Efficient MAC Protocols for Brain Computer Interface Applications

Brain computer interface(BCI)systems permit individuals with motor disorders to utilize their thoughts as a mean to control external devices.BCI is a promising interdisciplinary field that gained the attention of many researchers.Yet,the development of BCI systems is facing several challenges,such as network lifetime.The Medium Access Control(MAC)Protocol is the bottle-neck of network reliability.There are many MAC protocols that can be utilized for dependable transmission in BCI applications by altering their control parameters.However,modifying these parameters is another source of concern due to the scarcity in knowledge about the effect of modification.Also,there is still no instrument that can receive and actualize these parameters on transmitters embedded inside the cerebrum.In this paper,we propose two novel MAC protocols using passive UHF-RFID,the proposed protocols provide efficient and reliable communication between the transmitters and the receiver.The UHF-RFID transmitters were used because they are energy efficient which makes them compatible with BCI application.The first protocol is designed for the EEG signals.While the second protocol was designed for the ECoG signals.The evaluation results showed the validity of the proposed protocols in terms of network performance.The results also proved that the protocols are suitable and reliable for designing efficient BCI applications.

A Performance Comparison of Two Real Time WLAN MAC Protocols

By modifying the IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network(WLAN) medium access protocol(MAC),a contention based and a polling based protocol are proposed to deal with the case every station possesses two classes of frame in real time applications.Both protocols can ensure the real time frame only need to wait a determinable bounded time.These two protocols are introduced briefly and a performance comparison between them is made.Simulation results show that each protocol has advantage over the others in certain network condition.

A CSMA/CA based MAC protocol for hybrid Power-line/Visible-light communication networks:Design and analysis

Hybrid Power-line/Visible-light Communication(HPVC)network has been one of the most promising Cooperative Communication(CC)technologies for constructing Smart Home due to its superior communication reliability and hardware efficiency.Current research on HPVC networks focuses on the performance analysis and optimization of the Physical(PHY)layer,where the Power Line Communication(PLC)component only serves as the backbone to provide power to light Emitting Diode(LED)devices.So designing a Media Access Control(MAC)protocol remains a great challenge because it allows both PLC and Visible Light Communication(VLC)components to operate data transmission,i.e.,to achieve a true HPVC network CC.To solve this problem,we propose a new HPC network MAC protocol(HPVC MAC)based on Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance(CSMA/CA)by combining IEEE 802.15.7 and IEEE 1901 standards.Firstly,we add an Additional Assistance(AA)layer to provide the channel selection strategies for sensor stations,so that they can complete data transmission on the selected channel via the specified CSMA/CA mechanism,respectively.Based on this,we give a detailed working principle of the HPVC MAC,followed by the construction of a joint analytical model for mathematicalmathematical validation of the HPVC MAC.In the modeling process,the impacts of PHY layer settings(including channel fading types and additive noise feature),CSMA/CA mechanisms of 802.15.7 and 1901,and practical configurations(such as traffic rate,transit buffer size)are comprehensively taken into consideration.Moreover,we prove the proposed analytical model has the solvability.Finally,through extensive simulations,we characterize the HPVC MAC performance under different system parameters and verify the correctness of the corresponding analytical model with an average error rate of 4.62%between the simulation and analytical results.

Priority Based Energy Efficient MAC Protocol by Varying Data Ratefor Wireless Body Area Network

Wireless Body Area Network(WBAN)is a cutting-edge technology that is being used in healthcare applications to monitor critical events in the human body.WBAN is a collection of in-body and on-body sensors that monitor human physical parameters such as temperature,blood pressure,pulse rate,oxygen level,body motion,and so on.They sense the data and communicate it to the Body Area Network(BAN)Coordinator.The main challenge for the WBAN is energy consumption.These issues can be addressed by implementing an effective Medium Access Control(MAC)protocol that reduces energy consumption and increases network lifetime.The purpose of the study is to minimize the energy consumption and minimize the delay using IEEE 802.15.4 standard.In our proposed work,if any critical events have occurred the proposed work is to classify and prioritize the data.We gave priority to the highly critical data to get the Guarantee Tine Slots(GTS)in IEEE 802.15.4 standard superframe to achieve greater energy efficiency.The proposed MAC provides higher data rates for critical data based on the history and current condition and also provides the best reliable service to high critical data and critical data by predicting node similarity.As an outcome,we proposed a MAC protocol for Variable Data Rates(MVDR).When compared to existing MAC protocols,the MVDR performed very well with low energy intake,less interruption,and an enhanced packet-sharing ratio.

Power-Controlled MAC Protocols with Dynamic Neighbor Prediction for Ad hoc Networks

Energy and bandwidth are the scarce resources in ad hoc networks because most of the mobile nodes are battery-supplied and share the exclusive wireless medium. Integrating the power control into MAC protocol is a promising technique to fully exploit these precious resources of ad hoc wireless networks. In this paper, a new intelligent power-controlled Medium Access Control (MAC) (iMAC) protocol with dynamic neighbor prediction is proposed. Through the elaborate design of the distributed transmit-receive strategy of mobile nodes, iMAC greatly outperforms the prevailing IEEE 802.11 MAC protocols in not only energy conservation but also network throughput. Using the Dynamic Neighbor Prediction (DNP), iMAC performs well in mobile scenes. To the best of our knowledge, iMAC is the first protocol that considers the performance deterioration of power-controlled MAC protocols in mobile scenes and then proposes a solution. Simulation results indicate that DNP is important and necessary for power-controlled MAC protocols in mobile ad hoc networks.

An Analysis on Decentralized Adaptive MAC Protocols for Cognitive Radio Networks

The scarcity of bandwidth in the radio spectrum has become more vital since the demand for more and more wireless applications has increased. Most of the spectrum bands have been allocated although many studies have shown that these bands are significantly underutilized most of the time. The problem of unavailability of spectrum and inefficiency in its utilization has been smartly addressed by the cognitive radio （CR） technology which is an opportunistic network that senses the environment, observes the network changes, and then uses knowledge gained from the prior interaction with the network to make intelligent decisions by dynamically adapting their transmission characteristics. In this paper, some of the decentralized adaptive medium access control （MAC） protocols for CR networks have been critically analyzed, and a novel adaptive MAC protocol for CR networks, decentralized non-global MAC （DNG-MAC）, has been proposed. The results show the DNG-MAC outperforms other CR-MAC protocols in terms of time and energy efficiency.

Modeling and Simulation of P-Aloha,CSMA /CA and MACAW Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Channel

Medium access control( MAC) protocol of underwater acoustic communication network is a key technology for underwater acoustic networks( UANs). Most of the MAC protocols for wireless terrestrial communication networks have been designed with negligible propagation delay. If it is deployed directly in an underwater environment,the UANs will perform inefficiently. In this paper,the characteristics of underwater acoustic channel are modeled and simulated by using the OPNET simulation tool,which are the speed of sound, propagation loss, and four sources for ambient noise: the turbulence,shipping,wind driven waves and thermal noise. The performance of pure Aloha( P-Aloha),carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance( CSMA / CA) and multiple access collision avoidance for wireless local area network( MACAW) protocols in underwater acoustic channel environment are evaluated. The different performance of protocols in underwater environment is compared in the simulation.

Data Concurrent Transmission MAC Protocol for Application Oriented Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

With the increasing demand for marine exploration, underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) are prone to have the characteristics of large-scale, long term monitoring, and high data traffic load. Underwater media access control (MAC) protocols, which allow multiple users to share the common medium fairly and efficiently, are essential for the performance of UASNs. However, the design of MAC protocols is confronted with the challenges of spatial unfairness, data eruption, and low energy efficiency. In this paper, we propose a novel data concurrent transmission (DCT) MAC protocol, which is able to exploit long propagation delay and conduct concurrent transmission. Specifically, we present the theoretical performance analysis of the proposed MAC protocol in detail and give an analytical solution of the success concurrent transmission probability between nodes. In addition, simulation results are provided to demonstrate that our proposed protocol is appropriate for UASNs and can significantly improve the performance in terms of network throughput and energy consumption. Finally, we give some typical future applications of UASNs and discuss the demands on MAC protocol design.

Research on Multiple Access Algorithms for Wireless Network

Nodes in the communication network mainly depend on the Media Access Control(MAC)layer protocol design.To ensure the MAC protocol achieves high throughput,low latency,and high service quality,this paper designed a“centralized-distribution”system MAC protocol combined with a slot allocation algorithm.This allows it to quickly adapt to the topology changes in the network and the overall network frame structure.For the centralized time slot allocation,since the system’s frame structure changes across the entire network,the root node must gather information from other nodes.This ensures that the root node can collect the latest topology information when the network topology changes and subsequently adjust the frame structure of the whole network for the distributed time slot allocation.The simulation results show that the adaptive time-division multiple access mechanism can quickly adapt to changes in topology and the network’s frame structure.It enables adaptive changes in node transmission times,ensures the rapid transmission and circulation of large-capacity data between nodes,and improves transmission efficiency.

Energy Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Full-Duplex Networks

The wireless full-duplex(FD) nodes can transmit and receive at the same time using the same frequency-band. Currently, the latest FD media access control(MAC) protocols mainly focus on how to convert the physical layer gains of FD nodes to the throughput gain of wireless FD networks, but pay little attention to the energy consumptions of FD nodes. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient FD MAC protocol. According to the values of self-interference cancellation coefficients corresponding to the nodes of each FD pair and the signal propagation attenuation, the proposed protocol can adaptively select the communication mode of the FD pair between the full-duplex and half-duplex. Also, the minimum transmit power for FD nodes can be obtained to achieve high energy efficiency. We develop an analytical model to characterize the performance of our protocol. The numerical results show that the proposed MAC protocol can optimize the system throughput and reduce the transmission energy consumptions of nodes simultaneously as compared with those of the existing works.

An MAC Layer Aware Pseudonym (MAP) Scheme for the Software Defined Internet of Vehicles

This paper proposes a cross-layer design to enhance the location privacy under a coordinated medium access control(MAC) protocol for the Internet of Vehicles(Io V). The channel and pseudonym resources are both essential for transmission efficiency and privacy preservation in the Io V. Nevertheless, the MAC protocol and pseudonym scheme are usually studied separately, in which a new MAC layer semantic linking attack could be carried out by analyzing the vehicles' transmission patterns even if they change pseudonyms simultaneously. This paper presents a hierarchical architecture named as the software defined Internet of Vehicles(SDIV). Facilitated by the architecture, a MAC layer aware pseudonym(MAP) scheme is proposed to resist the new attack. In the MAP, RSU clouds coordinate vehicles to change their transmission slots and pseudonyms simultaneously in the mix-zones by measuring the privacy level quantitatively. Security analysis and extensive simulations are conducted to show that the scheme provides reliable safety message broadcasting, improves the location privacy and network throughput in the Io V.

A new multi-channel MAC protocol based on CDMA for ad hoc networks

This paper proposes a novel multichannel medium access control （MAC） protocol based on CDMA that improves network performance and reduces collision probability in wireless ad hoc networks. In the scheme, the code channel is divided into common channel, broadcast channel and several data channels. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol can achieve significantly better performance than the IEEE 802.11 standard.

Design and Evaluation of CRDMAC： Circular RTR Directional MAC Protocol for WANETs

Using directional antennas in Wireless Ad hoc Networks (WANETs) offers great potential of reducing the radio interference, and improving the communication throughput. Directional antennas, however, introduces new problems in the wireless Media Access Control (MAC), that is, the deafness and new hidden terminal problem, which may cause severe performance degradation. To solve the problems, we propose an effective Circular RTR Directional MAC (CRDMAC) protocol for WANETs by using a sub-transmission channel and Ready to Receive (RTR) packets, which modifies the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordinated Function (DCF). The sub-channel avoids collisions to other ongoing transmission, and the RTR packets notify the neighbor nodes that the mutual transmission has been finished. We evaluate the CRDMAC protocol through simulations and the results show that the proposed protocol outperforms existing DMAC (directional MAC) protocol and the CRCM (Circular RTS and CTS MAC) protocol in terms of throughput and packet drop rate.

A synchronous duty-cycled reservation based MAC protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks

To design an energy-efficient Medium Access Control(MAC)protocol for the Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks(UWSNs)is an urgent research issue since depleted batteries cannot be recharged or replaced in the underwater environment.Moreover,the underwater acoustic channels are affected by hindrances such as long propagation delay and limited bandwidth,which appear in the design of the MAC protocol for the UWSNs.The available MAC protocols for the terrestrial wireless sensor networks exhibit low performance in energy efficiency,throughput and reliability in the UWSNs,and cannot be used in the UWSNs directly because of their unique characteristics.This paper proposes a synchronous duty-cycled reservation-based MAC protocol named Ordered Contention MAC(OCMAC)protocol.The basic mechanism of this protocol is to schedule data transmission by transmitters through the scheduling of Ready To Send(RTS)frames.The protocol eliminates the possible collision during data transmission and improves communication efficiency.The paper analyzes the performance in energy efficiency,throughput and reliability of the protocol by modeling the queuing behavior of OCMAC with a Markov Chain process.Furthermore,the analytical model is validated through a simulation study.The analysis results demonstrated that while providing good throughput and reliability,OCMAC can achieve energy saving.

Exploration of Energy Conservation MAC Protocol of WSNs for Ubiquitous Environment

According to analyze the facade phenomenon of wire-less sensor networks（WSNs）,this paper proposes a feasible method to state clearly and improve the power control efficiency of wire-less sensor networks（WSNs）. One of the crucial problems for WSNs is the design of medium access control （MAC） protocol. Our method want to adjust the activities of the MAC protocols control to achieve the enery conservation when the wireless communication module of sensor nodes is running, which is the major consumer of energy consumed by sensors energy. The energy efficiency of MAC protocol makes a strong impact on the network performance. To some extent,our research work describes and analyze the sources of energy consumption in MAC layer and simultaneously present an optimal method for the design of MAC protocol. Then we discusses some factors impacting on the performance of MAC protocol and metrics of performance evaluation. Eventually, the coming research direction is summarized.

A DUAL RESERVATION CDMA-BASED MAC PROTOCOL WITH POWER CONTROL FOR AD HOC NETWORKS

This paper proposes a new multi-channel Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol named as Dual Reservation Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) based MAC protocol with Power Control (DRCPC). The code channel is divided into common channel,broadcast channel and several data chan-nels. And dynamic power control mechanism is implemented to reduce near-far interference. Compared with IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) protocol,the results show that the pro-posed mechanism improves the average throughput and limits the transmission delay efficiently.

Collision Observation-Based Optimization of Low-Power and Lossy IoT Network Using Reinforcement Learning

The Internet of Things(IoT)has numerous applications in every domain,e.g.,smart cities to provide intelligent services to sustainable cities.The next-generation of IoT networks is expected to be densely deployed in a resource-constrained and lossy environment.The densely deployed nodes producing radically heterogeneous traffic pattern causes congestion and collision in the network.At the medium access control(MAC)layer,mitigating channel collision is still one of the main challenges of future IoT networks.Similarly,the standardized network layer uses a ranking mechanism based on hop-counts and expected transmission counts(ETX),which often does not adapt to the dynamic and lossy environment and impact performance.The ranking mechanism also requires large control overheads to update rank information.The resource-constrained IoT devices operating in a low-power and lossy network(LLN)environment need an efficient solution to handle these problems.Reinforcement learning(RL)algorithms like Q-learning are recently utilized to solve learning problems in LLNs devices like sensors.Thus,in this paper,an RL-based optimization of dense LLN IoT devices with heavy heterogeneous traffic is devised.The proposed protocol learns the collision information from the MAC layer and makes an intelligent decision at the network layer.The proposed protocol also enhances the operation of the trickle timer algorithm.A Q-learning model is employed to adaptively learn the channel collision probability and network layer ranking states with accumulated reward function.Based on a simulation using Contiki 3.0 Cooja,the proposed intelligent scheme achieves a lower packet loss ratio,improves throughput,produces lower control overheads,and consumes less energy than other state-of-the-art mechanisms.

Impact of DBTMA (Dual Busy-Tone Multiple Access) on AODV (Ad-Hoc on Demand Vector) Routing Protocol

The multi-hop wireless networks that provide the feasible means of communication and information access in real time services are named as Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETS). The Dual Busy-Tone Multiple Access (DBTMA) mechanism concedes the RTS-CTS scheme to establish communication between two nodes and medium access for applications with a high QoS requirement by assigning two narrow band busy-tones to notify the on-going transmission. In this paper, we obtained results relative to the interest of AODV based reactive routing protocol for MANETS and DBTMA mechanism. The performance is governed under real time sound traffic through simulation using NS-2. The performance of the protocol is measured in terms of various QoS metrics that include route discovery time, throughput, delay and hops per route which are calculated, and graphs have been plotted. A simulation result shows that very substantial improvements in terms of AODV performance parameters and minimum delay are attained due to increased routing responsiveness.

Energy efficient mechanism using flexible medium access control protocol for hybrid wireless sensor networks

Energy efficiency is a primary consideration in a wireless sensor network (WSN). This is also a major parameter when designing a medium access control (MAC) protocol for WSNs. Hierarchical clustering structure is regarded suitable for WSNs due to its good performance in energy conservation. In this work, an adequately flexible mechanism for clustering WSNs is designed, in which some creative or promotional metrics are utilized, such as cluster head selection algorithm, cluster optional reconstruction, interested data transmission, multiple path routing protocol. All these strategies were cooperated to maximize energy saving of whole system. An appropriate MAC protocol for this mechanism is proposed, by flexibly switching the status of diverse sensor nodes in different strategies. The simulation results show that the proposed MAC protocol is suitable for clustering WSNs and performs well in aspects of energy efficiency, flexibility and scalability.

Analysis of Traffic Parameter Estimation and Its Impacts on Wireless Channel

Wide band or broadband access was paid much attention with the development of radio transmission technique. The wireless access control procedure play an important role in this type of system and efficiency of control algorithm has a great impact on throughput of channel resource. Based on wide band network control model and the characteristics of radio channel, this paper proposed a channel traffic estimation method and then performed a dynamic parameter control procedure and give detail analysis on estimation error and its impact on channel throughput and delay performance. Computation and simulation of system performance show a positive solntion on system design.