Joint polarization and DOA estimation based on improved maximum likelihood estimator and performance analysis for conformal array

The conformal array can make full use of the aperture,save space,meet the requirements of aerodynamics,and is sensitive to polarization information.It has broad application prospects in military,aerospace,and communication fields.The joint polarization and direction-of-arrival(DOA)estimation based on the conformal array and the theoretical analysis of its parameter estimation performance are the key factors to promote the engineering application of the conformal array.To solve these problems,this paper establishes the wave field signal model of the conformal array.Then,for the case of a single target,the cost function of the maximum likelihood(ML)estimator is rewritten with Rayleigh quotient from a problem of maximizing the ratio of quadratic forms into those of minimizing quadratic forms.On this basis,rapid parameter estimation is achieved with the idea of manifold separation technology(MST).Compared with the modified variable projection(MVP)algorithm,it reduces the computational complexity and improves the parameter estimation performance.Meanwhile,the MST is used to solve the partial derivative of the steering vector.Then,the theoretical performance of ML,the multiple signal classification(MUSIC)estimator and Cramer-Rao bound(CRB)based on the conformal array are derived respectively,which provides theoretical foundation for the engineering application of the conformal array.Finally,the simulation experiment verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.

ESTIMATION OF CARRIER FREQUENCY OFFSETS FOR MIMO SYSTEMS WITH DISTRIBUTED TRANSMIT ANTENNAS

The problem of estimating the carrier frequency offsets in Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems with distributed transmit antennas is addressed. It is supposed that the transmit antennas are distributed while the receive antennas are still centralized, and the general case where both the time delays and the frequency offsets are possibly different for each transmit antenna is considered. The channel is supposed to be frequency flat, and the macroscopic fading is also taken into consideration. A carrier frequency offset estimator based on Maximum Likelihood (ML) is proposed, which can separately estimate the frequency offset for each transmit antenna and exploit the spatial diversity. The Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB) for synchronous MIMO (i.e., the time delays for each transmit antenna are all equal) is also derived. Simulation results are given to illustrate the per- formance of the estimator and compare it with the CRB. It is shown that the estimator can provide satisfactory frequency offset estimates and its performance is close to the CRB for the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) below 20dB.

A CODEBOOK COMPENSATIVE VOICE MORPHING ALGORITHM BASED ON MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION

This paper presents an improved voice morphing algorithm based on Gaussian Mixture Model(GMM) which overcomes the traditional one in the terms of overly smoothed problems of the converted spectral and discontinuities between frames.Firstly, a maximum likelihood estimation for the model is introduced for the alleviation of the inversion of high dimension matrixes caused by traditional conversion function.Then, in order to resolve the two problems associated with the baseline, a codebook compensation technique and a time domain medial filter are applied.The results of listening evaluations show that the quality of the speech converted by the proposed method is significantly better than that by the traditional GMM method, and the Mean Opinion Score(MOS) of the converted speech is improved from 2.5 to 3.1 and ABX score from 38% to 75%.

Direction of arrival estimation method based on quantum electromagnetic field optimization in the impulse noise

In order to resolve direction finding problems in the impulse noise,a direction of arrival(DOA)estimation method is proposed.The proposed DOA estimation method can restrain the impulse noise by using infinite norm exponential kernel covariance matrix and obtain excellent performance via the maximumlikelihood(ML)algorithm.In order to obtain the global optimal solutions of this method,a quantum electromagnetic field optimization(QEFO)algorithm is designed.In view of the QEFO algorithm,the proposed method can resolve the difficulties of DOA estimation in the impulse noise.Comparing with some traditional DOA estimation methods,the proposed DOA estimation method shows high superiority and robustness for determining the DOA of independent and coherent sources,which has been verified via the Monte-Carlo experiments of different schemes,especially in the case of snapshot deficiency,low generalized signal to noise ratio(GSNR)and strong impulse noise.Beyond that,the Cramer-Rao bound(CRB)of angle estimation in the impulse noise and the proof of the convergence of the QEFO algorithm are provided in this paper.

Singularity of Some Software Reliability Models and Parameter Estimation Method

According to the principle, “The failure data is the basis of software reliability analysis”, we built a software reliability expert system (SRES) by adopting the artificial intelligence technology. By reasoning out the conclusion from the fitting results of failure data of a software project, the SRES can recommend users “the most suitable model” as a software reliability measurement model. We believe that the SRES can overcome the inconsistency in applications of software reliability models well. We report investigation results of singularity and parameter estimation methods of experimental models in SRES.

Novel Semi-blind Channel Estimation Schemes for Rayleigh Flat Fading MIMO Channels

In this paper, we propose two novel semi-blind channel estimation techniques based on QR decomposition for Rayleigh flat fading Multiple Input Multiple output (MIMO) channel using various pilot symbols. In the first technique, the flat-fading MIMO channel matrix H can be decomposed as an upper triangular matrix R and a unitary rotation matrix Q as H = RQ. The matrix R is estimated blindly from only received data by using orthogonal matrix triangularization based house holder QR decomposition, while the optimum rotation matrix Q is estimated exclusively from pilot based Orthogonal Pilot Maximum Likelihood Estimator (OPML) algorithm. In the second technique, joint semi-blind channel and data estimation is performed using QR decomposition based Least Square (LS) algorithm. Simulations have taken under 4-PSK data modulation scheme for two transmitters and six receiver antennas using various training symbols. Finally, these two new techniques compare with Whitening Rotation (WR) based semi-blind channel estimation technique and results shows that those new techniques achieve very nearby performance with low complexity compare to Whitening rotation based technique. Also first technique with perfect R outperforms Whitening Rotation based technique.

Blind Joint Maximum Likelihood Channel Estimation and Data Detection for SIMO Systems

A blind adaptive scheme is proposed for joint maximum likelihood （ML） channel estimation and data detection of singleinput multiple-output （SIMO） systems. The joint ML optimisation over channel and data is decomposed into an iterative optimisation loop. An efficient global optimisation algorithm called the repeated weighted boosting search is employed at the upper level to optimally identify the unknown SIMO channel model, and the Viterbi algorithm is used at the lower level to produce the maximum likelihood sequence estimation of the unknown data sequence. A simulation example is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of this joint ML optimisation scheme for blind adaptive SIMO systems.

BLIND CHANNEL ESTIMATION OF SPACE-TIME FREQUENCY-SHIFT KEYING

The decoupled coherent Maximum Likelihood (ML) detection algorithm presented in this letter can sharply reduce the complexity of the receiver as well as provide better error performance under the precondition that channel should be estimated first. Considering the bandwidth inefficiency of Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), the acquisition of channel state information through training sequences will further decrease the transmission efficiency. This letter presents a blind channel estimation algorithm based on noise subspace theory which can acquire channel information without any training symbols. The simulation shows that the algorithm brings about fewer channel estimation errors while the frequency efficiency can be increased.

Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Doppler Centroid in Synthetic Aperture Radar Images

This paper addresses the problem of estimating the DC （doppler centroid） for SAR （synthetic aperture radar） data, in presence of speckle and thermal noise. The main idea is to exploit a bandwidth much wider than the PRF （pulse repetition frequency）, say 3-5 times, by exploiting strong point targets. Natural and isolated targets with close-to-ideal features are focused using a digital spotlight algorithm applied to stripmap acquisitions; then, accurate DC is estimated as the relative shift of the targets azimuth spectra using the ML （maximum likelihood）. The Cramer-Rao bound of the estimate is shown to be lower than that of the conventional estimators based on traditional stripmap focusing of Q ＋ 1 times for high SNR （signal-to-noise ratio） of targets, being Q the oversampling factor of the spotlight processing compared to the stripmap one. The method is applied to both simulated targets and a real dataset coming from the Cosmo SkyMed X-band constellation.

Carrier frequency offset estimation for a generalized OFDMA uplink

A residual carrier frequency offset （CFO） estimation scheme is proposed for the uplink of orthogonal frequency division multiple access （OFDMA） systems. Multiple access interference caused by CFOs in the uplink is investigated, as it severely affects the performance of a classical maximum likelihood （ML） frequency estimator. By the use of the estimated CFOs of the active users, the linear maximum mean square error （LMMSE） equalization is performed before the ML frequency estimator for the interference cancellation, which can help to sufficiently improve the estimation accuracy for the residual CFO of the incoming user. Analysis and simulations show that the modified ML estimator provides a tradeoff between estimation accuracy and computational complexity caused by the LMMSE interference cancellation, and the proposed method allows OFDMA systems flexibly allocating subcarriers to users.

基于MUSIC和ML方法的MIMO系统参数估计

该文提出了一种基于MUSIC和ML方法联合估计MIMO系统频偏和信道增益的算法,该算法首先使用MUSIC方法估计出多个发射天线到某一接收天线的频偏子集,然后利用最大似然方法在这个有限子集中分离出不同天线对之间的频偏,最后在频率同步的基础上利用最大似然估计器对信道增益进行估计。该算法解决了在估计多个频偏时直接使用最大似然估计进行多维搜索的问题,将多维搜索转化为一维搜索,降低了算法的复杂度。

基于Duffing振子和ML的微弱信号幅值估计新方法

基于Du ffing振子和最大似然参量估计方法,提出一种微弱正弦信号幅值估计的新方法。介绍了新方法的原理和具体实现过程。将混有噪声的待测信号送入Du ffing系统,依据大周期工作状态下Du ffing系统具有优良的信噪比改善特性,采用最大似然法估计Du ffing系统的输出信号幅值,进一步由系统输入输出之间的关系确定输入的微弱正弦信号的幅值。通过仿真实验,对该方法和最大似然法直接用于微弱正弦信号幅值估计的结果进行了对比。实验结果表明:该方法明显提高了估计精度。

ROC曲线下面积的ML估计与假设检验

目的 探讨诊断试验中配对设计资料的ROC分析方法。方法 在双正态模型基础下应用ML估计方法计算ROC曲线下面积 ,正态近似法估计面积的可信区间及假设检验。结果 由迭代法进行参数估计 ,得到ROC曲线下的面积、面积的标准误及置信区间 ,可计算出面积比较的U检验统计量。结论 可用于配对设计的诊断试验的比较和评价 。

ML型迁移学习模糊系统

经典模糊系统构建方法训练时通常仅考虑单一的场景,其伴随的一个重要缺陷是:如当前场景重要信息缺失,则受训所得系统泛化能力较差.针对此问题,以Mamdani-Larsen(ML)型模糊系统为对象,探讨了具有迁移学习能力的模糊系统,即ML型迁移学习模糊系统.ML型迁移学习模糊系统不仅能充分利用当前场景的数据信息,而且能有效地利用历史知识来进行学习,具有通过迁移历史场景知识来弥补当前场景信息缺失的能力.具体地,基于经典的压缩集密度估计(Reduced setdensity estimator,RSDE)ML型模糊系统构建方法,通过引入迁移学习机制提出了一种基于密度估计的ML型迁移模糊系统构建方法.在模拟数据和真实数据上的实验研究亦验证了该迁移模糊系统在信息缺失场景下较之于传统模糊系统建模方法的更好适应性.

基于ML和L2范数的视频目标跟踪算法

目标跟踪是计算机视觉领域的一个具有挑战性的问题,本文提出了一种基于ML(最大似然)估计和L2范数的视频目标跟踪算法.建立基于稀疏限制的ML模型,给样本中的异常像素分配较小的权值,减少异常像素对跟踪算法的影响.利用L2范数最小化进行稀疏编码求解.采用贝叶斯估计得出目标跟踪结果.与其他典型算法相比,本算法降低了计算的复杂度,对遮挡,旋转,尺度变化,光照变化等异常变化具有较强的鲁棒性.

加窗LMS－ML自适应时间延迟估计

简述了最大似然时延估计的基本原理，从Ｒｏｔｈ处理器的自适应实现出发，发展了一种加窗ＬＭＳ－ＭＬ自适应时间延迟估计方法。这种方法以ＬＭＳ自适应信号处理技术为基础，利用自适应估计Ｒｏｔｈ处理器来得到幅度平方相干函数，进而实现最大似然时延估计，在自适应迭代过程中，对自适应滤波器的权矢量进行了加窗处理。理论分析和计算机仿真表明：这种方法在估计精度、收敛速度和计算复杂度诸方面均优于基本ＬＭＳ自适应时间延迟估计。

基于ML和ESPRIT方法的OFDMA上行链路频偏估计算法

由于载波频偏会给正交频分多址接入OFDMA系统带来子载波之间干扰,从而造成多用户之间的干扰,导致系统性能下降。该文提出一种基于ESPRIT和ML方法联合估计的频偏估计算法。该算法首先使用ESPRIT方法估计出多个可能的频偏构成的子集,然后使用最大似然估计方法在这个有限子集合中搜索出估计的频偏。该算法解决了使用似然估计进行多维搜索的问题,大大降低了算法的复杂度,同时解决了多个频偏估计的问题。

基于ML-II的小子样复杂系统多源信息融合方法

复杂系统可靠性信息的主要特点是小子样现场试验数据和多种可利用的多源先验信息。在利用Bayes理论进行小子样可靠性评定过程中,为了尽可能少做现场试验,必须充分利用各种先验信息,获取合理的先验分布。提出了一种基于第二类极大似然估计原理(ML-II)的多源信息融合方法,以某鱼雷自导系统的作用距离为例进行仿真分析,验证了该方法的合理性和有效性。

基于ML-II方法的k/n-系统Bayes可靠性评估

n中取k系统(简称k/n-系统)是工程实践中应用最广泛的系统类型之一。为了在系统现场试验样本量很小的情况下进行可靠性评估,首先利用次序统计量推导了k/n-系统寿命分布的密度函数,并给出了模型参数的第二类极大似然估计(ML-Ⅱ估计);然后给出了k/n-系统Bayes可靠性评估的一般步骤;仿真实例表明了方法的可行性。

基于DML-ESPRIT算法的多维参数快速联合估计

将确定性最大似然估计准则的多维参数估计能力与ESPRIT算法的高时效性有机结合,提出了一种二维DOA-功率-频率快速联合估计方法——DML-ESPRIT算法。利用双L阵列的空间特性,通过引入空间锥角,将多维空间搜索问题转换为一维角度估计,并基于确定性最大似然估计准则推导得到了多信源的空间锥角、功率和频率联合估计的数学模型;然后在对子阵进行扩展的基础上,利用TLS-ESPRIT算法对模型进行求解,避免了谱峰搜索问题,实现了多维参数的快速联合估计。实验结果表明,DML-ESPRIT算法在保持高估计精度的同时运行耗时约35 ms,具有较好的工程应用前景。