Scenario-Based, Single Best, Multiple-Choice Questions (SB-SB-MCQs) in Basic Medical Sciences: An Exploratory Study about the Staff Awareness, Knowledge and Difficulties Encountered

Background: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) are well known and widely used assessment tool. They can be used to measure the different levels of educational outcomes: knowledge, understanding, judgment and problem solving. Traditional MCQs (stand-alone MCQs) often are used as a tool for facts recall. Advantages of using Scenario-based questions (SBQs) include more focus on learning objectives and ability to assess higher levels of learning. Shifting to scenario-based questions can increase the level of difficulty and measure higher levels of cognition. Purpose: This study explores the current knowledge and overall awareness of the undergraduate teaching staff about the use and difficulties of scenario-based single-best answer, multiple-choice questions (SB-SBA-MCQs) in assessments of the basic medical sciences. Method: We used an e-Likert scale questionnaire to explore this issue. The questionnaire covered the current knowledge, experience of staff in writing (SB-SBA-MCQs), courses or postgraduate degrees they attended and difficulties they face or anticipate in writing (SB-SBA-MCQs). Results: The majority (86%) are familiar with courses or workshops related to MCQs writing and assessment in general, a small minority have not attended any. The majority (86%) had some experience in writing MCQs. Only, a small percentage have not tried writing this type of MCQs. Nearly 60% think it takes time to construct, the majority (96%) of those researched are in support of shifting to scenario-based MCQs in basic medical sciences. Conclusion: The study has shown most of the teachers of basic medical sciences are aware of and with good knowledge in (SB-SBA-MCQs). It also highlighted the importance and need for regular training courses and workshops on the same.

年龄和性别及体质指数对肾小球滤过率评估方程的影响

目的探讨年龄、性别、体质指数对肾小球滤过率(GFR)评估方程的影响。方法以不同年龄、性别、体质指数分组,比较不同肾小球滤过率评估方程在2型糖尿病患者中的准确性和精确性。结果Cockcroft-Gault方程(CG方程)在老年人(年龄>60岁)中准确性更高(P<0.01),而MDRD方程和MCQ方程正好相反(P<0.05);老年人中CG方程的准确性和精确性均高于MDRD方程和MCQ方程。CG方程在男性中准确性高于女性(P<0.01),MCQ方程正好相反(P<0.01),而MDRD方程在不同性别间准确性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。男性中CG方程的准确性高于MDRD方程和MCQ方程。在体质量正常组和超重组中,CG方程的准确性高于MDRD方程和MCQ方程(P<0.01);肥胖组中MDRD方程的准确性高于CG方程(P<0.05)。结论3个方程估算GFR均存在不足之处,但由于目前尚缺乏专门针对糖尿病人群的评估方程,在临床实际工作中采用CG方程来评估2型糖尿病患者(尤其是老年非肥胖男性患者)的GFR不失为一个简便实用的方法。

A Reliability and Validity Analysis on Vocabulary and Structure of NEPCMSS Test in 2010

Reliability and validity are two criteria to evaluate whether a test paper is successful. This paper analyzes the vocabulary and structure MCQ (Multiple Choice Question) of National English Proficiency Competition for Middle School Students (NEPCMSS) test in 2010, evaluating the reliability and content validity by using SPSS software. It is concluded that the 20 multiple choice questions are not difficult in terms of difficulty;the reliability is good but the content validity is not so satisfied.

A Simple Statistical Estimation of One’s Performance in an MCQ Examination, Based Upon Mock Test Results, Using Binomial Distribution of Probability

A simple statistical model is proposed regarding the estimation of one’s overall performance in an MCQ examination along with the calculation of probability of obtaining a certain percentage of marks in the same. Using the data obtained from the results of a sufficiently large number of mock examinations, conducted prior to the main examination, certain parameters quantifying one’s knowledge or preparation for the examination has been calculated. Based on those parameters, the probability of obtaining a certain percentage of marks has been computed using the theory of binomial probability distribution. The dependence of this probability function on various parameters has been depicted graphically. A parameter, called the performance index, has been defined in terms of the expectation value and standard deviation of marks computed from probability distribution. Using this parameter, a new parameter called the relative performance index has been defined. This index estimates one’s performance with respect to the best possible performance. The variation of relative performance index with respect to the preparation index has been shown graphically for different parameter values quantifying various aspects regarding the examination and the examinee.

Multiple - Choice Questions And its Design In English Testing

Multiple- choice tests give students the opportunity to select responses to test questions from among a number of specific choice. This format is efficient and practical. Carefully designed multiple- choice questions can provide valid information about student's knowledge and their ability to reason logically and apply complex thinking processes to solve problems. In this paper, the author explore the advantages and disadvantages of MCQ tests and suggest some useful tips for writing MCQs , the aim is to give some suggestions for improvement and use them more efficiently in our teaching and testing.

A Comparative Study on Multiple Choice Cloze Questions and Banked Cloze Questions in TEM-4

In 2016, there is a reform of the TEM-4 cloze test, which changes from multiple choice cloze test toward banked cloze test. The study takes multiple choice cloze test in 2015 before reform and bank cloze test after reform in 2016 as research subjects, and research data are from true test results of 48 test-takers. The performance analysis was done by using FACETS(Version 2.7) and SPSS 19.0. This research aims at exploring the relationships between two different cloze forms and the differentiated performance of test-takers, and also testing reliability and validity of two cloze forms. Results show that multiple choice cloze test and banked cloze test have great difference on reflecting test-takers' English ability. Banked cloze test can better reflect test-takers' English ability if more items are added.

话语补全测试的有效性研究述评

本文概述了国外近30年来对研究人员经常使用的语料收集方法“话语补全测试”的研究。通过该研究，作者旨在指出话语补全测试在收集语料时虽然有其不足之处，但是它在快速、大量地收集语料以及在很大程度上反映日常话语特征方面的优势还是显而易见的。研究人员在充分了解了该方法的利弊后，就能够扬长避短，收集到更加可靠和可信的语料。

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF MCQ & SAQ IN ASSESSING READING

If tests are to provide an accurate measure of learners’ language abilities, examiners must minimize the influence of intervening factors such as response format. This article is to investigate the effects of two test formats on Chinese EFL learners' performance in reading tests. The findings confirm that test-takers' performance on reading is significantly affected by test formats and language level. All groups perform better on MCQ (Multiple Choice Questions) than SAQ (Short Answer Questions). Both test format and language proficiency level have main effect but they do not have interactive effect. By paying more attention to these factors examiners will enhance the validity of their tests.

血糖水平对2型糖尿病患者肾小球滤过率及其评估方程的影响

目的探讨不同血糖水平对2型糖尿病患者肾小球滤过率(GFR)及其评估方程的影响方法选择经同位素^(99m)TC-DTPA测定GFR的2型糖尿病患者495例,HbA_1c与^(99m)Tc-DTPA测定GFR及CG方程、MDRD方程和MCQ方程GFR估计值之间进行相关性分析;以HbA1c=8%为临界值,比较两组间各评估方程的精确性和准确性。结果经同位素测定的GFR为(70.11±20.54)ml·min^(-1)·(1.73 m^2)^(-1),HbA_1 c与同位素测定GFR及CG方程、MDRD方程和MCQ方程GFR估计值呈正相关(r值分别为0.196、0.201、0.289和0.181,P<0.01)。无论血糖水平如何,CG方程的准确性都明显高于其他两个方程。结论近期高血糖增加同位素测定GFR和方程估算GFR的水平。虽然这些评估方程存在一些不足之处,但由于目前尚缺乏专门针对糖尿病人群的评估方程,在临床实际工作中采用CG方程来评估2型糖尿病患者的GFR不失为一个简便实用的方法。

三种肾小球滤过率评估方程评估糖尿病肾病与肾功能的比较

目的评价在我国2型糖尿病患者中Cockcroft-Gauh方程、MDRD方程及MCQ方程的适用性。方法选择2006年1月-2007年11月经^99mTc-DTPA测定肾小球滤过率（GFR）的2型糖尿病患者共502例，分别采用以上三个方程估算GFR并与同位素结果进行比较。结果入选的2型糖尿病患者中男性248名，年龄（59．4±11．7）岁．体质指数（24．7±3．8）kg／m2，血肌酐68μmol／L，范围为56～82μmol／L，经^99mTc-DTPA测定的GFR为（70．3±21．5）ml／（min’m^2）。C0ckcroft-Gauh方程的估算值为（91．2±30．0）ml（min·m^2），MDRD方程的估算值为（96．9±28．2）ml／（min·m2。），MCQ方程的估算值为（99．2±21．5）ml／（min·m^2），方程的决定系数Rz值分别为0．569、O．520、0．466，各方程估算的GFR的准确性和精确性都不太高，但相比较而言，Cockcroft-Gauh方程优于其他两个方程。结论三个方程估算GFR均存在不足之处，但由于目前尚缺乏专门针对糖尿病人群的评估方程，在临床实际工作中采用Cockcroft-Gault方程来评估2型糖尿病患者的GFR不失为一个简便实用的方法。