五龙鹅MHC ClassⅠ基因克隆及同源建模研究

主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）与动物机体对外源性抗原的免疫应答之间存在关联。从GenBank/DDBJ/EMBL基因库中读取鸡、其他鸟类、爬行类和哺乳类的MHC ClassⅠ基因进行序列分析设计引物，使用LA—PCR法从五龙鹅的基因组中克隆了MHC ClassⅠ基因序列（DNA序列和mRNA序列GenBank登录号分别为：AM114925和AM114924），并分析其基因组结构。运用生物信息学技术对测序结果进行分析显示：基因组DNA由8个外显子和7个内含子组成，与鸡基因序列同源率为60．8％～64．1％，与人的同源率为42．9％。分子进化树进一步揭示了五龙鹅与鸡、其他鸟类、爬行类、哺乳类以及人类的进化关系，同源建模分析发现该基因由氨基末端结构域和羧基末端结构域构成。

草鱼MHC class Ⅰ基因多态性及其与鱼体抗柱形病能力关系分析

用1对引物HMC6-S和MHC6-A分别从草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)40尾抗病个体和40尾易染个体的基因组DNA中扩增MHC基因片段,扩增产物长度为262bp。在262bp的核苷酸序列中,有50个(19%)多态位点。在其编码的87个氨基酸位点中,有16个多态位点(18.39%),其中有10个位点发生在多肽结合位点上(62.5%)。对核苷酸替代的类型和位点进行分析,发现多肽结合位点的非同义碱基替代率与同义碱基替代率均大于非多肽结合位点的非同义碱基替代率与同义碱基替代率,表明氨基酸替代替换集中出现在多肽结合位点(PBR)上。分析80个个体的测序结果,发现有17种不同的MHC classⅠ等位基因,编码17种不同的氨基酸序列。等位基因A、B、C、D是2个群体共有的,其中等位基因A出现的频率最高,占总样本数量的36.25%;等位基因E、F、G、H、I、P只出现在抗病个体中,等位基因J、K、L、M、N、O、Q只出现在易染个体中。

草鱼MHC class Ⅰ等位基因克隆及其多态性分析

为了阐明草鱼MHC class I等位基因的结构与多态性,进一步研究其与疾病的关系,从草鱼cDNA文库中克隆了MHC class I基因(Ctid-MHC I);并通过对12个个体Ctid-MHC I的克隆,分析了其等位基因的多态性与三级结构.结果显示Ctid-MHC I等位基因在α1与α2区域变异幅度大,可分为6类(Ctid-MHC I-UA-UF),9型(A-I);但是其三级结构和抗原多肽结合的关键性氨基酸十分保守.结果阐明了草鱼MHC class I分子在8个区域(A-H)置换率高,存在插入或缺失以及长度变异,使等位基因呈现高度多态性.动物MHC class I分子系统树也提示了我国大陆架上鱼类、两栖类、鸟类、哺乳动物和人的遗传距离与分枝年代.

牙鲆MHC class ⅡB基因多态性及其与鱼体抗病力关系的分析

用fmhcN1和fmhcC1引物分别从42尾感病个体和42尾抗病个体的基因组DNA中扩增MHC基因片段,扩增产物长度为268/280 bp。在268/280 bp的核苷酸序列中,有32个(11.4%)核苷酸位点是多态的。在其编码的61个氨基酸位点中,有13个位点是多态的,其中有6个位点发生在多肽结合位点上。对核苷酸替代的类型及位点进行分析,发现非多肽结合位点的非同义碱基替代率与同义碱基替代率的比值(dN/dS)(0.523)远远小于多肽结合位点的非同义碱基替代率与同义碱基替代率的比值(dN/dS)(23.091),表明氨基酸替换集中出现在exon2多肽结合位点上。分析84个个体的411个阳性克隆的测序结果,发现有13个不同的MHC classⅡB等位基因,并且分别编码13个不同的氨基酸序列。其中大部分等位基因如a,b,c,d,e,f,j,k,i,m是两个群体共有的,等位基因d在感病群体中出现的频率(23.80%)显著高于在抗病群体中出现的频率(7.14%)。而等位基因g和h只出现在13个抗病个体中,其频率分别为21.4%和9.52%;等位基因l只出现在感病群体中,其频率为19.05%。

建鲤MHC classⅠ基因全长cDNA的克隆与序列分析

采用同源克隆和末端快速扩增(RACE)方法克隆了建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.jian)MHC classⅠ基因全长cD-NA并进行了序列分析。结果显示:实验得到了1914 bp的建鲤的MHC classⅠ全长cDNA序列;建鲤MHC classⅠ基因包括1044 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),118 bp的5'非编码区(UTR)以及752 bp的3'非编码区(UTR),含有保守的半胱氨酸残基,N-糖基化位点。氨基酸序列比对结果显示,建鲤MHC classⅠ与日本鲤的MHC classⅠ相似性最高,为66.0%;与虹鳟、大西洋鲑、青鳉、红鳍东方鲀的相似性分别为54.5%、57.9%、44.3%、42.0%,与小鼠、大鼠、人的相似性分别为29.1%、28.7%、29.7%。

虎MHC ClassⅠ基因的克隆及测序

根据猫的主要组织相容性复合体Ⅰ类分子cDNA序列设计PCR引物,从基因组上成功扩增并克隆了MHCClassⅠ基因片段,命名为TLA-A。该片段全长2 820 bp,包含MHC ClassⅠ分子基因约85%的长度,包括Exon 1部分序列、intron 1、exon 2、intron 2、exon 3、intron 3、exon 4、intron 4、exon 5、intron 5、exon 6、intron 6和exon 7部分序列。与其他物种的ClassⅠ基因相比,虎与家猫、猎豹、豹猫、大熊猫、狗、马、松鼠猴、人、黄猩猩等物种的同源性依次为93.4%、91.8%、87.3%、86.4%、85.1%、85.1%、84.6%、84.3%、83.7%,种间序列差异主要表现在exon 2、exon 3两个肽结合区。

黄颡鱼MHC classⅡ基因全长的克隆及饲料维生素D3对其组织表达的影响

为进一步丰富鱼类MHC class Ⅱ基因的研究,同时也为进一步探讨低磷饲料中添加维生素D3对鱼类免疫功能可能的影响,实验利用RACE(Rapid-amplification of c DNA ends)即c DNA末端快速扩增技术,成功克隆出黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)主要组织相容性复合体(Major histocompatibility complex,MHC)class Ⅱ抗原基因,全长1074 bp,其中ORF(Open reading frame)708 bp,编码236个氨基酸,5′UTR(5′端非翻译区)78 bp,3′UTR(3′端非翻译区)259 bp。进行氨基酸序列比对分析得到:黄颡鱼MHC class Ⅱ基因ORF氨基酸序列与长吻逘(Leiocassis longirostris)的氨基酸序列相似度最高为69.5%,与锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio)的氨基酸序列相似度最低为50.4%。利用q PCR对黄颡鱼MHC class Ⅱ基因进行组织表达分析,结果表明MHC class Ⅱ在小肠、肝脏、鳃中表达较高;在肌肉、鳍条中表达较低;而在肾、脾脏、脑、头肾中表达量极低(几乎检测不到)。在低磷饲料中添加维生素D3显著诱导了该基因的上调表达。研究结果展示了黄颡鱼MHC class Ⅱ抗原基因的分子结构、组织表达以及维生素D3的作用,在降低磷排放的同时,为今后黄颡鱼免疫抗病及分子选育等方向的深入研究及免疫型饲料的使用奠定了基础。

草药S抑制大鼠移植肾排斥反应中MHC Class Ⅱ分子表达的研究

为探索草药Ｓ抗大鼠同种异体肾移植急性排斥的作用机理，采用改进的Ｆａｂｒｅ和Ｋａ－ｍａｄａ大鼠原位肾移植模型，将ＳＤ大鼠肾移植给Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠为同种异体移植，Ｗｉｓｔａｒ移植给Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠为同品系移植（空白对照），共设五个实验组，观察移植后受体鼠存活、检测移植肾功能及定量测定移植肾内ＭＨＣＣｌａｓⅡ抗原分子的表达。结果表明，草药Ｓ能延长受体鼠存活时间，并抑制ＭＨＣＣｌａｓⅡ在移植肾内的表达（与不用药物组比较Ｐ＜０．０１），Ｓ药加小剂量环孢素Ａ（ｃｙｃｌｏｓｐｏｒｉｎｅＡ，ＣｓＡ）治疗组与同系组相比差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。这些结果提示，移植肾内ＭＨＣＣｌａｓｓⅡ表达水平的高低与其排斥的强弱有相关性。

朝鲜鹌鹑MHC class Ⅰ基因第2、3外显子多态性与NDV抗性的关联分析

【目的】研究朝鲜鹌鹑MHC classⅠ基因第1,2和3外显子的多态性,并与新城疫病毒抗性进行关联分析。【方法】采用胸肌注射的方法对14日龄朝鲜鹌鹑进行新城疫La Sota弱毒株攻毒,每周注射1次,连续攻毒3周后,心脏采血,采用β-微量法测定血清中新城疫抗体水平。PCR扩增朝鲜鹌鹑MHC classⅠ基因,测序后采用DNA Star、SPSS等分析软件研究朝鲜鹌鹑MHC classⅠ基因第1,2,3外显子的多态性,并分析不同基因型新城疫抗体水平的差异。【结果】朝鲜鹌鹑的新城疫抗体效价为26～210。PCR扩增获得了1 290bp的MHC classⅠ基因,其编码区序列为780bp,编码259个氨基酸。通过与已知序列日本鹌鹑RNA(AB005528)比对,得到长度分别为76,272和274bp的第1,2和3外显子。在第1外显子上未检测到突变为点,在第2和3外显子上共检测到11个突变位点(第2外显子上4个突变位点:257bp(A/C)、267bp(A/T)、366bp(A/G)和500bp(T/G);第3外显子上7个突变位点:795bp(T/C)、798bp(T/C)、810bp(T/G)、830bp(A/G)、873bp(A/T)、927bp(A/G)和932bp(C/G)),均为中度多态基因座,11个突变位点中,267bp(A/T)、830bp(A/G)、873bp(A/T)、932bp(C/G)突变导致编码氨基酸改变,500bp(T/G)、873bp(A/T)、932bp(C/G)突变位点基因型之间新城疫抗体水平存在显著差异(P<0.05)。【结论】朝鲜鹌鹑MHC classⅠ基因第2、3外显子具有丰富的多态性,并且与新城疫病毒抗性相关。

H pylori receptor MHC classⅡcontributes to the dynamic gastric epithelial apoptotic response

AIM: To investigate the role of MHC classⅡin the modulation of gastric epithelial cell apoptosis induced by H pylon infection. METHODS: After stimulating a human gastric epithelial cell line with bacteria or agonist antibodies specific for MHC classⅡand CD95, the quantitation of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic events, including caspase activation, BCL-2 activation, and FADD recruitment, was performed with a fluorometric assay, a cytometric bead array, and confocal microscopy, respectively. RESULTS: Pretreatment of N87 cells with the anti-MHC classⅡIgM antibody RFD1 resulted in a reduction in global caspase activation at 24 h of H pylori infection. When caspase 3 activation was specifically measured, crosslinking of MHC class n resulted in markedly reduced caspase activation, while simple ligation of MHC classⅡdid not. Crosslinking of MHC class n also resulted in an increased activation of the anti-apoptosis molecule BCL-2 compared to simple ligation. Confocal microscope analysis demonstrated that the pretreatment of gastric epithelial cells with a crosslinking anti-MHC classⅡIgM blocked the recruitment of FADD to the cell surface. CONCLUSION: The ability of MHC class n to modulate gastric epithelial apoptosis is at least partially dependent on its crosslinking. The crosslinking of this molecule has anti-apoptotic effects during the earlier time points of H pylori infection. This effect is possibly mediated by the ability of MHC classⅡto modulate the activation of the pro-apoptotic receptor Fas by blocking the recruitment of the accessory molecule FADD, and this delay in apoptosis induction could allow for prolonged cytokine secretion by H pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells.

Immunohistochemical Studies of Macrophages and MHC Class Ⅱ -positive Cells in the Iris and Ciliary Body of Lewis Rats

Purpose:To investigate the density, distribution and morphology of macrophages and MHC class II -positive dendritic cells in the iris and ciliary body of lewis rats. Methods:Immunohistochemistry was performed using monoclonal antibodies specific to monocytes and macrophages (ED1,ED2) and MHC class II -positive cells (OX6) on wholemounts of the iris-ciliary body complex isolated form normal lewis rats.Results:A well developed network of macrophages was present in the iris and ciliary body of normal lewis rats. These cells, morphologically displaying dendriti-form or pleiomorphic appearance, were more densely arranged in mid-iris (950 + 189 cells/mm2) than in iris base (482 ± 78 cells/mm2) and pupil margin (595 ± 92 cells/mm2). A similar network of MHC class II -positive cells with a cell density 452 ± 78 cells/mm2 was almost uniformly distributed in the iris of normal lewis rats.Conclusions : A network of macrophages and MHC class II -positive cells was established in the iris and ciliary body of

H pylori receptor MHC class Ⅱ contributes to the dynamic gastric epithelial apoptotic response

AIM: To investigate the role of MHC class Ⅱ in the modulation of gastric epithelial cell apoptosis induced by H pylori infection.METHODS: After stimulating a human gastric epithelial cell line with bacteria or agonist antibodies specifi c for MHC class Ⅱ and CD95, the quantitation of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic events, including caspase activation, BCL-2 activation, and FADD recruitment, was performed with a ? uorometric assay, a cytometric bead array, and confocal microscopy, respectively.RESULTS: Pretreatment of N87 cells with the anti-MHC class Ⅱ IgM antibody RFD1 resulted in a reduction in global caspase activation at 24 h of H pylori infection. When caspase 3 activation was specifically measured, crosslinking of MHC class Ⅱ resulted in a marked re-duced caspase activation, while simple ligation of MHC class Ⅱ did not. Crosslinking of MHC class Ⅱ also re-sulted in an increased activation of the anti-apoptosis molecule BCL-2 compared to simple ligation. Confocal microscope analysis demonstrated that the pretreatment of gastric epithelial cells with a crosslinking anti-MHC class Ⅱ IgM blocked the recruitment of FADD to the cell surface.CONCLUSION: The results presented here demonstrate that the ability of MHC class Ⅱ to modulate gastric epi-thelial apoptosis is at least partially dependent on its crosslinking. Furthermore, while previous research has demonstrated that MHC class Ⅱ signaling can be pro-apoptotic during extended ligation, we have shown that the crosslinking of this molecule has anti-apoptotic ef-fects during the earlier time points of H pylori infection. This effect is possibly mediated by the ability of MHC class Ⅱ to modulate the activation of the pro-apoptotic receptor Fas by blocking the recruitment of the accessory molecule FADD, and this delay in apoptosis induction could allow for prolonged cytokine secretion by H pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells.

Allelic Polymorphism,Gene Duplication and Balancing Selection of MHC Class ⅡB Genes in the Omei Treefrog(Rhacophorus omeimontis)

The worldwide declines in amphibian populations have largely been caused by infectious fungi and bacteria. Given that vertebrate immunity against these extracellular pathogens is primarily functioned by the major histocompatibility complex（MHC） class Ⅱ molecules, the characterization and the evolution of amphibian MHC class Ⅱ genes have attracted increasing attention. The polymorphism of MHC class Ⅱ genes was found to be correlated with susceptibility to fungal pathogens in many amphibian species, suggesting the importance of studies on MHC class Ⅱ genes for amphibians. However, such studies on MHC class Ⅱ gene evolution have rarely been conducted on amphibians in China. In this study, we chose Omei treefrog（Rhacophorus omeimontis）, which lived moist environments easy for breeding bacteria, to study the polymorphism of its MHC class Ⅱ genes and the underlying evolutionary mechanisms. We amplified the entire MHC class ⅡB exon 2 sequence in the R. omeimontis using newly designed primers. We detected 102 putative alleles in 146 individuals. The number of alleles per individual ranged from one to seven, indicating that there are at least four loci containing MHC class ⅡB genes in R. omeimontis. The allelic polymorphism estimated from the 102 alleles in R. omeimontis was not high compared to that estimated in other anuran species. No significant gene recombination was detected in the 102 MHC class ⅡB exon 2 sequences. In contrast, both gene duplication and balancing selection greatly contributed to the variability in MHC class ⅡB exon 2 sequences of R. omeimontis. This study lays the groundwork for the future researches to comprehensively analyze the evolution of amphibian MHC genes and to assess the role of MHC gene polymorphisms in resistance against extracellular pathogens for amphibians in China.

MHC Class I Exon 4 in the Multiocellated Racerunners(Eremias multiocellata): Polymorphism, Duplication and Selection

The major histocompatibility complex （MHC） is a dynamic genetic region with an essential role in the adaptive immunity of jawed vertebrates. The MHC polymorphism is affected by many processes such as birth-and- death evolution, gene conversion, and concerted evolution. Studies investigating the evolution of MHC class I genes have been biased toward a few particular taxa and model species. However, the investigation of this region in nonavian reptiles is still in its infancy. We present the first characterization of MHC class I genes in a species from the family Lacertidae. We assessed genetic diversity and a role of selection in shaping the diversity of MHC class I exon 4 among 37 individuals of Eremias multiocellata from a population in Lanzhou, China. We generated 67 distinct DNA sequences using cloning and sequencing methods, and identified 36 putative functional variants as well as two putative pseudogene-variants. We found the number of variants within an individual varying between two and seven, indicating that there are at least four MHC class I loci in this species. Gene duplication plays a role in increasing copy numbers of MHC genes and allelic diversity in this species. The class I exon 4 sequences are characteristic of low nucleotide diversity. No signal of recombination is detected, but purifying selection is detected in β2-microglobulin interaction sites and some other silent sites outside of the function-constraint regions. Certain identical alleles are shared by Eremias multiocellata and E. przewalskii and E. brenchleyi, suggesting trans-species polymorphism. The data are compatible with a birth-and-death model of evolution.

Special Reports and Review ONCOGENES AND CELL IMMUNOGENITY：v－H－ras SUPPRESSING MHC CLASS I EXPRESSION IN MOUSE FIBROBLAST

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赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)MHC IIB基因的克隆与表达多态性分析

主要组织相容性复合体（Major histocompatibility complex，MHC）是脊椎动物体内重要的非特异性免疫基因之一。为了研究赤点石斑鱼的MHC基因的结构与表达特性，本研究运用RACE，Realtime PCR及SSCP等技术，首次成功克隆获得赤点石斑鱼（Epinephelus akaara）非特异性免疫因子MHC IIB基因的4个cDNA全序列，序列全长为1195～1355bp，含有3’UTR、启动子、多肽结合区（β1）、IGC区（β2）、跨膜区、胞质区和5’UTR区，编码区大小为750bp。氨基酸序列分析发现赤点石斑鱼MHC IIB分子具有经典MHC蛋白分子的空间结构，在多肽结合区存在极其丰富的变异，β1区由1个α螺旋与4个反向平行的β折叠构成多肽结合区，β2区由多个β折叠构成2个反向平行的三明治结构。利用SSCP技术研究了赤点石斑鱼MHC IIB的表达多态性，发现其在头肾、心、肝等12个组织器官中均能有效表达，表达多态性也异常丰富。此外，根据MHC IIB分子中相对保守的IGC区氨基酸序列构建了脊椎动物的系统进化树，也表明了该分子的IGC区氨基酸序列可以作为研究鱼类物种间进化关系的良好标记。

中国广东地区汉族人MHC补体单倍型的分析

用国际补体参考实验室方法。首次对广东地区正常汉族家系126条染色体作了补体单倍型检测与分析。共发现18个补体单倍型,居前四位者为SC31、SC42、SC32、和SC41。其中有7个型呈连锁不平衡。4个位点等位基因分别是BF、C2、C4A、C4B。BF 以BFS;C2以C2C;C4A以C4A3和C4A4;C4B 以C482和C481频率居高。C4AQO 占4.8%,C4BQO 占1.2%,本文主要补体单倍型频率和黄、白人种接近。和日本人及东南亚地区民族接近。但和黑种人差异较大。并对地区间频率差异意义做了讨论。

扬子鳄MHCⅡ类B基因第二外元的克隆及序列分析

3头扬子鳄血样取自宣城安徽省扬子鳄繁殖研究中心。利用一对简并引物对MHCⅡ类B基因第二外元的部分片段进行扩增 ;通过克隆、单链构象多态性分析、测序 ,并将测得序列与下载的 8个物种MHC序列比对 ,确定序列差异和变异位点 ;利用MEGA软件构建NJ树 ,PAUP4 0构建MP树。结果得到 10种不同的序列 ,片段长 16 6bp。核苷酸序列中有 38个变异位点 ,氨基酸序列中有 2 3个变异位点 ;推定的抗原结合位点非同义替换 (dN)明显高于同义替换 (dS)。 10种序列的NJ树和MP树极为相似 ,均为A、B两个分支 ,两个分支明显的特异性位点核苷酸序列中有 9个 ,氨基酸序列中有 7个。表明扬子鳄MHCⅡ类B基因第二外元有较高的多态性 ,有利于扬子鳄饲养种群的遗传保护。

抗MHC I类单抗对NK细胞杀伤能力的影响

目的：探讨ＮＫ细胞杀伤与靶细胞表面ＭＨＣＩ类分子的关系。方法：用ＨＬＡＡＢＣ单抗培养上清或腹水封闭靶细胞Ｋ５６２表面的ＨＬＡＡＢＣ分子后，分别观察了外周血新鲜ＮＫ细胞、纯化ＮＫ细胞、ＬＡＫ细胞和ＣＤ３ＡＫ细胞对Ｋ５６２细胞杀伤能力的变化。结果：外周血新鲜ＮＫ细胞和纯化ＮＫ细胞对Ｋ５６２的杀伤率明显提高，ＣＤ３ＡＫ细胞的杀伤力明显降低，ＬＡＫ细胞的杀伤无明显变化。结论：ＮＫ细胞通过其表面受体识别靶细胞上的ＭＨＣＩ类分子而传递杀伤抑制性信号，抗ＨＬＡＡＢＣ单抗封闭了靶细胞上的ＨＬＡＡＢＣ等位基因而阻止了阴性信号的传导。

斜带石斑鱼浸泡免疫哈维氏弧菌灭活疫苗后MHC-Ⅱ类分子的表达变化

为研究斜带石斑鱼浸泡免疫哈维氏弧菌全菌灭活疫苗后,MHC-Ⅱ类分子在鳃、皮肤、脾脏、头肾和后肠中的转录水平以及皮肤黏液和血清中的抗体滴度变化,并分析其相关性。应用荧光定量PCR和ELISA方法分别检测了斜带石斑鱼加强免疫后的2、4、7、11、14、21、28 d,5种组织中MHC-Ⅱ类分子的转录水平、皮肤黏液及血清抗体滴度随时间呈现的变化趋势。研究结果表明,以浸泡方式进行免疫,5种组织中MHC-Ⅱ类分子表达均呈现不同程度上调,其在鳃和皮肤中显示相似的动态变化,与黏液抗体滴度的变化相似。