MAPKKK(Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase)作为MAPK级联信号通路的上游成员,负责接收外部信号并将其传输至下游MAPKK和MAPK,在MAPK级联信号接收、放大和传递过程中发挥重要作用。近年来有不少研究证实,MAPK级联信号通路...MAPKKK(Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase)作为MAPK级联信号通路的上游成员,负责接收外部信号并将其传输至下游MAPKK和MAPK,在MAPK级联信号接收、放大和传递过程中发挥重要作用。近年来有不少研究证实,MAPK级联信号通路在植物的生长发育过程及适应逆境胁迫方面都发挥着重要作用。综述了MAPKKK参与调控植物生长发育以及抵抗逆境胁迫功能的研究进展。展开更多
【目的】丝裂原活化蛋白质激酶激酶激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase,MAPKKK)家族在植物的胁迫反应和发育过程中起重要调控作用。本研究旨在筛选雷蒙德氏棉MAPKKK基因并分析其功能。【方法】以已鉴定的拟南芥MAPKK...【目的】丝裂原活化蛋白质激酶激酶激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase,MAPKKK)家族在植物的胁迫反应和发育过程中起重要调控作用。本研究旨在筛选雷蒙德氏棉MAPKKK基因并分析其功能。【方法】以已鉴定的拟南芥MAPKKK蛋白序列为种子序列,在已发表的雷蒙德氏棉全基因组数据库中,通过本地BLAST以及Pfam和SMART鉴定雷蒙德氏棉MAPKKK基因家族成员;采用MEGA5、GSDS在线工具以及Mapchart进行进化树、基因结构及染色体定位分析;利用已有的陆地棉芯片数据进行响应逆境胁迫和纤维不同发育时期的表达谱分析。【结果】系统鉴定了114个雷蒙德氏棉MAPKKK家族基因,根据基因结构及进化树分析分为Raf、ZIK和MEKK三个亚家族。染色体定位表明,该基因家族广泛分布于13条染色体上,并存在基因复制。与最近公布的78个雷蒙德氏棉MAPKKK家族基因相比对,获得序列完全相同的基因47个。【结论】上述研究结果有助于了解雷蒙德氏棉MAPKKK基因家族的进化与功能,为后续研究棉花乃至棉属MAPKKK基因的功能奠定基础。展开更多
丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)在植物应对生物和非生物胁迫过程中发挥着重要作用。在前期研究中我们挖掘到ZmMAPKKK21这一潜在的重要抗旱基因,本研究从玉米抗旱自交系J24中克隆获得ZmMAPKKK21基因,并对其...丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)在植物应对生物和非生物胁迫过程中发挥着重要作用。在前期研究中我们挖掘到ZmMAPKKK21这一潜在的重要抗旱基因,本研究从玉米抗旱自交系J24中克隆获得ZmMAPKKK21基因,并对其进行生物信息学分析。结果表明,玉米ZmMAPKKK21基因开放阅读框长1419 bp,编码472个氨基酸,是不具有信号肽的亲水性蛋白,且其启动子序列含有多个与逆境胁迫和激素有关的顺式作用元件;玉米中的MAPKKK21蛋白预测定位在细胞核上,蛋白互作预测结果显示,ZmMAPKKK21蛋白与参与植物逆境胁迫相关的MAPKK3蛋白和ZIM家族蛋白发生互作,其结构与高粱(Sorghum bicolor L.)和谷子(Setaria italica L.)等高抗旱禾本科作物相比,不但在STKc_MAPKKK结构域上高度保守,且具有更加相似的二级结构和三级结构;qRT-PCR分析发现,ZmMAPKKK21基因在玉米根系中表达水平较高,干旱胁迫后该基因在根和叶中表达上调,进一步验证了ZmMAPKKK21基因的表达与干旱胁迫响应的相关性。展开更多
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase(MAPKKK)are the first components of MAPK cascades,which play pivotal roles in signaling during plant development and physiological processes.The genome of rice encodes 75 ...Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase(MAPKKK)are the first components of MAPK cascades,which play pivotal roles in signaling during plant development and physiological processes.The genome of rice encodes 75 MAPKKKs,of which 43 are Raf-like MAPKKKs.The functions and action modes of most of the Raf-like MAPKKKs,whether they function as bona fide MAPKKKs and which are their downstream MAPKKs,are largely unknown.Here,we identified the osmapkkk43 mutant,which conferred broad-spectrum resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo),the destructive bacterial pathogen of rice.Oryza sativa(Os)MAPKKK43 encoding a Raf-like MAPKKK was previously known as Increased Leaf Angle 1(OsILA1).Genetic analysis indicated that OsILA1 functioned as a negative regulator and acted upstream of the OsMAPKK4-OsMAPK6 cascade in rice-Xoo interactions.Unlike classical MAPKKKs,OsILA1 mainly phosphorylated the threonine 34 site at the N-terminal domain of OsMAPKK4,which possibly influenced the stability of OsMAPKK4.The N-terminal domain of OsILA1 is required for its homodimer formation and its full phosphorylation capacity.Taken together,our findings reveal that OsILA1 acts as a negative regulator of the OsMAPKK4-OsMAPK6 cascade and is involved in rice-Xoo interactions.展开更多
Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase 18(MAPKKK18)mediated signaling cascade plays important roles in Arabidopsis drought stress tolerance.However,the post-translational modulation patterns of MAPKKK18 are no...Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase 18(MAPKKK18)mediated signaling cascade plays important roles in Arabidopsis drought stress tolerance.However,the post-translational modulation patterns of MAPKKK18 are not characterized.In this study,we found that the protein level of MAPKKK18 was tightly controlled by the 26 S proteasome.Ubiquitin ligases RGLG1 and RGLG2 ubiquitinated MAPKKK18 at lysine residue K32 and K154,and promoted its degradation.Deletion of RGLG1 and RGLG2 stabilized MAPKKK18 and further enhanced the drought stress tolerance of MAPKKK18-overexpression plants.Our data demonstrate that RGLG1 and RGLG2 negatively regulate MAPKKK18-mediated drought stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.展开更多
Arabidopsis MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE3(MAPK3 or MPK3)and MPK6 play important signaling roles in plant immunity and growth/development.MAPK KINASE4(MKK4)and MKK5 function redundantly upstream of MPK3 and MPK6 in...Arabidopsis MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE3(MAPK3 or MPK3)and MPK6 play important signaling roles in plant immunity and growth/development.MAPK KINASE4(MKK4)and MKK5 function redundantly upstream of MPK3 and MPK6 in these processes.YODA(YDA),also known as MAPK KINASE KINASE4(MAPKKK4),is upstream of MKK4/MKK5 and forms a complete MAPK cascade(YDA–MKK4/MKK5–MPK3/MPK6)in regulating plant growth and development.In plant immunity,MAPKKK3 and MAPKKK5 function redundantly upstream of the same MKK4/MKK5–MPK3/MPK6 module.However,the residual activation of MPK3/MPK6 in the mapkkk3 mapkkk5 double mutant in response to flg22 pathogen-associated molecular pattern(PAMP)treatment suggests the presence of additional MAPKKK(s)in this MAPK cascade in signaling plant immunity.To investigate whether YDA is also involved in plant immunity,we attempted to generate mapkkk3 mapkkk5 yda triple mutants.However,it was not possible to recover one of the double mutant combinations(mapkkk5 yda)or the triple mutant(mapkkk3 mapkkk5 yda)due to a failure of embryogenesis.Using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)–CRISPRassociated protein 9(Cas9)approach,we generated weak,N-terminal deletion alleles of YDA,yda-del,in a mapkkk3 mapkkk5 background.PAMP-triggered MPK3/MPK6 activation was further reduced in the mapkkk3 mapkkk5 yda-del mutant,and the triple mutant was more susceptible to pathogen infection,suggesting YDA also plays an important role in plant immune signaling.In addition,MAPKKK5 and,to a lesser extent,MAPKKK3 were found to contribute to gamete function and embryogenesis,together with YDA.While the double homozygous mapkkk3 yda mutant showed the same growth and development defects as the yda single mutant,mapkkk5 yda double mutant and mapkkk3 mapkkk5 yda triple mutants were embryo lethal,similar to the mpk3 mpk6 double mutants.These results demonstrate that YDA,MAPKKK3,and MAPKKK5 have overlapping functions upstream of the MKK4/MKK5–MPK3/MPK6 module in both plant immunity and growth/development.展开更多
丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen—activated protein kinase，MAPK）是生物体内重要的信号转导系统之一，参与介导细胞生长、分裂、分化、死亡以及细胞间的功能同步等多种生理过程。在细胞内以MAPKKK／MAPKK／MAPK为主干，再加上各种上游...丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen—activated protein kinase，MAPK）是生物体内重要的信号转导系统之一，参与介导细胞生长、分裂、分化、死亡以及细胞间的功能同步等多种生理过程。在细胞内以MAPKKK／MAPKK／MAPK为主干，再加上各种上游影响因子和下游作用底物，构成了一个功能多样、反应灵敏的信号转导网络。这些细胞信号酶把细胞外信号从细胞表面传递到细胞核，导致基因表达发生变化。展开更多
Salt stress is a maior environmental factor limiting plant growth and productivity. A better understanding of the mechanisms mediating salt resistance will help researchers design ways to improve crop performance unde...Salt stress is a maior environmental factor limiting plant growth and productivity. A better understanding of the mechanisms mediating salt resistance will help researchers design ways to improve crop performance under adverse environmental conditions. Salt stress can lead to ionic stress, osmotic stress and secondary stresses, particularly oxidative stress, in plants. Therefore, to adapt to salt stress, plants rely on signals and pathways that re-establish cellular ionic, osmotic, and reactive oxygen species （ROS） homeostasis. Over the past two decades, genetic and biochemical analyses have revealed several core stress signaling pathways that participate in salt resistance. The Salt Overly Sensitive signaling pathway plays a key role in maintaining ionic homeostasis, via extruding sodium ions into the apoplast. Mitogenactivated protein kinase cascades mediate ionic, osmotic, and ROS homeostasis. SnRK2 （sucrose nonfermenting l-related protein kinase 2） proteins are involved in maintaining osmotic homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent progress in identifying the components and pathways involved in the plant＇s response to salt stress and their regulatory mechanisms. We also review progress in identifying sensors involved in salt-induced stress signaling in plants.展开更多
Conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns （PAMPs）, such as chitin, are perceived by pattem recognition receptors （PRRs） located at the host cell surface and trigger rapid activation of mitogen- activated pr...Conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns （PAMPs）, such as chitin, are perceived by pattem recognition receptors （PRRs） located at the host cell surface and trigger rapid activation of mitogen- activated protein kinase （MAPK） cascades, which are required for plant resistance to pathogens. However, the direct links from PAMP perception to MAPK activation in plants remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that the PRR-associated receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase Oryza sativa RLCK185 transmits immune signaling from the PAMP receptor OsCERK1 to an MAPK signaling cascade through interaction with an MAPK kinase kinase, OsMAPKKKε, which is the initial kinase of the MAPK cascade. OsRLCK185 interacts with and phosphorylates the C-terminal regulatory domain of OsMAPKKKε. Coexpression of phosphomi- metic OsR LCK185 and OsMAPKKKε activates MAPK3/6 phosphorylation in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Moreover, OsMAPKKKε interacts with and phosphorylates OsMKK4, a key MAPK kinase that transduces the chitin signal. Overexpression of OsMAPKKKε increases chitin-induced MAPK3/6 activation, whereas OsMAPKKKε knockdown compromises chitin-induced MAPK3/6 activation and resistance to rice blast fungus. Taken together, our results suggest the existence of a phospho-signaling pathway from cell surface chitin perception to intraceilular activation of an MAPK cascade in rice.展开更多
文摘MAPKKK(Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase)作为MAPK级联信号通路的上游成员,负责接收外部信号并将其传输至下游MAPKK和MAPK,在MAPK级联信号接收、放大和传递过程中发挥重要作用。近年来有不少研究证实,MAPK级联信号通路在植物的生长发育过程及适应逆境胁迫方面都发挥着重要作用。综述了MAPKKK参与调控植物生长发育以及抵抗逆境胁迫功能的研究进展。
文摘【目的】丝裂原活化蛋白质激酶激酶激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase,MAPKKK)家族在植物的胁迫反应和发育过程中起重要调控作用。本研究旨在筛选雷蒙德氏棉MAPKKK基因并分析其功能。【方法】以已鉴定的拟南芥MAPKKK蛋白序列为种子序列,在已发表的雷蒙德氏棉全基因组数据库中,通过本地BLAST以及Pfam和SMART鉴定雷蒙德氏棉MAPKKK基因家族成员;采用MEGA5、GSDS在线工具以及Mapchart进行进化树、基因结构及染色体定位分析;利用已有的陆地棉芯片数据进行响应逆境胁迫和纤维不同发育时期的表达谱分析。【结果】系统鉴定了114个雷蒙德氏棉MAPKKK家族基因,根据基因结构及进化树分析分为Raf、ZIK和MEKK三个亚家族。染色体定位表明,该基因家族广泛分布于13条染色体上,并存在基因复制。与最近公布的78个雷蒙德氏棉MAPKKK家族基因相比对,获得序列完全相同的基因47个。【结论】上述研究结果有助于了解雷蒙德氏棉MAPKKK基因家族的进化与功能,为后续研究棉花乃至棉属MAPKKK基因的功能奠定基础。
文摘丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)在植物应对生物和非生物胁迫过程中发挥着重要作用。在前期研究中我们挖掘到ZmMAPKKK21这一潜在的重要抗旱基因,本研究从玉米抗旱自交系J24中克隆获得ZmMAPKKK21基因,并对其进行生物信息学分析。结果表明,玉米ZmMAPKKK21基因开放阅读框长1419 bp,编码472个氨基酸,是不具有信号肽的亲水性蛋白,且其启动子序列含有多个与逆境胁迫和激素有关的顺式作用元件;玉米中的MAPKKK21蛋白预测定位在细胞核上,蛋白互作预测结果显示,ZmMAPKKK21蛋白与参与植物逆境胁迫相关的MAPKK3蛋白和ZIM家族蛋白发生互作,其结构与高粱(Sorghum bicolor L.)和谷子(Setaria italica L.)等高抗旱禾本科作物相比,不但在STKc_MAPKKK结构域上高度保守,且具有更加相似的二级结构和三级结构;qRT-PCR分析发现,ZmMAPKKK21基因在玉米根系中表达水平较高,干旱胁迫后该基因在根和叶中表达上调,进一步验证了ZmMAPKKK21基因的表达与干旱胁迫响应的相关性。
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100600,2016YFD 0100903)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31821005,31772145,31822042,31871946)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662019FW006).
文摘Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase(MAPKKK)are the first components of MAPK cascades,which play pivotal roles in signaling during plant development and physiological processes.The genome of rice encodes 75 MAPKKKs,of which 43 are Raf-like MAPKKKs.The functions and action modes of most of the Raf-like MAPKKKs,whether they function as bona fide MAPKKKs and which are their downstream MAPKKs,are largely unknown.Here,we identified the osmapkkk43 mutant,which conferred broad-spectrum resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo),the destructive bacterial pathogen of rice.Oryza sativa(Os)MAPKKK43 encoding a Raf-like MAPKKK was previously known as Increased Leaf Angle 1(OsILA1).Genetic analysis indicated that OsILA1 functioned as a negative regulator and acted upstream of the OsMAPKK4-OsMAPK6 cascade in rice-Xoo interactions.Unlike classical MAPKKKs,OsILA1 mainly phosphorylated the threonine 34 site at the N-terminal domain of OsMAPKK4,which possibly influenced the stability of OsMAPKK4.The N-terminal domain of OsILA1 is required for its homodimer formation and its full phosphorylation capacity.Taken together,our findings reveal that OsILA1 acts as a negative regulator of the OsMAPKK4-OsMAPK6 cascade and is involved in rice-Xoo interactions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771878 and 31901752)the Major Program of Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation(ZR2018ZB0212)。
文摘Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase 18(MAPKKK18)mediated signaling cascade plays important roles in Arabidopsis drought stress tolerance.However,the post-translational modulation patterns of MAPKKK18 are not characterized.In this study,we found that the protein level of MAPKKK18 was tightly controlled by the 26 S proteasome.Ubiquitin ligases RGLG1 and RGLG2 ubiquitinated MAPKKK18 at lysine residue K32 and K154,and promoted its degradation.Deletion of RGLG1 and RGLG2 stabilized MAPKKK18 and further enhanced the drought stress tolerance of MAPKKK18-overexpression plants.Our data demonstrate that RGLG1 and RGLG2 negatively regulate MAPKKK18-mediated drought stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.
基金supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to S.Z.(Award 1856093)。
文摘Arabidopsis MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE3(MAPK3 or MPK3)and MPK6 play important signaling roles in plant immunity and growth/development.MAPK KINASE4(MKK4)and MKK5 function redundantly upstream of MPK3 and MPK6 in these processes.YODA(YDA),also known as MAPK KINASE KINASE4(MAPKKK4),is upstream of MKK4/MKK5 and forms a complete MAPK cascade(YDA–MKK4/MKK5–MPK3/MPK6)in regulating plant growth and development.In plant immunity,MAPKKK3 and MAPKKK5 function redundantly upstream of the same MKK4/MKK5–MPK3/MPK6 module.However,the residual activation of MPK3/MPK6 in the mapkkk3 mapkkk5 double mutant in response to flg22 pathogen-associated molecular pattern(PAMP)treatment suggests the presence of additional MAPKKK(s)in this MAPK cascade in signaling plant immunity.To investigate whether YDA is also involved in plant immunity,we attempted to generate mapkkk3 mapkkk5 yda triple mutants.However,it was not possible to recover one of the double mutant combinations(mapkkk5 yda)or the triple mutant(mapkkk3 mapkkk5 yda)due to a failure of embryogenesis.Using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)–CRISPRassociated protein 9(Cas9)approach,we generated weak,N-terminal deletion alleles of YDA,yda-del,in a mapkkk3 mapkkk5 background.PAMP-triggered MPK3/MPK6 activation was further reduced in the mapkkk3 mapkkk5 yda-del mutant,and the triple mutant was more susceptible to pathogen infection,suggesting YDA also plays an important role in plant immune signaling.In addition,MAPKKK5 and,to a lesser extent,MAPKKK3 were found to contribute to gamete function and embryogenesis,together with YDA.While the double homozygous mapkkk3 yda mutant showed the same growth and development defects as the yda single mutant,mapkkk5 yda double mutant and mapkkk3 mapkkk5 yda triple mutants were embryo lethal,similar to the mpk3 mpk6 double mutants.These results demonstrate that YDA,MAPKKK3,and MAPKKK5 have overlapping functions upstream of the MKK4/MKK5–MPK3/MPK6 module in both plant immunity and growth/development.
文摘丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen—activated protein kinase，MAPK）是生物体内重要的信号转导系统之一，参与介导细胞生长、分裂、分化、死亡以及细胞间的功能同步等多种生理过程。在细胞内以MAPKKK／MAPKK／MAPK为主干，再加上各种上游影响因子和下游作用底物，构成了一个功能多样、反应灵敏的信号转导网络。这些细胞信号酶把细胞外信号从细胞表面传递到细胞核，导致基因表达发生变化。
基金supported by the National Genetically Modified Organisms Breeding Major Projects(2016ZX08009002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31430012,31670260,U1706201)National Basic Research Program of China(2015CB910202)
文摘Salt stress is a maior environmental factor limiting plant growth and productivity. A better understanding of the mechanisms mediating salt resistance will help researchers design ways to improve crop performance under adverse environmental conditions. Salt stress can lead to ionic stress, osmotic stress and secondary stresses, particularly oxidative stress, in plants. Therefore, to adapt to salt stress, plants rely on signals and pathways that re-establish cellular ionic, osmotic, and reactive oxygen species （ROS） homeostasis. Over the past two decades, genetic and biochemical analyses have revealed several core stress signaling pathways that participate in salt resistance. The Salt Overly Sensitive signaling pathway plays a key role in maintaining ionic homeostasis, via extruding sodium ions into the apoplast. Mitogenactivated protein kinase cascades mediate ionic, osmotic, and ROS homeostasis. SnRK2 （sucrose nonfermenting l-related protein kinase 2） proteins are involved in maintaining osmotic homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent progress in identifying the components and pathways involved in the plant＇s response to salt stress and their regulatory mechanisms. We also review progress in identifying sensors involved in salt-induced stress signaling in plants.
文摘Conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns （PAMPs）, such as chitin, are perceived by pattem recognition receptors （PRRs） located at the host cell surface and trigger rapid activation of mitogen- activated protein kinase （MAPK） cascades, which are required for plant resistance to pathogens. However, the direct links from PAMP perception to MAPK activation in plants remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that the PRR-associated receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase Oryza sativa RLCK185 transmits immune signaling from the PAMP receptor OsCERK1 to an MAPK signaling cascade through interaction with an MAPK kinase kinase, OsMAPKKKε, which is the initial kinase of the MAPK cascade. OsRLCK185 interacts with and phosphorylates the C-terminal regulatory domain of OsMAPKKKε. Coexpression of phosphomi- metic OsR LCK185 and OsMAPKKKε activates MAPK3/6 phosphorylation in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Moreover, OsMAPKKKε interacts with and phosphorylates OsMKK4, a key MAPK kinase that transduces the chitin signal. Overexpression of OsMAPKKKε increases chitin-induced MAPK3/6 activation, whereas OsMAPKKKε knockdown compromises chitin-induced MAPK3/6 activation and resistance to rice blast fungus. Taken together, our results suggest the existence of a phospho-signaling pathway from cell surface chitin perception to intraceilular activation of an MAPK cascade in rice.
