Comparative study on forming limit prediction of AA7075-T6 sheet with M−K model and Lou−Huh criterion

In order to effectively predict the fracture of AA7075-T6 sheet, the forming limit curves of AA7075-T6 high-strength sheet were drawn according to Morciniak Kuczyski (M K) model and Lou Huh criterion, respectively. The errors between the predicted values of the two theoretical prediction models and experimental values were calculated by error analysis. The forming limit curves were verified by the punch stretch test to evaluate the prediction accuracy of M K model and Lou Huh criterion. The error analysis results show that the mean error of Lou Huh criterion with the optimal parameters for all tensile specimens is 25.04%, while the mean error of M K model for all tensile specimens is 74.24%. The prediction accuracy of Lou Huh criterion in predicting the fracture of AA7075-T6 sheet is higher. The punch stretch test results show that the forming limit curve drawn by Lou Huh criterion can effectively predict the fracture of AA7075-T6 sheet, but the prediction accuracy of M K model is relatively poor.

A first order friction model for lubricated sheet metal forming

This paper presents the derivation of a first order friction model for lubricated sheet metal forming.Assuming purely plastic real contacts, Newton's law of viscosity, and a square root behavior of the hydrodynamic coefficient of friction with respect to the hydrodynamic Hersey parameter an analytic model is found. The model predicts the coefficient of friction as a function of the relative pressure, the relative Hersey parameter and the real contact coefficient of friction. Questions about local and global friction are raised in the validation of the model against flat tool sheet experiments. For some flat tool sheet experiments reasonable agreements are obtained assuming a rigid punch pressure distribution. The restricted number of user inputs makes the model useful in early tool design simulations.

基于修正M-K模型的铝合金板材成形极限图预测

为准确预测AA7075-O铝合金板材的成形极限,将韧性断裂准则和传统M-K模型相结合,提出一种基于韧性断裂准则的修正M-K模型.利用单向拉伸模拟和试验相结合的方法,提取危险单元的应力应变历史并代入C-L韧性断裂准则中,得到材料常数.基于单向拉伸试验所得成形极限点,通过MATLAB编程得到修正M-K模型的初始厚度不均度.在常温下,以单向拉伸、宽板弯曲、液压胀形试验获得AA7075-O铝合金板材的成形极限曲线,与修正M-K模型和传统M-K模型计算得到的理论成形极限曲线进行对比,验证了修正M-K模型的可行性和准确性.

基于M-K模型的相变诱发塑性钢板的成形极限研究

在M-K模型的基础上,将描述相变诱发塑性的硬化方程引入到成形极限的推导中,通过考虑板料冲压成形过程中硬化性能的变化对TRIP钢极限变形能力的影响,建立了适合于TRIP钢板的成形极限预测模型。预测结果与试验结果吻合较好,表明提出的考虑相变诱发塑性效应的成形极限预测模型较准确地预测了相变诱发塑性钢的极限变形能力,有利于指导相变诱发塑性钢板成形工艺。

Overview on the Prediction Models for Sheet Metal Forming Failure:Necking and Ductile Fracture

The formability of the material determines the amount of available deformation before failure and thus is important for the production of various structural components in industries. The workability of materiMs is commonly evaluated by different forms of failure mod- els during sheet metal forming （SMF） processes. In order to provide a whole picture about the prediction models for SMF failure, necking-related formability and ductile fracture-related forma- bility studies in SMF processes are systematically summarized, the applicability and limitation of each model are highlighted, and the link between forming limit diagram and ductile fracture criterion is pointed out, Conclusions about some critical issues on failure in SMF are made.

Forming limit of sheet metals based on mixed hardening model

The calculation method of forming limit of sheet metals based on M-K instability theory is proposed,and the method is applicable to different yield criterions and hardening models.The forming limit dia-grams of AA5754-O,AA6111-T4 aluminum alloy sheet and DP steel sheet under combined loading paths are obtained based on mixed hardening model with YLD2000-2D yield criterion proposed by Barlat in 2003 and L-C nonlinear kinematic hardening model proposed by Lemaitre and Chaboche.The results show that the forming limit diagram made up of limit strain(FLD-strain) is evidently influenced by the loading path.The forming limit diagram made up of limit stress(FLD-stress) is also influenced by loading path and it is not an only curve,which differs from the conventional view.The degree of the influence of loading path on FLD-stress is related with pre-strain.The larger the pre-strain is,the greater the influence of loading path on FLD-stress will be.The change of FLD-stress is small only when pre-strain is small.In addition,the hardening behavior of the material will influence the path-dependence of FLD-stress:The larger the proportion of kinematic hardening in the whole hard-ening is,namely the more obvious Bauschinger effect of the material,the greater the influence of loading path on FLD-stress will be.

考虑回弹的水平上调式三辊卷板机卷圆精度研究

为提高卷圆成形精度,建立了不考虑回弹与考虑回弹时水平位移量与卷圆半径之间的理论模型。采用ABAQUS软件建立了卷圆成形有限元模型,并通过实验验证了理论模型及有限元模型的可靠性。基于可靠的有限元模型,研究了材料、摩擦力和板厚对卷圆成形精度的影响规律。研究结果表明,不考虑回弹时实验和仿真的成形半径与目标半径之间的误差分别为31.3%和20.7%。考虑回弹后的误差分别降低至2.2%和1.2%;在相同水平位移量下,材料的屈服强度越高,成形半径越大;摩擦力对成形半径的影响较小;板料越厚,成形半径越小。针对不同材料与不同厚度的板料卷圆成形,考虑回弹时的理论模型能够获得更精确的水平位移量,从而提升卷圆精度。

基于Kriging近似模型的轿车翼子板冲压工艺优化

近似模型法是目前最有代表性的高效优化方法。因基于多项式的近似模型很难满足板料成形的高度非线性,所以基于Kriging近似模型法,以翼子板的各拉深筋单位长度上所受的拉深筋阻力及压边力为设计变量,以成形后板料的最小厚度为响应量,建立近似模型。通过自适应模拟退火算法寻优,并约束最小厚度的变化范围,提高优化效率。通过优化,成形后板料的最小厚度从0.521mm增加至0.544mm,消除了局部破裂趋势,有效地改善了翼子板的成形质量。研究表明,Kriging近似模型法对板料成形有较高的精度。

A QUASI-FLOW CONSTITUTIVE MODEL WITH STRAIN-RATE DEPENDENCE

In this paper,the proposed is a quasi-flow constitutive model with strain-rate sen- sitivity for elastic plastic large deformation.The model is based on the Quasi-flow Corner theory, and is suitable for the sheet metal forming process simulation with a variable punch machine velocity. Uniaxial tensile tests and deep-drawing tests of a circular blank with square punch are carried out and numerically simulated.The consistency between the experimental and the numerically simulated results shows the validity of the present new constitutive model.

仿真本构模型现状及适应未来智能化成形技术应具有的预测功能

本构模型的结构形式和应用实验数据的方式与能力是影响仿真预测精度最为关键的因素,只有清楚本构模型的现状,发现可能影响到预测精度的潜在问题,才能使本构模型获得有效的改进和完善。目前,随着智能化技术在各行各业的兴起和应用,传统成形产业也必将迎来智能化的挑战,而仿真技术必将是智能化成形技术的一个主要组成部分。现有仿真模型和计算方法是否适应于未来智能化成形技术的应用要求,是非常值得讨论和研究的重要课题。为此,分析了现有本构模型的构建形式和基本预测特性,并基于目前所依托的基本理论概念讨论了现有本构关系(塑性应力-应变关系)存在的不足之处和需要完善的地方。在此基础上,进一步讨论了仿真本构模型对未来智能化成形技术发展所起的作用,以及可能会发生的根本性改变,特别是在仿真模型构建概念上的改变,即如何从采用传统的、固定形式的实验数据特性来描述任意加载状态的变形特性,发展到基于对包含任意加载状态的大数据处理结果再现出具体成形件的变形特性。

Forming Limit Stress Diagram Prediction of Aluminum Alloy 5052 Based on GTN Model Parameters Determined by In Situ Tensile Test

The conventional forming limit diagram （FLD） is described as a plot of major strain versus minor strain. However, FLD is dependent on forming history and strain path. In the present study, a forming limit stress-based diagram （FLSD） has been adopted to predict the fracture limit of aluminum alloy （AA） 5052-O1 sheet. Nakazima test is simulated by plastic constitutive formula derived from the modified Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman （GTN） model. An in situ tensile test with scanning electron microscope （SEM） is proposed to determine the parameters in GTN model. The damage evolution is observed and recorded, and the parameters of GTN model are identified through counting void fraction at three damage stages of AA5052-O 1. According to the experimental results, the original void volume fraction, the volume fraction of potential nucleated voids, the critical void volume fraction, the void volume fraction at the final failure of material are assigned as 0.002 918, 0.024 9, 0.030 103, 0.048 54, respectively. The stress and strain are obtained at the last loading step before crack. FLSD and FLD of AA5052-O 1 are plotted. Compared with the experimental Nakazima test and uniaxial tensile test, the predicted results show a good agreement. The parameters determined by in situ tensile test can be applied to the research of the forming limit for ductile metals.

多目标粒子群优化算法在薄板冲压成形中的应用

有限元分析与优化算法相结合来提高板料的成形质量、缩短设计周期已在板料成形领域得到广泛的研究。传统的优化方法主要是将多目标问题转化为单目标问题进行研究,然而,评价一个板料的成形质量应该是多方面的(如拉裂、起皱和成形不足等)并且各个质量特性之间可能会发生相互冲突。因此直接采用多目标优化算法来提高板料的成形性具有非常重要的现实意义。采用自主开发的STLMesher软件建立模具的参数化模型,在此基础上将试验设计、能代表实际冲压过程精度较高的近似模型和多目标粒子群优化算法相结合,获得了一组最小化起皱和拉裂缺陷的非劣解。在板料成形优化过程中调用的是近似模型,大大减少了调用有限元模型的次数,提高了优化效率。为指导工程设计人员快速有效地从非劣解集中挑选出一组成形效果最好的解,提出最小距离选解法,选出的解实现了对起皱和拉裂缺陷的优化,提高了板料的成形性能。数字算例表明,该方法具有较高的精度和较强的工程实用性。

基于6σ的稳健优化设计在薄板冲压成形中的应用

薄板冲压成形过程中,其设计变量和噪声因素都具有一定的波动,都存在不确定性。传统的优化设计由于忽略不确定因素的影响,当设计变量产生波动时,往往会导致设计最优目标超出约束界限或者目标函数对设计变量的波动极为敏感,从而使设计失效。采用自主开发的STLMesher软件建立了模具的参数化模型,在此基础上将试验设计、能代表实际冲压过程精度较高的近似模型和蒙特卡罗模拟技术相结合,构造了基于产品质量工程的6σ稳健优化设计方法。该方法在设计初始阶段就考虑了各种不确定因素的影响,因此在获得近似最优解的同时能够提高设计变量的可靠性和目标函数的稳健性,大幅提高产品的质量。在优化过程中调用的是近似模型,能大大减少调用有限元模型的次数,提高优化效率。算例表明,该方法具有较高的精度和较强的工程实用性。

基于量纲分析法的金属板材折弯回弹数学模型

回弹是影响金属板材工件成形精度的一个非常重要因素。准确控制回弹是工件精密成形和模具设计的关键所在。针对用于修正回弹的传统试错法的不足,提出一种基于量纲分析和正交试验相结合的方法来建立金属板材折弯回弹半径数学模型。并讨论回弹数学模型的适用范围。该模型定量求解了板料回弹半径与凸模半径、板材厚度、屈服强度、弹性模量之间的非线性关系。将此应用于折弯凸模的设计制造,且用该凸模多道次渐进成形了一半椭圆形工件,它的平均误差是+0.63/-0.65mm。该制造结果表明,基于量纲分析法和正交试验法建立的板料回弹半径数学模型是合理有效的,该建模方法有助于加快模具设计进程,降低生产成本,为金属板料折弯成形及模具设计提供了一条新的途径。

不同强化模型下的板料成形极限

介绍HiIl48屈服准则下基于不同强化模型的屈服方程。推导出能够用来确定随动强化模型和混合强化模型中参数的方程。采用单向拉伸曲线上所取得的数据,对所得方程进行拟合,得到参数值,并使用所得参数值得出三种强化模型下的单向拉伸曲线。结果表明采用上述方法能够准确地确定强化模型中的参数。给出随动强化模型和混合强化模型下成形极限的计算方法。基于三种强化模型,针对分散性失稳准则、Hill集中性失稳准则、凹槽失稳准则和平面应变漂移失稳准则,得到简单加载路径下的成形极限图和成形极限应力图。从这些图中可以看出,强化模型对成形极限图和成形极限应力图影响明显。因此应当确定板料在成形过程中的强化规律,选择合适的强化模型进行成形极限预测。

基于改进灰色神经网络模型的板料成形缺陷预测研究

为了准确预测和减少板料成形过程中可能出现的缺陷,提出了一种改进的灰色神经网络预测模型。该模型利用BP神经网络辅助灰色预测模型进行预测。其中,灰色模型进行粗预测,神经网络模型修正其误差,再通过寻找最佳权值以优化灰色模型中微分所对应的背景值,进而得到精度更高的灰色神经网络模型。以国际著名板料成形数值模拟会议NUMISHEET’93的方盒件拉深为例,运用改进的灰色神经网络模型,预测其拉裂和起皱。结果表明,改进的灰色神经网络模型具有很高的预测精度,相比于未改进的灰色神经网络模型,预测结果更加准确和稳定。

基于代理模型的板料成形优化技术进展

综述了板料成形优化技术现状,针对优化中计算成本高的问题,提出了基于代理模型的优化技术,包括可立格模型、响应面模型、神经网络模型等。从实验设计、代理模型的建立,以及优化求解等方面进行了阐述。针对产品设计中因素的随机性和不确定性,为减小目标函数对设计变量的敏感性,将稳健设计理论应用于板料成形优化中,以提高产品的可靠性和稳健性。

半球形件冲压成形的防内皱压边力研究

本文利用板壳理论中板屈曲的能量原理 ,建立了半模型球形件冲压成形中防内皱压边力模型 ,模型即公式(12 )。得出影响防内皱压边力Q的因素有 :摩擦系数 μ、凹模内径r1、板料厚度t、材料屈服强度σs 及取决于凸模行程的系数 f。文中给出了防内皱压边力的变化曲线 ,实验证实该模型符合实际情况 ,对于生产有一定的理论指导意义。

油底壳成形过程数值模拟的优化建模研究

在金属成形过程中 ,采用有限元方法可以降低模具设计过程中的费用 ,减少试错过程的消耗。该文采本用有限元软件MARC研究了有限元建模中的几个关键参数 ,如材料模型、网格划分方法、单元类型、摩擦系数对成形件壁厚的影响。研究发现 ,模拟结果与实验结果具有较好的一致性 ,模拟与实验间的偏差是由于简化了模具与工件间的接触条件。通过有限元分析得到了一个优化的模型 ,该模型为建模过程提供了一个更加精确的解决方法 。

温成形中铝合金板成形极限图的预测研究

在铝合金板温成形数值仿真中,成形极限图是判断材料颈缩失效和评价温冲压成形能力的基础.提出了一种温成形条件下铝合金板成形极限图的理论预测方法.采用曲线拟合方法建立了Al5083-O铝合金板应变硬化指数、应变率硬化指数随成形温度的变化规律;采用M-K理论模型,结合Logan-Hosford屈服函数计算获得温成形条件下铝合金板的成形极限图.计算结果与实验数据吻合较好,证实了温成形条件下铝板成形极限图的理论预测方法是正确的.