铁矿中发现硅金红石;⑤呈八面体假象的蛇纹石和绿泥石,并具有清晰的爆炸结构;⑥方铁矿和自然铁矿物组合。此外,罗布莎铬铁矿中有4个新矿物获批准,并在极地乌拉尔蛇绿岩铬铁矿中也发现了大量微粒金刚石和碳硅石等地幔超高压矿物。蛇绿岩铬铁矿中发现来自地幔深部的超高压矿物,提供了铬铁矿可能深部成因的重要信息,该发现有可能改变传统的蛇绿岩铬铁矿的形成于俯冲带上的浅部环境(<50 km深度)的认识以及蛇绿岩成因的概念。

藏南罗布莎蛇绿岩辉绿岩中锆石SHRIMP测年

罗布莎蛇绿岩是雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带东段出露较好,也是研究程度较高的蛇绿岩片之一。对该蛇绿岩的形成时代至今存在分歧。本文获得该蛇绿岩辉绿岩中的锆石SHRIMPU-Pb定年的结果为162.9±2.8Ma,表明该蛇绿岩的形成时代为中侏罗世,同时发现,在罗布莎地区新特提斯洋形成时,可能存在地幔熔融的岩浆在扩张脊上涌过程中俘获老洋壳或者深海沉积物中锆石的情况;并且在侵位过程中,在该蛇绿岩的局部由于蚀变而产生了变质锆石。

藏南罗布莎蛇绿岩壳层熔岩地球化学特征及成因

罗布莎蛇绿岩是雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带东段出露较好,也是研究程度较高的蛇绿岩片之一,对其壳层熔岩研究表明,该熔岩属于亚碱性玄武岩与安山岩/玄武岩之间的过渡类型,富集Rb、K、Ba等大离子亲石元素,高场强元素具有轻微左倾正斜率分布特征,并亏损Nb、Ta,反映出该蛇绿岩受到了俯冲作用的影响,稀土元素显示LREE亏损、HREE平缓的球粒陨石标准化分布模式,体现了该蛇绿岩N-MORB的地球化学特征,结合第一过渡系元素地球化学特征,通过对其构造环境的判别,提出罗布莎蛇绿岩属于岛弧型蛇绿岩范畴,其构造环境应为俯冲带之上(SSZ)的弧间盆地。

西藏罗布莎不同类型铬铁矿的特征及成因模式讨论

蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩中产出的豆荚状铬铁矿是铬的主要来源。已有的研究表明,豆荚状铬铁矿形成于洋中脊或俯冲带的浅部地幔环境。但随着近些年在豆荚状铬铁矿及围岩地幔橄榄岩中不断发现金刚石等深部矿物,人们也开始质疑豆荚状铬铁矿的浅部成因理论。本文系统研究了西藏雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带东段的罗布莎豆荚状铬铁矿床,识别出两类铬铁矿,一类以方辉橄榄岩为围岩的致密块状铬铁矿（Cr1#）,另一类是以纯橄岩壳为围岩的浸染状铬铁矿（Cr2#）。两类铬铁矿在铬尖晶石的矿物化学成分、PGE和Re-Os同位素特征上存在较大差别,属不同演化过程的结果。地幔橄榄岩的地球化学特征指示罗布莎橄榄岩中存在由低铬且轻稀土亏损和高铬且轻稀土富集的两类方辉橄榄岩。在此基础上,提出豆荚状铬铁矿为多阶段形成的新认识,经历了早期俯冲至地幔过渡带（410~660km）的陆壳和洋壳物质被脱水和肢解,过渡带产生的热和流体促成了地幔的熔融和Cr的释放和汇聚;铬铁矿浆在地幔柱/地幔对流驱动下,运移至过渡带顶部冷凝固结,并有强还原性的流体进入,后者携带了深部形成的金刚石、斯石英等高压矿物,并进入＂塑性-半塑性地幔橄榄岩＂中;随着物质向上移动,深度降低,早期超高压相矿物发生相变,如斯石英转变成柯石英,高压相的铬铁矿中出溶成柯石英和单斜辉石;在侵位过程和俯冲带环境,含水熔体与方辉橄榄岩反应形成了不含超高压矿物的规模相对较小的浸染状铬铁矿（Cr2#）及纯橄岩壳。

藏南罗布莎蛇绿岩成因:壳层熔岩的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素制约

罗布莎蛇绿岩是雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带东段出露较好，也是研究程度较高的（蛇绿岩片之一，其壳层熔岩的Sr，Nd，Pb同位素组成具有较高的ISr值，较低的Isd值，大的εNd（f）值和富集放射性成因铅的特征。ISr值偏高可能是存在富集型地幔源区和蛇绿岩形成过程中经受了地幔流体的交代作用引起的。Nd同位素及Sr-Nd同位素图解表明罗布莎蛇绿岩壳层玄武岩源区有N-MORB的特征，又有EMⅡ型富集地幔组分的贡献。Pb-Pb图解上样品均投影在NHRL上方，ASr为47．4～73．0（平均为58．4），△7／4Pb为0．69～12．20（平均为5．87），A8／4Pb为12．78～58．39（平均为35．23），表明存在Dupal同位素异常。根据Sr-Nd，PhPb和Nd-Pb同位素相关特征，判明罗布莎蛇绿岩壳层熔岩是由具亏损地幔端员（DMM）性质的岩浆和具EMⅡ型富集地幔端员性质的岩浆在源区混合形成的。

西藏罗布莎橄榄岩与中国大陆科学钻探主孔(CCSD-MH)榴辉岩中金刚石的红外特征初探

大别苏鲁超高压变质带上的大陆科学钻探主孔(CCSD-MH)中榴辉岩中的金刚石形成于大陆深俯冲作用过程,西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带罗布莎蛇绿岩铬铁矿中的金刚石来自深部地幔,两者的形成背景和机制可能不同。本文对两地的金刚石样品开展了傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)定性分析。结果表明,西藏罗布莎金刚石样品为ⅠaA型;而CCSD-MH金刚石为ⅠaAB型,既表明其杂质氮的聚集形式和演化路径上存在着差异。红外光谱特征不仅仅表明两者属天然金刚石常见类型,并且超高压变质带中的金刚石形成时间可能更久远。

西藏罗布莎铬铁矿中的原位铂族矿物研究:铬铁矿结晶环境的指示

本文对罗布莎三个矿区的铬铁矿进行了详细的原位PGM研究,发现罗布莎各个矿区的铬铁矿中PGM组合和显微结构不同,暗示PGM能够记录铬铁矿形成与演化过程。罗布莎矿区的PGM显微特征显示铬铁矿结晶于高温、低硫逸度的环境中,可能系岩石/熔体反应和结晶分异双重作用下的产物;康金拉矿区的原位PGM主要为组合型包裹体,有少量产于铬铁矿裂隙之间的贱金属硫化物和合金矿物,为不同来源的熔体混合作用的结果,并暗示铬铁矿成矿后还受到热液流体的改造;香卡山矿区的PGM表明铬铁矿成矿之后遭受到还原性流体的交代作用,铬铁矿中早期结晶出来的硫化物或者铂族矿物被还原改造,形成铁镍矿等次生矿物,保存于铬铁矿粒间或者铬铁矿的裂隙中,这个过程可能与蛇纹石化或者晚期构造流体改造作用有关。罗布莎原位PGM研究表明,PGM矿物贯穿于铬铁矿结晶成矿过程的始终,PGM的矿物及其组合能够记录铬铁矿结晶时母熔体的物理化学条件,甚至还能反映铬铁矿成矿后所经历的后期构造热液事件。因此,结合单矿物分选和原位调查两种方法,查明铬铁矿中PGM的赋存类型及微观结构,对全面理解铬铁矿的成矿过程有重要意义。

铬在橄榄石中的赋存状态：西藏罗布莎地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中的富铬橄榄石及对深部地幔成因的启示

西藏罗布莎蛇绿岩的地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中含有目前世界上已知最富铬的包裹体橄榄石(Cr2O3含量最高达1.49%)和富含铬铁矿出溶体的变形残晶橄榄石。通过对富铬橄榄石产出特征和其中Cr与其他元素相关关系的分析,结合前人的研究,指出铬是以还原态的Cr2+进入橄榄石晶格的,Cr2+可能以占据空位和部分替代Fe2+的方式稳定于富铬橄榄石初始相的晶格中。鉴于前人在罗布莎地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中大量超高压强还原相矿物的发现,认为这些富铬橄榄石的初始相可能为形成于地幔过渡带或下地幔的瓦兹利石或林伍德石,富铬橄榄石的产出也反过来证明了罗布莎地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中部分物质的深部地幔来源。

蛇绿岩型铬铁矿床包壳纯橄榄岩中的流体过程印记:来自西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带罗布莎和泽当岩体的地质学、岩石学和橄榄石晶体化学证据

岩浆型矿床一般认为是岩浆分异的产物,因为这类矿床通常缺乏强烈的近矿围岩蚀变。蛇绿岩中的豆荚状铬铁矿被认为是一种典型的岩浆型矿床,流行的成因模型包括岩浆通道模型和熔体-岩石反应模型。深部晶体群的大量发现,表明铬铁矿成矿系统不是一种理想系统,而是至少由两类子系统组成的复杂性动力系统。因此,流行模型不再适用,必须构建能够整合新证据的成因模型。这类矿床的典型地质特征是具有从方辉橄榄岩围岩经包壳纯橄榄岩到铬铁矿石的分带,且包壳纯橄榄岩与铬铁矿之间为渐变接触关系,包壳纯橄榄岩与方辉橄榄岩之间既可以为渐变接触关系,也可以为截然接触关系或侵入接触关系。因此,阐明纯橄榄岩的成因是理解豆荚状铬铁矿形成机制的关键。西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带中罗布莎和泽当两个代表性超镁铁质杂岩体的新观察揭示:(1)包壳纯橄榄岩的出露宽度变化于厘米级到百米级,但岩石具有均匀的细粒结构,流行模型难以解释;(2)包壳纯橄榄岩可以划分为至少两种构造类型:块状纯橄榄岩和片理化纯橄榄岩,暗示了纯橄榄岩形成过程的多阶段特点;(3)包壳纯橄榄岩主要由变晶橄榄石组成,仅含有少量由熔体或流体析出的橄榄石晶体;(4)与方辉橄榄岩相比,包壳纯橄榄岩中的橄榄石具有高MgO、Cr2O3、CaO和低MnO、Al2O3的特点,展示了矛盾的晶体化学特征;(5)邻近铬铁矿体的纯橄榄岩中常见反豆状结构,类似于多相稀释流体流体制中紊流产生的中尺度结构。上述看似矛盾的证据表明包壳纯橄榄岩的形成过程有大量深部流体的参与,因而流体过程可以作为构建一个新的整合模型的基础。据此,文中提出一个熔体-流体流模型,其基本机制是溶解-沉淀反应Opx+Fluid→Ol±Sp±Cpx±Pl±SiO2(fluid),而基本前提则是深部还原流体的持续供给和熔体-流体流的快速上升。此外,文中还表明,依据火成岩地质学、岩石学和名义无水矿物晶体化学证据也可以再造岩浆系统的流体过程。

西藏罗布莎康金拉铬铁矿区地幔橄榄岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及地质意义

本文对罗布莎蛇绿岩康金拉11号铬铁矿矿体的近矿围岩纯橄岩和方辉橄榄岩分别进行了锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学研究。结果显示两个样品的年龄都非常发散：纯橄岩的时代跨越早白垩世到太古宙，年龄125.6±2.6 - 1791±23Ma，4粒锆石的加权平均年龄为130.0±2.8Ma（2.1%）。而方辉橄榄岩的年龄208.9±3.7 - 2770±44Ma，从晚三叠世到太古宙，2粒锆石的加权平均值为209.7±5.2Ma（2.5%），锆石的复杂年代学结果反映该岩石经历的多阶段地质演化过程。激光拉曼分析显示纯橄岩和方辉橄榄岩中的锆石含磷灰石、长石和石英为主的地壳物质包裹体，暗示其地壳成因，记录了地幔经历了地壳混染过程。这些物质存在于由洋底扩张形成的蛇绿岩中，表明俯冲下去的大陆地壳物质在地幔循环中被运移到海底扩张脊并出露地表。结合我们在康金拉地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中发现的大量异常地幔矿物，可能显示了一个地壳物质俯冲至地幔，而后从洋脊回到地表的物质循环过程，佐证了豆荚状铬铁矿多阶段多期次的演化模式。

西藏罗布莎Fe-Cr-Ni合金的X射线晶体学研究

在西藏罗布莎蛇绿岩块的铬铁矿中 ,存在一种Fe -Cr -Ni合金 ,电子探针分析确定其化学分子式为Ni0 .4 5Cr0 .2 9Fe0 .2 6 。其X射线粉晶衍射数据 (括号内为I/Io ,hkl)为 :2 .0 60 (1 0 0 ,1 1 1 )、1 .775(70 ,2 0 0 )、1 .2 61 (60 ,2 2 0 )、1 .0 76(50 ,31 1 )、1 .0 2 7(50 ,2 2 2 ) ,晶体结构应属于金属元素的γ_Fe物相。按其所属空间群金属元素的排列方式 ,确定其原子坐标并计算了理论粉晶衍射图 ,结果表明 ,理论粉晶图谱与实测粉晶衍射数据基本一致。该Fe -Cr -Ni合金晶体学参数可归纳为 :a =3 .562 2 ,空间群Fm3m ,单位晶胞中的分子数Z =4,Dc=8.2 1 2 g/cm3。