MSWI Fly Ash Based Novel Solidification/Stabilization Matrices for Heavy Metals

The possibilities of MSWI fly ash as a major constituent of novel solidification/stabilization matrices for secure landfill were investigated by mixing MSWI fly ash with rich aluminum components, which was added as bauxite cement or metakaolinite instead, to form Friedel and Ettringite phases with high fixing capacities for heavy metals. The physical properties, heavy metals-fixing capacity, mineral phases and its vibration bands in the novel matrices were characterized by compressive strength, TCLP（toxic characteristic leaching procedure）, XRD （x-ray diffraction） , DTG （derivative thermogravimetry）, and FTIR （fourier transform infrared spectroscopy）, respectively. The Tessier＇s five-step sequential extraction procedure was used to analyze the fractions of chemical speciation for Pb, Cd and Zn ions. The experimental results indicate that Friedel-Ettringite based novel solidification/stabilization matrices can incorporate Pb, Cd and Zn ions effectively by physical encapsulation and chemical fixation, and it exhibits a great potential in co-landfill treatment of MSWI fly ash with some heavy metals-bearing hazardous wastes.

Effect of MSWI Fly Ash and Incineration Residues on Cement Performances

The activities of municipal solid waste incineration （MSWI） fly ash and incineration residues were studied contrastively, through the component analysis and the activity ratio tests. The mechanical properties, hydration mechanism and leaching toxicity of the hardened cement paste mixing with MSWI fly ash and incineration residues were investigated. The experimental results indicated that the active constituents （CaO＋Al2O3＋Fe2O3） in MSWI fly ash were higher than those in incineration residues. Therefore the activity ratio of MSWI fly ash was 43.58%, twice as much as that of incineration residues. Meanwhile, the hydration of cement was delayed by mixing with MSWI fly ash and incineration residues, which also reduced the cement strength markedly. By adding with exceeding 20% MSWI fly ash, the specimens expanded and microcracks appeared. The leaching toxicities of cement pasted mixed with MSWI fly ash and incineration residues were lower than the Chinese national standard. Accordingly the cement mixed by MSWI fly ash and incineration residues can be considered as the environment-friendly materials.

Study on Removal of Pb and Hg from MSWI Fly Ash by Aspergillus niger Leaching

Fly ash from a municipal solid waste incineration plant in Haikou was taken as the research object. The biological toxicity of its leachate was determined by luminescent bacteria method. The leaching toxicity of the leachate was determined by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The results showed that the leaching with Aspergillus niger had good removal effect on As and Hg, and the leached fly ash and leachate could meet the safe discharge standard. 37 ℃ was the best temperature for A. niger leaching. The concentrations of As and Hg in fly ash leachate were reduced to 0.438 and 0.053 g/L, respectively after 5 d of leaching by A. niger at 37 ℃. The luminous intensity of leachate increased with the increase of the number of days. Therefore, the leaching with A. niger can effectively remove As and Hg in fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration, and the leachate can also meet the safe discharge standard.

Degradation of PCDD/Fs in MSWI fly ash using a microwave-assisted hydrothermal process

In this work,microwave treatment was introduced to a hydrothermal treatment process to degrade PCDD/Fs(Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans)in municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI)fly ash.Three process additives(NaOH,Na2 HPO4,H2 O),temperatures(150℃,185℃,220℃)and reaction times(1 h,2 h,3 h)were investigated to identify their effect on the disposal of fly ash samples through orthogonal experiments.High-resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(HRGC/MS)was applied to determine the PCDD/F concentrations in MSWI fly ash.The experimental results revealed that 83.7%of total PCDD/Fs was degraded.Reaction temperature was the most important factor for the degradation of the total PCDD/Fs.Both direct destruction and chlorination reactions(the chlorination degree of PCDFs increased)took part in the degradation of PCDD/Fs in fly ash,which was a new discovery.Several PCDD/F indexes determined by the concentration of indicative congeners were found to quantitatively characterize the dioxin toxicity of the fly ash.Furthermore,heavy metals in the fly ash sample were solidified using microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment,which provided an experimental basis for the simultaneous disposal of dioxins and heavy metals.Thus,the microwave-assisted hydrothermal process should be considered for the future disposal of MSWI fly ash.

Mechanism study of Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption from acidic wastewater by ultrasonic-modified municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

High concentrations of copper ions(Cu(Ⅱ)) in water will pose health risks to humans and the ecological environment. Therefore, this study aims to utilize ultrasonic-cured modified municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI) fly ash for Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption to achieve the purpose of “treating waste by waste.” The effects of p H, adsorption time, initial concentration, and temperature on the modified MSWI fly ash’s adsorption efficiency were systematically studied in this article. The adsorption performance of the modified MSWI fly ash can be enhanced by the ultrasonic modification. At pH = 2, 3 and 4, the adsorption capacity of the modified MSWI fly ash for Cu(Ⅱ) increased by 2.7, 1.9 and 1.2 times, respectively. Furthermore, it was suggested that the adsorption process of the modified MSWI fly ash can be better simulated by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with a maximum adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir model of 24.196 mg.g-1. Additionally, the adsorption process is spontaneous,endothermic, and chemisorption-dominated from the thermodynamic studies(ΔH and ΔS > 0, ΔG < 0).Finally, the enhanced adsorption performance of the modified MSWI fly ash for Cu(Ⅱ) may be attributed to electrostatic interaction and chelation effects.

Chlorine removal from MSWI fly ash by thermal treatment: Effects of iron/aluminum additives

The high content of alkali chlorides in municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI) fly ash limit its resource reuse due to the potential environmental risks.In this paper, with superheated steam as the gasifying agent and inducer, chlorides in fly ash were removed by thermal treatment within a moderate temperature range.Thermal treatment experiments were performed under different conditions: temperature(500–800℃), steam addition(mass ratio of steam to fly ash = 0.25–1) and residence time(0.5–3 hr).Iron and aluminum powders were added to fly ash to improve the chlorine removal efficiency.Water-soluble chlorides included Na Cl and KCl, and insoluble chlorides mainly included Ca(OH)Cl.The heating process with the addition of water steam was more efficient than that without steam in terms of the removal performance of water-soluble chlorides.The removal efficiency of soluble chlorides reached 75.25% for a mass ratio of 1:1 after 1-hr thermal treatment at 700℃.When the residence time was increased above 1 hr, the total dechlorination efficiency was not increased dramatically.Moreover, adding iron and aluminum powder into the fly ash improved the removal of water-insoluble chlorides, and the total dechlorination efficiency was increased by 11.41%–16.64%.

Preparation of glass–ceramics from high-chlorine MSWI fly ash by one-step process

Municipal solid waste incinerated(MSWI) fly ash contains heavy metals and chloride,which is urgent to be disposed via an effective method.Herein,glass-ceramics,one of the recycling waste materials based on MSWI fly ash with high chloride content,have been developed from one-step process.MSWI fly ash and waste glass have been utilized as calcium and silicon sources,respectively.Glass-ceramics were successfully prepared by the one-step process.It is found that the increase in MSWI fly ash promotes the fracture of glass mesh(Si-O)and the generation of non-bridging oxygen,reducing the polymerization degree of glass network structure,which leads to the decrease in glass stability.The difference between glass transition temperature(T_(g)) and crystallization temperature(T_(c)) was narrowed,and crystallization activation energy of basic glass was reduced,which promoted crystallization.With lower crystallization activation energy(E=217.56 kJ·mol^(-1)) and high utilization rate of 50 wt% MSWI fly ash,the optimal glass-ceramics with spherical diopside,cuspidine and glass phase,excellent hardness of 7.97 GPa and bending resistance of 114.86 MPa are achieved.It is worth mentioning that most of the high content of chlorine in MSWI fly ash will evaporate during vitrification process;the residual chlorine as well as heavy metals can be present steadily in crystalline grains.Therefore,this study not only increases the attachment value of MSWI fly ash,but also eliminates the problems caused by high chlorine and heavy metals in MSWI fly ash.

Hydration Kinetics of Municipal Solid Wastes Incineration(MSWI) Fly Ash-Cement

Hydration heat behavior and kinetics of blended cement containing up to 20% MSWI fly ash were investigated based on its hydration heat evolution rate measured by isothermal calorimeter. Kinetics parameters, N and K, and hydration degree, Ca(OH)2 content, were also calculated and analyzed. According to the experimental results, the induction period was elongated, the second heat evolution peak was in advance, and the third hydration heat peak could be detected due to MSWI fly ash pozzolanic reaction. The hydration reaction rate was controlled by nucleation kinetics in the acceleration period and then by diffusion in the decay period, but in the deceleration period, the hydration experienced a dual controlling reaction of autocatalytic chemical reaction and diffusion. The hydration rate of blended cement was faster. Ca(OH)2 content increased before 14 days.

Utilization of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash in lightweight aggregates

Washing pre-treatrnent of municipal solid waste incineration （MSWI） fly ash blended with shale and sludge was utilized in the manufacture of light-weight aggregates and processed to form ceramic pellets. A formula uniform design was performed to arrange the mixture ratio of the materials. The optimal mixture ratio of the materials was determined by measuring the bulk density, granule strength, and 1 h water absorption of the pellets. It is shown that the optimal mixture ratios of materials, MSWI fly ash, shale, and sludge, are 23.16%, 62.58%, and 14.25% （mass fraction）, respectively. The performance testing indicators of light-weight aggregates are obtained under the optimum mixture ratio： bulk density of 613 kg/m3, granule strength of 821N, and 1 h water absorption of 11.6%, meeting 700 grade light-aggregate of GB/T 17431.2--1998 standard. The results suggest that utilization of MSWI fly ash in light-weight aggregates is an effective method and a potential means to create much more values.

The Cement Solidification of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash

The chemical composition, the content and the leachability of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration （ MSWI） fly ash were tested and analyzed. It is shown that the leachability of Pb and Cr exceeds the leaching toxicity standard, and so the MSWI fly ash is considered as hazardous waste and must be solidifled. The effect of solidifying the MSWI fly ash by cement was studied, and it is indicated that the heavy metals can be well immobilized if the mass fraction of the fly ash is appropriate. The heavy metals were immobilized within cement hydration products through either physical fixation, substhtaion, deposition or adsorption mechanisms.

Mechanism of high concentration phosphorus wastewater treated by municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

The mechanism of removing phosphate by MSWI(municipal solid waste incineration)fly ash was investigated by SEM(scanning electron microscopy)with EDS(energy dispersion spectrum),XRD(X-ray diffraction),FT-IR(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy),BET(specific surface area),and BJH(pore size distribution).The results indicate that the removal rate of phosphate(100 mg/L)in 50 mL phosphorus wastewater reaches at 99.9% as the dosage of MSWI fly ash being 0.9000 g under room temperature.The specific surface area of MSWI fly ash is less than 6.1 m2/g and the total pore volume is below 0.021 cm3/g,suggesting that the absorption capacity of calcite is too weak to play an important role in phosphate removal.SEM images show that drastic changes had taken place on its specific surface shape after reaction,and EDS tests indicate that some phosphate precipitates are formed and attached onto MSWI fly ash particles.Chemical precipitation is the main manner of phosphate removal and the main reaction is: 3Ca2++2 PO4 3-+xH2O→Ca3(PO4)2↓·xH2O.Besides,XRD tests show that the composition of MSWI fly ash is complex,but CaSO4 is likely to be the main source of Ca2+.The soluble heavy metals in MSWI fly ash are stabilized by phosphate.

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中氯盐及重金属分离提取技术研究进展

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰具有高氯盐、重金属成分组成复杂等特性,将飞灰中高氯盐及重金属等高价值污染物分离提取并资源化利用不仅可以降低飞灰的危害性,还可以减少天然矿物的开采,具有显著的环境和经济效益.本文根据飞灰中氯盐及重金属分离提取的最新研究报道,结合国内外的工业化应用现状,对各类提取工艺存在的优缺点及发展方向进行综述及展望,以期彻底实现飞灰的无害化处置及资源化利用.当前飞灰中氯盐的分离提取技术已经成功得到应用,但综合处置成本仍明显高于螯合后填埋,有待进一步优化.相比之下,飞灰中重金属的分离提取技术尚处于起步阶段,主要限制因素为回收金属价值难以覆盖其提取成本,并且还面临重金属处理不彻底的问题,仍需继续开展相关技术攻关及政策引导.

关于水热技术处理垃圾焚烧飞灰的研究探讨

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰含有重金属和有毒有机物,对环境危害十分严重。水热法被认为是一种有效的无害化处理技术,能将飞灰改性,降低飞灰毒性,还可以合成沸石类物质,提高产物的应用价值。本文基于垃圾焚烧飞灰理化特性,对现有的水热处理技术进行了较为全面的总结。根据水热法的机理,系统地介绍了传统水热法、微波水热法、熔融预处理的微波水热法和超声波水热法,并通过对比分析指出各方法在处理效率、处理效果等方面存在的问题。此外,还简要介绍了水热处理后飞灰的主要应用领域。最后结合近几年水热技术的研究现状,提出了新型水热技术在工业化应用上存在的大型化的局限性以及未来发展方向。

煤灰对城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的熔融玻璃化特性影响

垃圾焚烧飞灰中因含有重金属、二噁英等有害物质需无害化处理。选取高硅铝含量的煤灰作为添加剂,开展飞灰与煤灰共熔融实验,研究煤灰对飞灰熔融特性和矿物质组成变化特性的影响,并利用FactSage模拟矿物相变化。结果表明:添加煤灰可以有效改善飞灰的熔融特性,添加质量分数为40%时,混合灰的流动温度达到最低值1 192℃。随着熔融温度升高,产物中复杂矿物成分逐渐演化为结构稳定的矿物相,并且随着煤灰质量分数的增加,产物中主要矿物相从钙铝黄长石向透辉石、蓝方石、钙长石依次转变,实验结果与热力学模拟的变化规律基本一致。当温度达到1 300℃且煤灰质量分数在20%—50%时,混合灰能够玻璃化,其中重金属Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb大部分挥发到气相中,Cr、Ni则基本被固定在玻璃体中。玻璃体浸出实验表明,玻璃体中重金属Cr、Cd、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb的浸出质量浓度远低于国家标准,实现了飞灰的无害化处理。

酸性条件下MSWI飞灰中Zn的浸出动力学

通过荧光光谱分析(XRF)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等测试方法并结合动力学模型理论研究了MSWI(垃圾焚烧)飞灰中典型重金属Zn在pH为4左右时的浸出过程,并在定温下探讨了该浸出过程的动力学模型.结果表明:该条件下MSWI飞灰中Zn的浸出过程适用于球体内扩散模型;扫描电镜下观测显示,大部分飞灰颗粒表面发生了不同程度的溶解,但在整个反应过程中都维持球状或高度类似球状的微观形貌,有力地支持了微观尺度的球体内扩散模型.重金属Zn的浸出率与时间的关系可描述为1-3(1-X)2/3+2X=18.25exp(-2 385.25T)/t.实验所得其浸出表观活化能约为19.831 kJ/mol.

MSWI飞灰制CSA水泥的组成优化及性能研究

以垃圾焚烧(MSWI)飞灰为主要原料,在实验室成功烧制了硫铝酸钙(CSA)水泥熟料,继而着重研究了不同种类和不同掺量的石膏对CSA水泥的抗压强度、水化性能、标准稠度用水量和凝结时间的影响;研究了细度对CSA水泥性能的影响。结果表明:无水石膏和二水石膏均促进C4A3S水化,提高CSA水泥的早期强度;无水石膏的最佳掺量是5%,二水石膏可根据实际情况进行调整;掺加无水石膏的CSA水泥其标准稠度用水量较对照水泥C-II低,比对照水泥C-I有所增加;掺加5%无水石膏后水泥的凝结时间与对照水泥C-II接近,当掺量增至10%后出现急凝。本试验中,CSA水泥比表面积在288～580 m2/kg范围时均表现出良好的力学性能。

纳米改性CFA-MSWI复合地聚合物的耐久性

利用城市垃圾焚烧飞灰(MSWI)和高钙粉煤灰(CFA)制备地聚合物,并采用纳米SiO2和γ-Al2O3对MSWI-CFA复合地聚合物进行改性研究,研究了纳米改性复合地聚合物的耐久性。结果表明:MSWI-CFA复合地聚合物本身具有很好的耐高温性能;化学侵蚀对复合地聚合物的影响依次为HCl溶液>NaOH溶液>Na2SO4溶液。纳米微粒对MSWI-CFA复合地聚合物的干缩性能、抗化学侵蚀性能和耐高温性能均有较好的改善作用,且纳米SiO2对地聚合物的改善作用优于纳米γ-Al2O3。SEM和BET研究进一步证实,纳米微粒能够有效改善地聚合物的微观结构和孔结构,使地聚合物大孔体积减少,体系结构更为致密,增强了地聚合物的耐久性。

混合材对MSWI制CSA水泥性能的影响

以城市垃圾焚烧飞灰(MSWI)为主要原料,在实验室成功烧制了硫铝酸钙(CSA)水泥熟料。研究了单掺或复掺不同种类、不同掺量的混合材后,CSA水泥的力学性能和水化性能。结果表明:石灰石粉(LI)/矿渣粉(SL)在CSA水泥中较为适用,而粉煤灰(FA)/MSWI的活性较差;单掺4种混合材均对CSA水泥早期强度产生不利影响;单掺LI/SL对后期强度发展有益;复掺混合材较单掺效果好,尤其是试样10%LI+10%SL、10%LI+10%MSWI和5%LI+15%SL。

MSWI飞灰制阿利尼特复合水泥基材料的耐久性

以垃圾焚烧(MSWI)飞灰为主要原料,在实验室成功烧制了阿利尼特水泥熟料,基于此试验研究复合阿利尼特水泥基材料的耐久性。试样优选配比为阿利尼特水泥熟料:石膏:混合材(MSWI飞灰/粉煤灰/矿渣粉)=80%:5%:15%。结果表明:掺入混合材可增强阿利尼特水泥基材料的强抗硫酸盐侵蚀能力;不同混合材的掺入还可改善阿利尼特水泥基材料的抗渗性和抗碳化性能,改善幅度为试样AD3(掺15%矿渣粉)>AB3(掺15%MSWI飞灰)>AC3(掺15%粉煤灰);混合材的掺入对干缩性有负面影响。掺加15%MSWI飞灰的试样AB3,随着水化龄期增长,氯离子的溶出量呈降低趋势,且长龄期后溶出量渐趋稳定。