基于MODIS影像渤海2012年海冰变化分析

海冰是影响渤海冬季海运的严重灾害,研究年度周期内海冰时空变化具有重要意义。依据研究内容选择11期具有代表性的中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS)影像数据,采用ENVI(The Environment for Visualizing Images)软件进行预处理,利用目视解译方法提取海冰面积与空间位置信息,采用ArcGIS软件制作了海冰时空变化图、海冰结冻与融化过程变化图。最后,对海冰面积变化、海冰结冻与融化过程进行了详细分析。研究结果表明,利用MODIS影像进行年度周期内海冰变化分析技术方法是可行的。

基于波谱知识库的MODIS叶面积指数反演及验证

目前用物理模型反演叶面积指数普遍存在缺少先验知识的状况,如何获得准确的先验知识是遥感走向应用的一个关键环节。中国典型地物标准波谱数据库就是结合国家重大行业中的应用需求,研究制定地物波谱获取与分析的技术规范和数据标准,建立典型地物标准波谱数据库。从波谱数据库提取模型反演所需要的先验知识,实现了基于SAIL模型的MOD IS数据(经过几何纠正与大气纠正)叶面积指数的反演。另外,基于TM数据,对MOD IS混合像元进行了分解,用纯像元的叶面积指数与实测数据进行对比验证,同时,反演结果与NASA的LAI产品也进行了对比,结果表明基于波谱库的先验知识可以有效的提高叶面积指数的反演精度。

基于MODIS与HJ-1多源卫星的上海海域溢油事故诊断

随着上海港海上运输业和石油产业链的日趋发达,海上溢油事故风险也随之加剧。本文就2012年发生在上海海域吴淞口和九段沙附近的2起重大溢油事故,基于美国NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration)中等分辨率MODIS(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)与国产"环境一号"卫星HJ-1的多源卫星数据,对溢油信息进行对比,通过对油水敏感通道进行波段比值运算,突出油膜与背景海水的光谱反射率差异,再结合重柴油光谱特征,利用图像分割的阈值确定法,从疑似溢油区域中有效提取溢油信息,实现溢油区域定位、溢油面积和溢油量的诊断,为事发后海域应急响应工作提供基础性分析依据。

Review of large scale crop remote sensing monitoring based on MODIS data

China has a vast territory with abundant crops,and how to collect crop information in China timely,objectively and accurately,is of great significance to the scientific guidance of agricultural development.In this paper,by selecting moderateresolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS)data as the main information source,on the basis of spectral and biological characteristics mechanism of the crop,and using the freely available advantage of hyperspectral temporal MODIS data,conduct large scale agricultural remote sensing monitoring research,develop applicable model and algorithm,which can achieve large scale remote sensing extraction and yield estimation of major crop type information,and improve the accuracy of crop quantitative remote sensing.Moreover,the present situation of global crop remote sensing monitoring based on MODIS data is analyzed.Meanwhile,the climate and environment grid agriculture information system using large-scale agricultural condition remote sensing monitoring has been attempted preliminary.

基于MODIS的北京地区一次霾过程的能见度反演

利用MODIS_L1B数据,结合AERONET(AErosol RObotic NETwork)地面观测与反演的AOD(Aerosol Optical Depth)数据、北京市自动气象站网的能见度观测数据和北京市道面交通气象监测网的能见度观测数据,选取2012年3月6—11日期间发生在北京市的一次重大霾天气过程作为典型个例,反演了全过程的AOD和能见度变化,分析了两者之间的关系。结果表明:1)由MODIS遥感数据反演的AOD值与地面实测AOD值变化趋势均呈"单峰型",但由于存在观测时间的偏差,总体上反演值高于实测值; 2)利用AOD反演值得到的能见度值与实际能见度观测值基本吻合,两者的时空变化趋势基本一致,两者之间的相关系数大于0. 6(P<0. 01),符合此次霾过程的实际发生特征。

MODIS动态监测黄河宁蒙河段凌情的技术与方法

黄河宁夏河段和内蒙古河段(以下简称宁蒙河段)的凌情是我国大江大河中的一种特殊水文现象,由于凌情引发的凌汛灾害危害巨大,防凌历来是防汛部门的重要任务。在分析黄河宁蒙河道特点、MODIS卫星遥感数据特点和该河段所在区域天气状况的基础上,提出了MODIS遥感动态监测宁蒙河段凌情的技术与方法,研究和应用表明MODIS卫星遥感技术能够实现宁蒙河段凌情实时动态监测,在动态监测封开河长度、壅水漫滩等方面效果显著。

Mapping paddy rice with multi-date moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data in China

The objective of this study was to obtain spatial distribution maps of paddy rice fields using multi-date moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) data in China.Paddy rice fields were extracted by identifying the unique char-acteristic of high soil moisture in the flooding and transplanting period with improved algorithms based on rice growth calendar regionalization.The characteristic could be reflected by the enhanced vegetation index(EVI) and the land surface water index(LSWI) derived from MODIS sensor data.Algorithms for single,early,and late rice identification were obtained from selected typical test sites.The algorithms could not only separate early rice and late rice planted in the same fields,but also reduce the uncertainties.The areal accuracy of the MODIS-derived results was validated by comparison with agricultural statistics,and the spatial matching was examined by ETM+(enhanced thematic mapper plus) images in a test region.Major factors that might cause errors,such as the coarse spatial resolution and noises in the MODIS data,were discussed.Although not suitable for monitoring the inter-annual variations due to some inevitable factors,the MODIS-derived results were useful for obtaining spatial distribution maps of paddy rice on a large scale,and they might provide reference for further studies.

Assessment of rice fields by GIS／GPS-supported classification of MODIS data

The new Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite image offers a large choice of opportunities for operational applications. The 1-km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) image is not suitable for retrieval of field level parameter and Landsat data are not frequent enough for monitoring changes in crop parameters during the critical crop growth periods.A methodology to map areas of paddy fields using MODIS,geographic information system (GIS) and global position system (GPS) is introduced in this paper. Training samples are selected and located with the help of GPS to provide maximal accuracy.A concept of assessing areas of potential cultivation of rice is suggested by means of GIS integration. By integration of MODIS with GIS and GPS technologies the actual areas of rice fields in 2002 have been mapped. The classification accuracy was 95.7% percent compared with the statistical data of the Agricultural Bureau of Zhejiang Province.

Global Water Vapor Content Decreases from 2003 to 2012： An Analysis Based on MODIS Data

Water vapor in the earth′s upper atmosphere plays a crucial role in the radiative balance, hydrological process, and climate change. Based on the latest moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) data, this study probes the spatio-temporal variations of global water vapor content in the past decade. It is found that overall the global water vapor content declined from 2003 to 2012(slope b = –0.0149, R = 0.893, P = 0.0005). The decreasing trend over the ocean surface(b = –0.0170, R = 0.908, P = 0.0003) is more explicit than that over terrestrial surface(b = –0.0100, R = 0.782, P = 0.0070), more significant over the Northern Hemisphere(b = –0.0175, R = 0.923, P = 0.0001) than that over the Southern Hemisphere(b = –0.0123, R = 0.826, P = 0.0030). In addition, the analytical results indicate that water vapor content are decreasing obviously between latitude of 36°N and 36°S(b = 0.0224, R = 0.892, P = 0.0005), especially between latitude of 0°N and 36°N(b = 0.0263, R = 0.931, P = 0.0001), while the water vapor concentrations are increasing slightly in the Arctic regions(b = 0.0028, R = 0.612, P = 0.0590). The decreasing and spatial variation of water vapor content regulates the effects of carbon dioxide which is the main reason of the trend in global surface temperatures becoming nearly flat since the late 1990 s. The spatio-temporal variations of water vapor content also affect the growth and spatial distribution of global vegetation which also regulates the global surface temperature change, and the climate change is mainly caused by the earth's orbit position in the solar and galaxy system. A big data model based on gravitational-magmatic change with the solar or the galactic system is proposed to be built for analyzing how the earth's orbit position in the solar and galaxy system affects spatio-temporal variations of global water vapor content, vegetation and temperature at large spatio-temporal scale. This comprehensive examination of water vapor changes promises a holistic understanding of the global climate change and potential underlying mechanisms.

Vegetation Phenology in Permafrost Regions of Northeastern China Based on MODIS and Solar-induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence

Vegetation phenology is an indicator of vegetation response to natural environmental changes and is of great significance for the study of global climate change and its impact on terrestrial ecosystems.The normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)and enhanced vegetation index(EVI),extracted from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer(MODIS),are widely used to monitor phenology by calculating land surface reflectance.However,the applicability of the vegetation index based on‘greenness'to monitor photosynthetic activity is hindered by poor observation conditions(e.g.,ground shadows,snow,and clouds).Recently,satellite measurements of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence(SIF)from OCO-2 sensors have shown great potential for studying vegetation phenology.Here,we tested the feasibility of SIF in extracting phenological metrics in permafrost regions of the northeastern China,exploring the characteristics of SIF in the study of vegetation phenology and the differences between NDVI and EVI.The results show that NDVI has obvious SOS advance and EOS lag,and EVI is closer to SIF.The growing season length based on SIF is often the shortest,while it can represent the true phenology of vegetation because it is closely related to photosynthesis.SIF is more sensitive than the traditional remote sensing indices in monitoring seasonal changes in vegetation phenology and can compensate for the shortcomings of traditional vegetation indices.We also used the time series data of MODIS NDVI and EVI to extract phenological metrics in different permafrost regions.The results show that the length of growing season of vegetation in predominantly continuous permafrost(zone I)is longer than in permafrost with isolated taliks(zone II).Our results have certain significance for understanding the response of ecosystems in cold regions to global climate change.

The study of estimation method of broadband emissivity from EOS/MODIS data

The broadband emissivity is an important parameter for estimating the energy balance of the Earth. This study focuses on estimating the window （8 -12 μm） emissivity from the MODIS （mod- erate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer） data, and two methods are built. The regression method obtains the broadband emissivity from MODllB1 - 5KM product, whose coefficient is developed by using 128 spectra, and the standard deviation of error is about 0.0118 and the mean error is about O. 0084. Although the estimation accuracy is very high while the broadband emissivity is estimated from the emissivity of bands 29, 31 and 32 obtained from MOD11B1 _ 5KM product, the standard deviations of errors of single emissivity in bands 29, 31, 32 are about 0.009 for MOD11B1 5KM product, so the total error is about O. 02 and resolution is about 5km × 5km. A combined radiative transfer model with dynamic learning neural network method is used to estimate the broadband emis- sivity from MODIS 1B data. The standard deviation of error is about 0.016, the mean error is about 0.01, and the resolution is about 1 km x 1 km. The validation and application analysis indicates that the regression is simpler and more practical, and estimation accuracy of the dynamic learning neural network method is higher. Considering the needs for accuracy and practicalities in application, one of them can be chosen to estimate the broadband emissivity from MODIS data.

Characteristics and generations of internal wave in the Sulu Sea inferred from optical satellite images

Characteristics and generation of internal waves(IWs)in the Sulu Sea are studied using Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite(VIIRS)images taken from October 2016 to September 2019.Satellite observations show that IWs in the Sulu Sea mainly located in the shallower western areas with occasional observations in the deeper eastern regions.The dominant length of wave crest(LWC)of IWs is between 50 and 150 km with the largest LWC reaching over 300 km.The analysis of temporal distributions of IWs shows that March has the most IWs and July has the least.Further analysis shows that the seasonal variation is mainly due to the cloud contamination of optical satellite images.New generation sites of IWs are analyzed using satellite images.Six possible generation sites for IWs in the western Sulu Sea and one generation site for IWs in the eastern Sulu Sea are found using the ray-tracing method.Multi IW sources in the same strait are found,which may be due to the seawater fl ow over the strait in diff erent directions.The analysis shows that IWs with long wave crest in the Sulu Sea is a combined eff ort of all straits between small islands in the Sulu Archipelago.Remote generated IWs with long wave crest in the eastern Sulu Sea are studied,which are generated at the straits around(121.5°E,6°N)by the nonlinear evolution of internal tide originated from the Sulu Archipelago.

中国地区MODIS Terra/Aqua MAIAC气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品反演误差对比分析

最新的多角度大气校正(MAIAC)气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)反演算法已应用于Terra和Aqua两颗卫星上的中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS),在优化反演精度的同时将AOD产品的空间分辨率提高到1 km级.本研究将2003—2020年重叠期间Terra和Aqua中国地区MAIAC AOD产品与全球气溶胶自动观测网络(AERONET)AOD数据进行对比验证,分析该产品在中国地区的适用性和两颗卫星产品间的差异性,并探讨邻近云像元与观测几何对MAIAC AOD产品的影响.结果表明:MAIAC AOD产品在中国地区有较好的适用性,Terra和Aqua两颗卫星性能表现基本相近,整体验证结果有超过70%的数据落在期望误差(EE)范围内(EET=73.12%,EEA=70.83%).研究发现邻近云像元是影响AOD产品精度的重要因素之一,邻近云像元会造成AOD反演高估,且这种现象随着邻近云像元的数量而增加.经过质量控制剔除邻近云像元的影响,发现观测几何也会引起产品间的偏差,过小或过大的太阳天顶角会造成更大的平均偏差.总体而言,中国地区MODIS Terra/Aqua MAIAC AOD产品间差异较小,Aqua AOD数据平均偏差更小(MBT=0.0111,MBA=0.0048),年际间变化也更加稳定,更适合应用于长时序分析研究,但产品使用过程中应考虑临近云像元和观测几何对产品精度的影响.

基于可见光红外成像辐射仪数据的地表温度反演

地表温度是农业旱灾和作物估产模型的重要参数。该文针对可见光红外成像辐射仪(visible infrared imager radiometer suite,VIIRS)传感器缺乏水汽通道的特点,联合Aqua卫星搭载的中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS)数据提出了基于分裂窗算法的VIIRS地表温度反演方法。对地表发射率和大气透过率这2个关键参数的获取进行了详细分析,选取了处于作物生长期的2013年6月4日VIIRS数据进行实例验证分析。结果表明,与全国气象数据比较该文算法在大尺度上能够较好地获取中国地表温度;与MODIS数据温度产品在高温产粮区比较,该文算法与MODIS温度产品精度较一致,两者差值小于1 K。使用MODTRAN(moderate resolution transmission)软件对算法的精度进行了模拟评价验证,分析表明:在一定的水汽和地表发射率条件下,算法反演精度一般保持在1 K内,平均误差为0.431 K,误差标准偏差为0.247 K。能够为农业干旱、作物长势等农情信息监测提供所需的地表温度数据。

京津冀地区气溶胶时空分布及与城市化关系的研究

利用AERONET(AErosol RObotic NETwork)数据对2008~2012年Terra MODIS(MOderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)C006 3 km卫星遥感气溶胶产品在京津冀地区的适用性进行了验证,分析京津冀地区3km分辨率气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)的时空分布和变化特征。利用DMSP(Defense Meteorological Satellite System)/OLS(Operational Linescan System)夜间灯光数据作为城市化评价手段,对京津冀地区城市化与AOD时空分布之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:(1)MODIS 3 km气溶胶产品遥感反演数据和同期AERONET监测数据在研究区具有很好的一致性,相关系数达0.91,满足期望要求;(2)时间上,2008~2012年研究区年平均AOD值在0.361~0.453之间变化,年际间变化浮动大,总体呈下降趋势;AOD春季呈明显下降趋势,夏季总体呈微弱上升趋势,秋季和冬季呈明显上升趋势;(3)空间上,2008~2012年北京、天津和河北中南部的AOD值较高,河北北边AOD值较低;四季AOD空间分布呈现较强烈季节变化,夏季最高,冬季最低;(4)夜间灯光数据和AOD时空分布不仅在空间分布上呈现较好的一致性,且2008~2012年二者的地理权重回归(GWR)模型拟合度R2达0.8左右。研究区内AOD与夜间灯光数据二者相关性显著,城市化发展水平和人类活动对气溶胶的分布有着明显的影响。

烟台四十里湾叶绿素a浓度的时空分布特征及其影响机制

本文利用2003～2012年MODIS（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer）卫星遥感数据,分析了四十里湾叶绿素a浓度的时空分布特征,并探讨其影响机制。结果表明,四十里湾叶绿素a浓度具有显著的时空分布特征。从空间分布来看,全年均是南部近岸较高,从西南的湾内向东北的湾外逐渐降低。逛荡河口正北约6 km海域在4～5、7～9月出现叶绿素a高值羽。从时间分布来看,四十里湾叶绿素a浓度夏季最高,春秋次之,冬季最低,5月份和8月份出现峰值,呈现温带海域特有的＂双峰＂特性。四十里湾年平均叶绿素a浓度呈现波动状态,波动范围约为6～12 mg/m3。四十里湾叶绿素a浓度的分布及变化与海表面温度成正相关,相关系数是0.41。另外,入海排污和海水养殖业等人类活动可能也是影响四十里湾叶绿素a浓度时空变化的重要因素。

福建围填海及其对海洋环境影响的遥感初探

把遥感技术应用于海岸带现状的动态研究和遥感海洋环境反演是当前遥感应用的热点之一。文章主要利用美国资源卫星专题扫描仪(thematic mapper,TM)遥感影像研究福建围填海状况及大陆海岸线的变化,通过ENVI、ArcGIS软件对研究区遥感影像进行处理,实现海岸线的自动提取、土地分类,以监测福建围填海的动态变化。通过相同季节的中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS)遥感影像反演福建海域海水表层温度及叶绿素浓度等海洋参数来了解围填海对海洋环境的可能影响。

2015年黄海浒苔演变特征的遥感分析

为揭示2015年黄海区域浒苔演变特征,利用MODIS(moderate-resolution imaging spectrometer)数据,通过计算漂浮藻类指数(floating algae index,FAI)建立了浒苔信息的数据集,进而获取了浒苔的时空变化规律特征。研究发现,5月13日浒苔条带最早出现在苏北近岸,之后浒苔条带向北和向东漂移,浒苔覆盖面积逐渐变大;向北漂移的浒苔逐渐发展成大规模聚集的形态,而向东的条带仍旧是分散的形态;向北漂移的浒苔条带6月12日到达半岛顶端后出现大规模登陆的情况,登陆的依次顺序为乳山—青岛—海阳;在苏北近岸的浒苔一直持续到8月5日。对2015年浒苔时空演变特征与往年情况进行初步对比分析,发现其与2013年浒苔漂移路径和登陆过程存在显著差异,具有很强的年际差异。

Responses of Alpine Wetlands to Climate Changes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Based on Remote Sensing

The alpine wetlands in QTP(Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau)have been profoundly impacted along with global climate changes.We employ satellite datasets and climate data to explore the relationships between alpine wetlands and climate changes based on remote sensing data.Results show that:1)the wetland NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)and GPP(Gross Primary Production)were more sensitive to air temperature than to precipitation rate.The wetland ET(evapotranspiration)across alpine wetlands was greatly correlated with precipitation rate.2)Alpine wetlands responses to climate changes varied spatially and temporally due to different geographic environments,variety of wetland formation and human disturbances.3)The vegetation responses of the Zoige wetland was the most noticeable and related to the temperature,while the GPP and NDVI of the Qiangtang Plateau and Gyaring-Ngoring Lake were significantly correlated with both temperature and precipitation.4)ET in the Zoige wetland showed a significantly positive trend,while ET in Maidika wetland and the Qiangtang plateau showed a negative trend,implying wetland degradation in those two wetland regions.The complexities of the impacts of climate changes on alpine wetlands indicate the necessity of further study to understand and conserve alpine wetland ecosystems.

Snow Cover Variation and Streamflow Simulation in a Snow-fed River Basin of the Northwest Himalaya

Snowmelt is an important component of any snow-fed river system.The Jhelum River is one such transnational mountain river flowing through India and Pakistan.The basin is minimally glacierized and its discharge is largely governed by seasonal snow cover and snowmelt.Therefore,accurate estimation of seasonal snow cover dynamics and snowmeltinduced runoff is important for sustainable water resource management in the region.The present study looks into spatio-temporal variations of snow cover for past decade and stream flow simulation in the Jhelum River basin.Snow cover extent(SCE) was estimated using MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) sensor imageries.Normalized Difference Snow Index(NDSI) algorithm was used to generate multi-temporal time series snow cover maps.The results indicate large variation in snow cover distribution pattern and decreasing trend in different sub-basins of the Jhelum River.The relationship between SCE-temperature,SCE-discharge and discharge-precipitation was analyzed for different seasons and shows strong correlation.For streamflow simulation of the entire Jhelum basin Snow melt Runoff Model(SRM) used.A good correlation was observed between simulated stream flow and in-situ discharge.The monthly discharge contribution from different sub-basins to the total discharge of the Jhelum River was estimated using a modified version of runoff model based on temperature-index approach developed for small watersheds.Stream power - an indicator of the erosive capability of streams was also calculated for different sub-basins.