Magnetorheological finishing of an irregular-shaped small-bore complex component using a small ball-end permanent-magnet polishing head

A novel magnetorheological finishing(MRF)process using a small ball-end permanent-magnet polishing head is proposed,and a four-axes linkage dedicated MRF machine tool is fabricated to achieve the nanofinishing of an irregularψ-shaped small-bore complex component with concave surfaces of a curvature radius less than3 mm.The processing method of the complex component is introduced.Magnetostatic simulation during the entire finishing path is carried out to analyze the material removal characteristics.A typicalψ-shaped small-bore complex component is polished on the developed device,and a fine surface quality is obtained with surface roughness Raof 0.0107μm and surface accuracy of the finished spherical surfaces of 0.3320μm(PV).These findings indicate that the proposed MRF process can perform the nanofinishing of a kind of small-bore complex component with small-curvature-radius concave surfaces.

Magnetorheological finishing of low-gradient curved surfaces based on four-axis linkage technique

Based on the distribution characteristic of magnetic field along the polish wheel,the four-axis linkage technique is advanced to replace a standard five-axis one to figure low-gradient optical surfaces with a raster tool-path in magnetorheological finishing(MRF).After introducing the fundaments of such simplification,the figuring reachability of a four-axis system for the low-gradient optics was theoretically analyzed.Further validation including magnetic field intensity and influence function characteristic was performed to establish its application.To demonstrate the correctness,feasibility and applicability of such technique,a K4 spherical part was figured by two iterations of MRF with surface form error improved to 0.219λPV and 0.027λRMS.Meanwhile,the surface roughness was also improved a lot in MRF process.These theoretical analyses and experimental results both indicate that high form accuracy and excellent surface quality can be obtained by using the four-axis linkage technique in the process of figuring low-gradient optical elements,and the four-axis linkage system undoubtedly is much more easy to control and much more economical.

The Synthetic Effect of Magnetorheological Finishing Technology:Analysis,Modeling,and Control

The controllable key factors in magnetorheological finishing device were studied to determine their influence on efficiency of magnetorheological finishing(MRF)and surface of MRF,as well as interaction between efficiency and surface.Based on theoretical and experimental research,the law of material removal was explored and a new process variable based material removal model(PVMR)was proposed.The experimental findings demonstrate that PVMR reveals the law of the material removal with introduction of three concepts and makes a material removal function z(y i)where the magnetorheological finishing process parameters are considered since they are easy to control and adjust.So the material function of this model is quadratic curve function which is readily suitable for stability and online control magnetorheological finishing.

Advanced nonlinear rheology magnetorheological finishing: A review

High-performance devices usually have curved surfaces, requiring high accuracy of shape and low surface roughness. It is a challenge to achieve high accuracies for form and position on a device with low surface roughness. However, due to the unique nonlinear rheology, magnetorheological fluids with hard abrasives are widely applied in ultra-precision surface finishing. Compared with conventional mechanical finishing, magnetorheological finishing displays obviously advantages, such as high precision shape of machined surface, low surface roughness and subsurface damage, and easy control for finishing processes. However, finishing performance depends on various factors, e.g. volume fraction and distribution of magnetic particles, types of hard abrasives and additives, strength of magnetic field, finishing forms. Therefore, a comprehensive review on related works is essential to understand the state-of-the-art of magnetorheological finishing and beneficial to inspire researchers to develop lower cost, higher machining accuracy and efficient approaches and setups, which demonstrates a significant guidance for development of high-performance parts in fields of aerospace, navigation and clinical medicine etc. This review starts from the rheological property of magnetorheological fluids, summarizing dynamically nonlinear rheological properties and stable finishing approaches. Then, the effect of components in magnetorheological fluids is discussed on finishing performance, consisting of magnetic particles, carrier fluid, additives and abrasives. Reasonable configuration of magnetorheological fluids, and different magnetorheological finishing methods are presented for variously curved surfaces. In addition, the current finishing forms and future directions are also addressed in this review.

First order sensitivity analysis of magnetorheological fluid damper based on the output damping force

With many features,the magnetorheological fluid( MRF) damper is widely applied in the semiactive vibration control system. And sensitivity analysis is an important method to study the influence weight of various parameters on damping force characteristics. A mathematical model of the output damping force on the MRF damper is established by the mechanism modeling method,a first order output sensitivity equation is deduced and the expression of the first order output sensitivity function is obtained. The first-order sensitivity functions of ten design parameters are solved,and the influence degree of system parameters change on the output force of MRF damper is analyzed by comparing the sensitivity index of the parameters. Two sensitivities of vibration velocity and control current are obtained through experiment to prove the other parameters sensitivity analysis conclusion by analogy verification,which provides guidance for the structure optimization design of MRF damper.

Restraint of mid-spatial frequency error in magnetorheological finishing (MRF) process by maximum entropy method

In order to restrain the mid-spatial frequency error in magnetorheological finishing (MRF) process, a novel part-random path is designed based on the theory of maximum entropy method (MEM). Using KDMRF-1000F polishing machine, one flat work piece (98 mm in diameter) is polished. The mid-spatial frequency error in the region using part-random path is much lower than that by using common raster path. After one MRF iteration (7.46 min), peak-to-valley (PV) is 0.062 wave (1 wave =632.8 nm), root-mean-square (RMS) is 0.010 wave and no obvious mid-spatial frequency error is found. The result shows that the part-random path is a novel path, which results in a high form accuracy and low mid-spatial frequency error in MRF process.

磁流变抛光技术研究进展

表面质量是精密零部件最重要的性能之一,零件的表面质量主要是由加工过程中不同的工艺参数和方法决定的。传统的磨抛工艺由于作用在工件上的力很大、嵌入的磨料颗粒、对工艺的控制有限等原因很难使表面粗糙度降低到精密零部件的要求精度。磁流变抛光(MRF)提供了一种新型高效的方法使工件加工质量达到预期的精度水平。MRF对工艺控制具有更大的灵活性,并且可以在不破坏表面形貌的情况下完成加工。综述了磁流变抛光液组分对加工效果的影响、材料去除模型的建立和发展、不同的MRF加工方式和未来磁流变抛光技术发展的新方向,最后总结了目前MRF技术存在的问题总结,并提出了MRF技术未来可能的发展方向。

光学元件磁流变加工不确定度误差工艺方法

为减少磁流变抛光过程中误差对加工精度的影响,实现光学元件磁流变高精度加工,采用一种不确定度误差工艺方法对加工中的误差进行抑制。通过对磁流变加工过程中的位置误差和去除函数误差进行不确定度分析,在理论分析与实验分析的基础上进行验证实验。由仿真与实验结果可知,加工中面形误差与中频误差均存在3.5 nm的不确定度误差值,通过验证实验,得到了加工后的面形误差RMS值为20 nm,中频误差RMS值为14 nm。结果表明,采用误差不确定度的方法可优化加工工艺流程,减少误差对加工过程的影响,可以达到不确定度下的面形精度。该方法为磁流变高精度确定性加工以及面形误差与中频误差的抑制问题提供了一种解决方案。

磁流变抛光（MRF）技术的发展

对磁流变抛光技术20多年来的发展作了简要的回顾，介绍了磁流变液的组成、抛光机理及磁流变抛光技术的产生、发展和最新研究情况，并对其发展未来进行了展望。

一阶不连续光学元件MRF流体动力学分析方法

一阶不连续光学元件的磁流变抛光问题是制约我国高精高效光学制造领域发展的难题之一,其涉及锥形、矩形等几何形貌元件的光学元件加工问题以及常见光学元件的边缘效应控制问题。提出了基于一阶不连续光学元件的磁流变抛光流体动力学方法,建立了该类元件抛光区域流体动力分析的理论方法和数值手段。首先,对磁流变抛光工况下的流场进行了合理假设,其次,从微元流体动力方程出发,建立了适用于一阶不连续面形的流场分析方法,最后,基于有限差分法和数值迭代方法建立了流场控制方程的数值计算方法。通过对切入距离为1～18mm的抛光过程进行数值仿真,发现该方法所获取的一阶不连续面形的压力分布形态是正确的,产生的不连续压降与实验观测一致。

Material removal model of magnetorheological finishing based on dense granular flow theory

Magnetorheological finishing(MRF)technology is widely used in the fabrication of high-precision optical elements.The material removal mechanism of MRF has not been fully understood because MRF technology involves the integration of electromagnetics,contact mechanics,and materials science.In this study,the rheological properties of the MR polishing fluid in oscillation model have been investigated.We propose that the shear-thinned MR polishing fluid over the polishing area should be considered a dense granular flow,based on which a new contact model of MRF over the polishing area has been constructed.Removal function and processing force test experiments were conducted under different working gaps.The normal pressure and effective friction equations over the polishing area were built based on the continuous medium and dense granular flow theories.Then,a novel MRF material removal model was established.A comparison of the results of the theoretical model with actual polishing results demonstrated the accuracy of the established model.The novel model proposed herein reveals the generation mechanism of shear force over a polished workpiece and realizes effective decoupling of the main processing parameters that influence the material removal of MRF.The results of this study will provide new and effective theoretical guidance for the process optimization and technology improvement of MRF.

锥面镜磁流变抛光去除函数畸变规律分析与演绎

磁流变抛光是实现锥镜低表面损伤、面形误差高效抑制的重要工艺,然而锥面磁流变抛光去除函数畸变严重、畸变规律复杂,而现有方法难以直接有效建立其去除函数模型,导致面形收敛效率低下。本文分析了锥面曲率效应对磁流变抛光去除函数畸变的影响机制,研究去除函数的基准化特征参数关于平均曲率的解析规律,建立了由平面到锥面的磁流变抛光去除函数演绎方法。该方法将锥面去除函数的长宽、体去除率、峰去除率演变规律综合纳入到演绎之中,更全面地反映了锥面曲率效应下的磁流变抛光去除函数的畸变特性,同时避免了理化特性参数测量以及复杂方程和非线性问题的求解,为实际工况下锥面去除函数演绎提供一种有效、低成本方法。重复性采斑实验结果显示锥面去除函数特征参数的演绎误差为3.20%~12.02%,证明了该演绎方法具有较强的适用性。

光学元件磁流变加工驻留时间粒子群优化算法

为实现光学元件磁流变高精度加工,基于脉冲迭代原理,提出基于粒子群算法的驻留时间优化方法。该方法在脉冲迭代法的基础上引入粒子群算法对整体面型残差进行优化,通过对整体驻留时间的判定,从而实现每个驻留时间点的最优选择,达到高精度面形加工。通过对Φ156 mm光学表面仿真加工,均方根(RMS)值和峰谷(PV)值从初始的169.164和1 161.69 nm收敛到23.492 5和807.215 6 nm。仿真结果表明,该算法能在保证面形收敛精度的同时快速获得稳定可靠的驻留时间分布,能有效降低中频误差,其算法性能优于常用的脉冲迭代法。该算法为磁流变抛光光学元件过程中的驻留时间计算提供了一种解决方案。

纳米金刚石磨粒团聚对熔石英摩擦磨损性能的影响

为了研究磁流变抛光液中磨粒团聚对光学玻璃元件的磨损性能,利用环境可控的直线往复式摩擦磨损试验机,以不锈钢球为对磨副,以熔石英为基底,系统地研究了磁流变抛光液中纳米金刚石磨粒团聚程度对熔石英摩擦磨损性能的影响,并利用光学显微镜、白光干涉仪等设备分析熔石英的磨损机制,最后将摩擦学实验结果与实际磁流变抛光结果进行对比。实验结果表明:纳米金刚石磨粒团聚程度越大,熔石英表面的材料去除率越大,磨损区域亚表面损伤情况越严重。当载荷为0.5 N时,熔石英在团聚磨粒作用下的磨损主要以黏着磨损为主,伴随着轻微的磨粒磨损,同时熔石英的亚表面无明显损伤;当载荷从0.5 N增加到4 N时,熔石英的磨损形式以磨粒磨损为主,熔石英的表面和亚表面出现大量损伤。采用相同磨粒团聚程度的抛光液进行熔石英磨损与磁流变抛光实验发现,熔石英在磁流变抛光过程中的材料去除率与磨损实验的材料去除率变化趋势保持一致,表明借助摩擦磨损实验在一定程度上可以预测实际磁流变抛光中的材料去除率。

TC4钛合金磁流变抛光的磁感应强度分布及参数

使用磁流变抛光技术对钛合金进行抛光,为了获得更好的表面质量,分别对磁感应强度分布、磁流变液和抛光参数进行了研究。首先,优化了加工区域的磁感应强度分布,通过在加工区域添加两块铁板,磁感应强度分布变得均匀,从而提高抛光后钛合金工件的表面质量。其次,分析了磁流变液的组成,即基液、磨粒类型以及磁性粒子和磨粒的质量占比对工件表面粗糙度的影响。随后,研究了四个基本抛光参数,即磨粒目数、工件转速、磁感应强度和抛光时间,找出这些参数对表面质量的影响规律。采用响应面法获得了工件表面粗糙度变化率的模型,并进行了方差分析以检查模型的显著性。最后,找出最优的抛光参数并对其进行了实验验证。

齿轮齿廓抛光方法研究进展

齿轮是现代机械传动系统中运用最为广泛的传动件,齿轮齿廓的精度和表面质量对齿轮传动的精度、平稳性、可靠性和噪声影响巨大。齿轮的加工过程通常要经历初切齿—热处理—初磨—精磨等工艺过程,然而,经磨削加工后齿廓仍然存在磨削横纹、表面粗糙度难以进一步降低、表面粗糙度沿齿廓分布不均匀等问题。目前,齿轮经磨削后进行齿廓抛光是解决上述问题的有效途径之一。为此,将现有主要齿轮齿廓抛光方法归纳为齿廓电化学机械抛光、齿廓磨料流抛光、齿廓磁流变抛光以及齿廓剪切增稠抛光等4大类。详细阐述了当前主要齿轮齿廓抛光方法的加工原理;列举了各种加工方法的加工实例;从加工的适应范围、加工效率、抛光后的齿廓表面粗糙度的改善率以及对加工设备的要求等方面归纳了各个加工方法的技术优势和存在的问题。结果表明,使用其他辅助能场(如超声、激光、磁场等)与传统抛光方法复合以实现高效、高精度、高表面一致性齿廓抛光将是未来的主要研究方向。

磁流变液与形状记忆合金复合制动性能研究

针对现有磁流变液制动器使用存在发热严重的缺点,设计一种磁流变液与形状记忆合金复合制动装置,利用装置在制动过程中产生的热量,使形状记忆合金弹簧产生附加的摩擦转矩,提高了装置的制动转矩。阐述该复合制动装置结构和工作原理,进行磁场有限元分析、形状记忆合金弹簧挤压力分析以及复合制动转矩分析。结果表明:磁流变液传递的转矩随电流的增大而增大,形状记忆合金弹簧的摩擦转矩随温度的增加而提高;当线圈电流为3 A、温度达到100℃时,复合制动转矩比单一的磁流变制动转矩提升约31.4%。

光学材料研磨亚表面损伤的快速检测及其影响规律

提出了一种光学材料研磨亚表面损伤的非破坏性快速检测方法。基于印压断裂力学理论建立了亚表面损伤深度与表面粗糙度的关系模型。使用磁流变抛光斑点技术测量了K9玻璃在不同研磨条件下的亚表面损伤深度,并验证了上述模型。最后,分析了研磨加工参数对亚表面损伤深度的影响规律,提出了高效率的研磨加工策略。研究表明:光学材料研磨后亚表面损伤深度与表面粗糙度成单调递增的非线性关系,即SSD^SR4/3。磨粒粒度对亚表面损伤深度的影响最显著,研磨盘硬度的影响次之,而研磨压力和研磨盘公转速度的影响基本可以忽略。利用建立的亚表面损伤深度与表面粗糙度间的关系模型能够实现亚表面损伤深度的快速、准确和非破坏性检测。

磁流变抛光消除磨削亚表面损伤层新工艺

针对传统光学加工技术难于精确测量和控制亚表面损伤的特点,提出用磁流变抛光替代研磨工序并直接衔接磨削的新工艺流程。采用自行研制的磁流变抛光机床KDMRF-1000和水基磁流变抛光液KDMRW-2进行了磁流变抛光去除磨削亚表面损伤层的实验研究。结果显示,直径为100mm的K9材料平面玻璃,经过156min的磁流变粗抛,去除了50μm深度的亚表面损伤层,表面粗糙度Ra值进一步提升至0.926nm,经过17.5min磁流变精抛,去除玻璃表面200nm厚的材料,并消除磁流变粗抛产生的抛光纹路,表面粗糙度Ra值提升至0.575nm。由此表明,应用磁流变抛光可以高效消除磨削产生的亚表面损伤层,提出的新工艺流程可以实现近零亚表面损伤和纳米级精度抛光两个工艺目标。

磁流变光整加工技术研究进展

介绍了近年来磁流变光整加工(MRF)技术的研究状况及最新进展,对磁流变光整加工机理研究、加工机床与相关装置的开发、加工工艺试验研究、加工算法与模型研究、磁流变液流体开发与应用等五个方面进行了详细的综述与分析。最后探讨了磁流变光整加工中的关键技术与存在的问题,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。