5D World-Universe Model Space-Time-Energy

5D Space-Time-Energy World-Universe Model is a unified model of the World built around the concept of Medium, composed of massive particles (protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and dark matter particles). The Model provides a mathematical framework that enables precise calculation of medium-bound physical parameters: Hubble’s parameter, intergalactic plasma parameters, temperature of microwave background radiation and the rest mass of photons. This paper aligns the World-Universe Model (WUM) with the theoretical framework developed by Prof. P. S. Wesson, albeit assigning a new physical meaning to the fifth coordinate. In the World-Universe Model, the fifth dimension is associated with the total energy of the Medium of the World, and the gravitomagnetic parameter of the Medium serves as the dimension-transposing parameter.

Orbit Weighting Scheme in the Context of Vector Space Information Retrieval

This study introduces the Orbit Weighting Scheme(OWS),a novel approach aimed at enhancing the precision and efficiency of Vector Space information retrieval(IR)models,which have traditionally relied on weighting schemes like tf-idf and BM25.These conventional methods often struggle with accurately capturing document relevance,leading to inefficiencies in both retrieval performance and index size management.OWS proposes a dynamic weighting mechanism that evaluates the significance of terms based on their orbital position within the vector space,emphasizing term relationships and distribution patterns overlooked by existing models.Our research focuses on evaluating OWS’s impact on model accuracy using Information Retrieval metrics like Recall,Precision,InterpolatedAverage Precision(IAP),andMeanAverage Precision(MAP).Additionally,we assessOWS’s effectiveness in reducing the inverted index size,crucial for model efficiency.We compare OWS-based retrieval models against others using different schemes,including tf-idf variations and BM25Delta.Results reveal OWS’s superiority,achieving a 54%Recall and 81%MAP,and a notable 38%reduction in the inverted index size.This highlights OWS’s potential in optimizing retrieval processes and underscores the need for further research in this underrepresented area to fully leverage OWS’s capabilities in information retrieval methodologies.

Motion and Special Relativity in Complex Spaces

A natural extension of the Lorentz transformation to its complex version was constructed together with a parallel extension of the Minkowski M4 model for special relativity (SR) to complex C4 space-time. As the [signed] absolute values of complex coordinates of the underlying motion’s characterization in C4 one obtains a Newtonian-like type of motion whereas as the real parts of the complex motion’s description and of the complex Lorentz transformation, all the SR theory as modeled by M4 real space-time can be recovered. This means all the SR theory is preserved in the real subspace M4 of the space-time C4 while becoming simpler and clearer in the new complex model’s framework. Since velocities in the complex model can be determined geometrically, with no primary use of time, time turns out to be definable within the equivalent theory of the reduced complex C4 model to the C3 “para-space” model. That procedure allows us to separate time from the (para)space and consider all the SR theory as a theory of C3 alone. On the other hand, the complex time defined within the C3 theory is interpreted and modeled by the single separate C1 complex plane. The possibility for application of the C3 model to quantum mechanics is suggested. As such, the model C3 seems to have unifying abilities for application to different physical theories.

基于CiteSpace知识图谱的近20年城市开放空间研究

在城市土地存量化利用背景下,如何盘活碎片化城市开放空间、营造高质量城市开放空间体系成为人居环境学科面临的困境。本文利用CiteSpace软件对城市开放空间近20年的文献进行图示化分析,整合不同视角的开放空间研究,总结开放空间研究现状与研究前沿。同时,从量化分析模型角度归纳总结基于不同角度开放空间量化评价方法。通过对开放空间理论研究与量化方法研究总结,探索开放空间研究的总体趋势与发展方向,为城市更新新阶段开放空间规划设计提供研究思路。

Physical Space Was Not Expanding

Plurality of characteristic peaks observed in number density distribution of galaxy redshift reveals that extent of physical space has been finite. Significant portion of observed celestial objects is found pair-wise associated, i.e., the observed lights were emitted from one and same luminescent source but seen at different sky directions of observer, which is a unique phenomenon that can occur but only in finite space. Cosmic microwave radiation has always been interpreted as afterglow of Big Bang event. However, such radiation is shown unobservable to current observer if Hubble-Lemaître Correlation is interpreted as caused by receding motion of celestial objects. On the other hand, cosmic radiation can be understood as a common and ordinary phenomenon due to space lens, a unique property only of finite space. From Sloan Digital Sky Survey data, internal diameter of physical space is measured as 2.0 billion light years. If celestial objects were receding, hence physical space was expanding, then characteristic peaks of finite physical space should not appear evenly in number density distribution of redshift of the objects but more sparsely with respect to redshift increase. However, as revealed by the data, locations of the characteristic peaks in the distributions are rather even that do not match the locations as required by receding motion of object. Therefore, as evidenced by the data, physical space was not expanding, at least during the recent 18 billion years. In addition, considerable portion of observed quasars is found sharing a common factor of ~1/2 for their respective gravitation redshifts.

Stiffness Characteristics of a Basic Nonlinear Air Spring Model

This study predicts the characteristics of a compressible polytropic air spring model. A second-order nonlinear autonomous air spring model is presented. The proposed model is based on the assumption that polytropic processes occur. Isothermal and isentropic compression and expansion of the air within the spring chambers are the two scenarios that are taken into consideration. In these situations, the air inside the spring chambers compresses and expands, resulting in nonlinear spring restoring forces. The MATLAB/Simulink software environment is used to build a numerical simulation model for the dynamic behavior of the air spring. To quantify the values of the stiffnesses of the proposed models, a numerical solution is run over time for various values of the design parameters. The isentropic process case has a higher dynamic air spring stiffness than the isothermal process case, according to the results. The size of the air spring chamber and the area of the air spring piston influence the air spring stiffness in both situations. It is demonstrated that the stiffness of the air spring increases linearly with increasing piston area and decreases nonlinearly with increasing air chamber length. As long as the ratio of the vibration’s amplitude to the air spring’s chamber length is small, there is good agreement in both scenarios between the linearized model and the full nonlinear model. This implies that linear modeling is a reasonable approximation of the complete nonlinear model in this particular scenario.

Processing Approach of Non-linear Adjustment Models in the Space of Non-linear Models

This paper investigates the mathematic features of non-linear models and discusses the processing way of non-linear factors which contributes to the non-linearity of a non-linear model. On the basis of the error definition,this paper puts forward a new adjustment criterion, SGPE.Last,this paper investigates the solution of a non-linear regression model in the non-linear model space and makes the comparison between the estimated values in non-linear model space and those in linear model space.

Traffic condition estimation with pre-selection space time model

A pre-selection space time model was proposed to estimate the traffic condition at poor-data-detector,especially non-detector locations.The space time model is better to integrate the spatial and temporal information comprehensibly.Firstly,the influencing factors of the "cause nodes" were studied,and then the pre-selection "cause nodes" procedure which utilizes the Pearson correlation coefficient to evaluate the relevancy of the traffic data was introduced.Finally,only the most relevant data were collected to compose the space time model.The experimental results with the actual data demonstrate that the model performs better than other three models.

Establishing formal state space models via quantization forquantum control systems

Formal state space models of quantum control systems are deduced and a scheme to establish formal state space models via quantization could been obtained for quantum control systems is proposed. State evolution of quantum control systems must accord with Schrdinger equations, so it is foremost to obtain Hamiltonian operators of systems. There are corresponding relations between operators of quantum systems and corresponding physical quantities of classical systems, such as momentum, energy and Hamiltonian, so Schrdinger equation models of corresponding quantum control systems via quantization could been obtained from classical control systems, and then establish formal state space models through the suitable transformation from Schrdinger equations for these quantum control systems. This method provides a new kind of path for modeling in quantum control.

Application of the state space model to the system of wave energy conversion Analytical method for wave forces on singleoscillating rectangular buoy

A new analytical method is proposed to analyze the force acting on a rectangular oscillating buoy due to linear waves.In the method a new analytical expression for the diffraction velocity potential is obtained first by use of theeigenfunction expansion method and then the wave excitation force is calculated by use of the known incident wavepotential and the diffraction potential. Compared with the classical analytical method, it can be seen that the presentmethod is simpler for a two-dimensional problem due to the comparable effort needed for the computation ofdiffraction potential and for that of radiated potential. To verify the correctness of the method, a classical example inthe reference is recomputed and the obtained results are in good accordance with those by use of other methods,which shows that the present method is correct.

Quantum-dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers in State Space Model

A state space model(SSM) is derived for quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifiers(QD-SOAs).Rate equations of QD-SOA are formulated in the form of state update equations,where average occupation probabilities along QD-SOA cavity are considered as state variables of the system.Simulations show that SSM calculates QD-SOA′s static and dynamic characteristics with high accuracy.

Design Criterion for Fixture Layout Based on the State Space Model in M ultistation Assembly Processes

The fixture layout is crucial to assure the product quality in a multistation assembly process （MAP）. A well-designed fixture layout will make the final product＇s variability be insensitive to the fixture variation inputs. As the basis of the fixture layout design, the design criterion plays an important role in the effectiveness of a solution and the optimization efficiency. In this paper, an effective and efficient design criterion is proposed for the fixture layout with a fixed reference point （FRP） in an MAP. First of all, a state space model for the individual port＇s variation propagation and accumulation is developed, which is the mathematical foundation of the proposed criterion. Then, based on this model, a novel design criterion used to evaluate the performance of the fixture layout is proposed for the fixture layout with an FRP. Finally, a method extracted from the proposed design criterion is developed for quick fixture layout design. A four-station assembly process is used to validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed models and methods.

Development of Operational Space Weather Prediction Models

In this report, we summarize the needs of space weather models, and recommend that developing operational prediction models, rather than transitioning from research to operation, is a more feasible and critical way for space weather services in the near future. Operational models for solar wind speed, geomagnetic indices, magnetopause, plasma sheet energetic electrons, inner boundary of ion plasma sheet, energetic electrons in outer radiation belt, and thermospheric density at low Earth orbit, have been developed and will be introduced briefly here. Their applications made a big progress in space weather services during the past two years in China.

Applying the Stefan-Boltzmann Law to a Cosmological Model (a Brief Note)

This brief note brings the reader up-to-date with the recent successes of the new Haug-Tatum cosmology model. In particular, the significance of recent proof that the Stefan-Boltzmann law applies to such a model is emphasized and a rationale for this is given. Remarkably, the proposed solutions of this model have incorporated all 580 supernova redshifts in the Union2 database. Therefore, one can usefully apply this thermodynamic law in the form of a continually expanding black-body universe model. To our knowledge, no other cosmological model has achieved such high-precision observational correlation.

Space station short-term mission planning using ontology modelling and time iteration

This paper studies the problem of the space station short-term mission planning, which aims to allocate the executing time of missions effectively, schedule the corresponding resources reasonably and arrange the time of the astronauts properly. A domain model is developed by using the ontology theory to describe the concepts, constraints and relations of the planning domain formally, abstractly and normatively. A method based on time iteration is adopted to solve the short-term planning problem. Meanwhile, the resolving strategies are proposed to resolve different kinds of conflicts induced by the constraints of power, heat, resource, astronaut and relationship. The proposed approach is evaluated in a test case with fifteen missions, thirteen resources and three astronauts. The results show that the developed domain ontology model is reasonable, and the time iteration method using the proposed resolving strategies can successfully obtain the plan satisfying all considered constraints.

The rough representation and measurement of quotient structure in algebraic quotient space model

Granular computing is a very hot research field in recent years. In our previous work an algebraic quotient space model was proposed,where the quotient structure could not be deduced if the granulation was based on an equivalence relation. In this paper,definitions were given and formulas of the lower quotient congruence and upper quotient congruence were calculated to roughly represent the quotient structure. Then the accuracy and roughness were defined to measure the quotient structure in quantification. Finally,a numerical example was given to demonstrate that the rough representation and measuring methods are efficient and applicable. The work has greatly enriched the algebraic quotient space model and granular computing theory.

A Generalized State Space Average Model for Parallel DC-to-DC Converters

The high potentiality of integrating renewable energies,such as photovoltaic,into a modern electrical microgrid system,using DC-to-DC converters,raises some issues associated with controller loop design and system stability.The generalized state space average model(GSSAM)concept was consequently introduced to design a DC-to-DC converter controller in order to evaluate DC-to-DC converter performance and to conduct stability studies.This paper presents a GSSAM for parallel DC-to-DC converters,namely:buck,boost,and buck-boost converters.The rationale of this study is that modern electrical systems,such as DC networks,hybrid microgrids,and electric ships,are formed by parallel DC-to-DC converters with separate DC input sources.Therefore,this paper proposes a GSSAM for any number of parallel DC-to-DC converters.The proposed GSSAM is validated and investigated in a time-domain simulation environment,namely a MATLAB/SIMULINK.The study compares the steady-state,transient,and oscillatory performance of the state-space average model with a fully detailed switching model.

Remaining Useful Life Model and Assessment of Mechanical Products: A Brief Review and a Note on the State Space Model Method

The remaining useful life(RUL) prediction of mechanical products has been widely studied for online system performance reliability, device remanufacturing, and product safety(safety awareness and safety improvement). These studies incorporated many di erent models, algorithms, and techniques for modeling and assessment. In this paper, methods of RUL assessment are summarized and expounded upon using two major methods: physics model based and data driven based methods. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods are deliberated and compared as well. Due to the intricacy of failure mechanism in system, and di culty in physics degradation observation, RUL assessment based on observations of performance variables turns into a science in evaluating the degradation. A modeling method from control systems, the state space model(SSM), as a first order hidden Markov, is presented. In the context of non-linear and non-Gaussian systems, the SSM methodology is capable of performing remaining life assessment by using Bayesian estimation(sequential Monte Carlo). Being e ective for non-linear and non-Gaussian dynamics, the methodology can perform the assessment recursively online for applications in CBM(condition based maintenance), PHM(prognostics and health management), remanufacturing, and system performance reliability. Finally, the discussion raises concerns regarding online sensing data for SSM modeling and assessment of RUL.

Model of Reflection Spectra of Rock Surface in 2π Space

This paper deals with reflection spectra and polarized reflection spectra of 20 sorts of rock in 2π space, and then creates a model of reflection spectra of rock surface in 2π space. We measured the change of reflection and polarized reflection spectra as altering the incidence angle, vertex angle, azimuth angle, band and polarization. The results show that influence of the incidence angle on spectral curves is very strong. And when the vertex angle is constant, the horizontal azimuth polarizes rock spectra, and distorts the circular spectrum to become elliptic. The polarization influences the reflection intensity of rock spectra, but has no evident influence on the characteristics of wave forms of rock in 2π space. Therefore, we can describe the whole reflection spectral characteristics, including polarization, of rock surface in 2π space by measuring and calculating the e and p values in several key directions.

基于CiteSpace文献计量分析的生态网络构建研究进展

生态网络构建作为一种有效的生态手段,对于保护物种多样性,建设城市生态空间及优化国土空间资源配置方面有积极意义。利用Arcgis平台运算、对遥感数据解译利用等新技术,应用层次分析法(AHP)、专家打分法(德尔菲法)等分析方法使生态网络的构建更加精准。以CNKI、WOS为数据源,用知识图谱计算工具CiteSpace进行定量分析,通过数据可视化与内容的结合进行研究,对于构建生态网络方面的研究进展、研究方法进行分析,特别是针对“MCR模型”在生态网络的应用进行深入研究,对不同尺度范围绿地生态网络构建方法进行总结,最后对未来研究发展态势作出展望。结果表明,我国基于MCR模型构建生态网络的研究,按照发文量可分为3个阶段,即启蒙阶段、快速发展阶段、稳步发展阶段;而现阶段最小阻力模型(MCR)在生态网络的应用已经趋于成熟,只是在因子选取及赋值方面未形成统一科学标准;此外,研究尺度呈现多元化,涉及市、省、城市群等多尺度。