Recent Advances in Computational Simulation of Macro-,Meso-,and Micro-Scale Biomimetics Related Fluid Flow Problems

Over the last decade, computational methods have been intensively applied to a variety of scientific researches and engineering designs. Although the computational fluid dynamics （CFD） method has played a dominant role in studying and simulating transport phenomena involving fluid flow and heat and mass transfers, in recent years, other numerical methods for the simulations at meso- and micro-scales have also been actively applied to solve the physics of complex flow and fluid-interface interactions. This paper presents a review of recent advances in multi-scale computational simulation of biomimetics related fluid flow problems. The state-of-the-art numerical techniques, such as lattice Boltzmann method （LBM）, molecular dynamics （MD）, and conventional CFD, applied to different problems such as fish flow, electro-osmosis effect of earthworm motion, and self-cleaning hydrophobic surface, and the numerical approaches are introduced. The new challenging of modelling biomimetics problems in developing the physical conditions of self-clean hydrophobic surfaces is discussed.

Macro-and Micro-Properties of Two Natural Marine Clays in China

In this paper,macro-and micro-properties of natural marine clay in two different and representative regions of China are investigated in detail.In addition to in-situ tests,soil samples are collected by use of Shelby tubes for laboratory examination in Shanghai and Zhuhai respectively,two coastal cities in China.In the laboratory tests,macro-properties such as consolidation characteristics and undrained shear strength are measured.Moreover,X-ray diffraction test,scanning electron microscope test,and mercury intrusion test are carried out for the investigation of their micro-properties including clay minerals and microstructure.The study shows that：（1）both clays are Holocene series formations,classified as either normal or underconsolidated soils.The initial gradient of the stress-strain curves shows their increase with increasing consolidation pressure;however,the Shanghai and the Zhuhai clays are both structural soils with the latter shown to be more structured than the former.As a result,the Zhuhai clay shows strain softening behavior at low confining pressures,but strain hardening at high pressures.In contrast,the Shanghai clay mainly manifests strain-hardening.（2）An activity ranges from 0.75 to 1.30 for the Shanghai marine clay and from 0.5 to 0.85 for the Zhuhai marine clay.The main clay mineral is illite in the Shanghai clay and kaolinite in the Zhuhai clay.The Zhuhai clay is mainly characterized by a flocculated structure,while the typical Shanghai clay shows a dispersed structure.The porous structure of the Shanghai clay is characterized mainly by large and medium-sized pores,while the Zhuhai clay porous structure is mainly featured by small and medium-sized pores.The differences in their macro-and micro-properties can be attributed to different sedimentation environments.

Turbulence,aeration and bubble features of air-water flows in macro-and intermediate roughness conditions

Free surface flows aeration potential causing the in macro- and intermediate flow characteristics to vary roughness conditions have a high with slopes and discharges. The underlying mechanism of two-phase flow characteristics in macro- and intermediate roughness conditions were analyzed in an experimental setup assembled at the Laboratory of Hydraulic Protection of the Territory （PITLAB） of the University of Pisa, Italy. Crushed angular rocks and hemispherical boulders were used to intensify the roughness of the bed. Flow rates per unit width ranging between 0.03 m^2/s and 0.09 m^2/s and slopes between 0.26 and 0.46 were tested over different arrangements of a rough bed. Analyses were mainly carried out in the inner flow region, which consists of both bubbly and intermediate flow regions. The findings revealed that the two-phase flow properties over the rough bed were much affected by rough bed arrangements. Turbulence features of two-phase flows over the rough bed were compared with those of the stepped chute data under similar flow conditions. Overall, the results highlight the flow features in the inner layers of the two-phase flow, showing that the maximum turbulence intensity decreases with the relative submergence, while the bubble frequency distribution is affected by the rough bed elements.

Changes of Metabolites and Macro- and Micro-elements in Hungarian Potatoes under Organic and Conventional Farming

To study the effect of cultivation system （conventional and organic） on potato tuber components, 42 parameters （anti-nutritives, micro- and macro-elements and 23 metabolites） were studied in three multi-resistant Hungarian potato varieties for three years in 2007-2009. Discriminant analysis of data proved that all investigated factors （farming technology, genotype and season/year） had significant effect on metabolites. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic （HPLC-DAD, HPLC-MS） and elemental analysis methods have been adapted to quantify the major components, i.e., steroidal alkaloids, nitrite, nitrate, sugars, amino acids and micro-elements, in potato tubers. The absolute amount and changes of tuber components were influenced differentially by the technology, genotype and season in a complex manner. Any examined component, except nitrate content, was found to be significantly higher or lower consistently in relation to the production practice （organic or conventional） during the three years trials. Under the examined circumstances, no consequent positive effect of organic fanning on the total amount of anti-nutritive components, vitamins or micro- and macro-elements of potato tubers could be proven.

Structure of Macro- and Trace Elements Status Observed in Residents of Magadan Town

The authors aimed the study at examining macro- and trace elements content in elderly people of the 1 period of middle age （21-35） residing in Magadan town to assess the content of 25 trace elements in hair samples on individual and population levels by atom-emission spectrometry with inductively-bonded argon plasma. It turned out that the majority of surveyed subjects were characterized by deformation of element status demonstrated by excess and deficit of the basic essential elements of different degrees of manifestation. Deficit of Co （68% of surveyed people）, Mg （67%）, Ca （64%）, Cu （47%）, K （46%）, Zn （44%）, I （41%）, Na （33%）, P （27%） and Se （24%） was typical for female subjects as well as excess of Si （28%）, Zn （22%） and P （20%）. Male residents were characterized by deficit of Co （81%）, Ca （66%）, Mg （65%）, I （50%）, Cu （37%）, K and Na （27%） and excess of Zn （41%）. In individual cases it was noted excess concentration of nominally essential and toxic elements in both examined groups. They were： A1, As, Cd, Li, Ni, Pb, Sn, V and B. While analyzing of medians of chemical concentration it was stated reliable sex-related differences （P 〈 0.05）： content of Ca, Mg and Mn was higher in hair samples of women, and content of As, B, Cd, Cr, K, Li, Na, P, Pb and V, on the contrary, was higher in male samples.

Influence of Physical Activity on Concentration of Macro-and Microelements in Physically Active Students＇ Hair

The aim of the work is to evaluate the influence of physical activity character on concentration of macro-and microelements in hair of physically active students. 127 students of I-IV year of Physical Education program at Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences participated in the research, aged from 20 to 24. They were split into three groups. The first （I） group （n = 48） consisted of endurance sport athletes （skiers, biathlon athletes, middle and long distance runners, rowers and cyclists）. The second group （II） （n = 61） was made up of the basketball, football, handball and volleyball players. The third group （III） consisted of combat sports （wrestling and boxing） athletes （n = 18）. For establishing the concentration of macro- and microelements in hair, x-ray fluorescence method was applied, using CEP-1 ELVAX （MP.MN 3730-2011） device. The results showed that the hair of the students of Physical Education program, practicing endurance sports possessed more calcium, copper, manganese in comparison to the athletes practicing other sports. Concentration of the main elements--zinc, iron, selenium and chromium in the hair of combat sports representatives was statistically significant. Concentration of potassium was also the greatest in this group of the investigated. However, this group of athletes also possessed the greatest values of toxic elements （plumbum, arsenic） in their hair, comparing to the athletes of endurance sport and players. In their hair, hydrargyrum concentration was significantly greater comparing to the values of this element in players＇ hair. The greatest mean values of cadmium were established in players＇ hair.

一类嗜角蛋白真菌——金孢属的应用价值评介

金孢属(Chrysosporium)真菌在地球上分布广泛,具有较强的环境适应能力,能产生许多有用的代谢物。它们是一个喜角蛋白的类群,大多数可以产生角蛋白酶。此类真菌在国民经济中有广泛的应用价值。文中评述了金孢属真菌产生的抗癌、抗真菌、抗寄生虫等抗生素类物质的研究进展,以及此类真菌在生物防治、食品工业、日用化工、皮革生产、纺织工业、造纸工业、功能酶的生产、环境检测与保护等方面的研究状况及其潜在的应用价值和研究意义,同时介绍了金孢属的某些种作为人或动物病原菌的研究进展。

不同甜酒曲中可培养真菌的多样性分析

用可培养的方法对6种甜酒曲中的真菌进行分离筛选,共分离得到25株酵母菌和13株霉菌,利用26S r DNA序列分析对酵母菌进行鉴定,结果表明,其分属于酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)、扣囊复膜酵母(Saccharomycopsis fibuligera)、东方伊萨酵母(Issatchenkia orientalis)和克鲁维毕赤酵母(Pichia kluyveri)。利用ITS r DNA序列分析对霉菌菌株进行鉴定,结果表明,13株霉菌分别为米根霉(Rhizopus oryzae)、小孢根霉(Rhizopus microsporus)、小孢根霉华变种(Rhizopus microsporus var.chinesis)、小孢根霉须状变种(Rhizopus microsporus var.rhizopodiformis)、印度毛霉(Mucor indicus)和卷枝毛霉(Mucor circinelloides)。

浙江九龙山国家级自然保护区大型真菌资源评价

在调查和分类的基础上发现九龙山国家级自然保护区野生大型真茵共有209种。按Anisworth G.C.(1973)系统,隶属2个亚门,l3个目,38科,101个属。对它们的组成特点、利用价值以及营养类型进行了分析,结果显示:(1)该地区大型真茵的物种丰富,其中浙江新记录种多达121种;(2)潜在的经济和生态价值较高(食用菌100种,药用菌59种,外生菌根菌58种);(3)营养类型多样化(木生,土生,粪生,外生菌根,虫生)。

Support Effects on Thiophene Hydrodesulfurization over Co-Mo-Ni/Al_2O_3 and Co-Mo-Ni/TiO_2-Al_2O_3 Catalysts

A carbon-based sulfonated catalyst was prepared by direct sulfonation and carbonization （in moderate conditions：200 ＆#176;C, 12 h） of red liquor solids, a by-product of paper-making process. The prepared sulfonated cata-lyst （SC） had aromatic structure, composed of carbon enriched inner core, and oxygen-containing （SO3H, COOH, OH） groups enriched surface. The SO3H, COOH, OH groups amounted to 0.74 mmol·g^-1, 0.78 mmol·g^-1, 2.18 mmol·g^-1, respectively. The fresh SC showed much higher catalytic activity than that of the traditional solid acid catalysts （strong-acid 732 cation exchange resin, hydrogen type zeolite socony mobile-five （HZSM-5）, sulfated zir-conia） in esterification of oleic acid. SC was deactivated during the reactions, through the mechanisms of leaching of sulfonated species and formation of sulfonate esters. Two regeneration methods were developed, and the catalytic activity can be mostly regenerated by regeneration Method 1 and be fully regenerated by regeneration Method 2, respectively.

The influence of macronitrogen (NO_3^- and NH_4^+) addition with U lva pertusa on dissolved inorganic carbon system

The influence of macronitrogen （NO3 and NH＋） addition with Ulva pertusa on dissolved inorganic carbon system in seawater was studied. The results indicate that p（C02） and HCO3 concentration decrease significantly, while pH and CO32- concentration increase significantly. When the con- centration of NO3 was less than 71 μmol/dm3 or NH4＋ was less than 49.7μmol/dm3, dissolved inorganic carbon （DIC） absorption rates by Ulva pertusa generally increased with the increasing of nitrogen concentration. The DIC decreased 151 μmol/dm3 with the addition of 71 μmol/dm3 NO3 and decreased 232 μmol/dm3 with the addition of 49.7 μmol/dm3 NH＋ after the experiment compared with DIC measured without nitrogen addition. A significant negative-correlation was found between Ac（DIC） and growth rate （#） of Ulva pertusa （r =- 0.91, P 〈0.000 1, n=11）. NH＋ had more influence on the species of inorganic carbon system than NO3.

Modeling and Mapping Forest Floor Distributions of Common Bryophytes Using a LiDAR-Derived Depth-to-Water Index

This article describes how the cartographic depth-to-water (DTW) index in combination with other variables can be used to quantify, model and map the distribution of common forest floor bryophytes, at 1 m resolution. This was done by way of a case study, using 12 terrain and climate representative locations across New Brunswick, Canada. The presence/absence by moss species was determined at each location along upland-to-wetland transects within >10-m spaced 1-m2 forest floor plots. It was found that Bazzania trilobata, Dicranum polysetum, Polytrichum commune, Hylocomium splendens, and Pleurozium schreberi had greater probabilities of occurrence in well-drained forested areas, whereas Sphagnum fuscum and Sphagnum girgensohnii dominated in low-lying wet areas. The presence/absence of each species was quantified by way of logistic regression analyses, using DTW, slope, canopy closure, forest litter depth, ecosite type (8 classes), nutrient regime (4 classes, poor to rich);vegetation type (deciduous, coniferous, mixed, and shrubs), and macro- and micro-topography (upland, wetland;mounds, pits) as predictor variables. Among these, log10DTW and forest litter depth were the most consistent predictor variables, followed by mound versus pit. For the mapping purpose, only log10DTW and already mapped classifications for upland versus wetland and vegetation type were used to predict the probability of occurrences for the most frequent moss species, namely, D. polysetum, P. schreberi and Sphagnum spp. The overall accuracy for doing this ranged from 67% to 83%, with false positives and negatives amounting to 18% to 42%. The overall classification accuracy exceeded the probability by chance alone at 76.8%, with the significance level reached at 75.3%. The average level of probability by chance alone was 60.3%.

The Trace Element Content Observed in the Elderly People of Russia＇s North Regions

To investigate the status of mineral metabolism in people residing in huge regional centers of north-western and north-eastern parts of Russia by AES-IBP （atom-emission spectrometry with inductively bonded argon plasma）, the content of 25 elements in hair samples of surveyed people was examined. The results of the study carried out in Russia＇s north could testify to significant deformation found in the elderly people bodies＇ element profiles. The pronounced deficit in such essential elements as Ca, Cr, Mg can be considered the common north-related profile typical for the elderly people from European and Asian north. In addition, age-related formation of all the elements＇ deficit due to their risen spending at pathologies as well as the increased need in such elements as Zn, Se, Cr, Cu, Mn. The age-related excess of arsenic proved to be typical for Magadan residents. In Anadyr, the age-related excess of lead was found, in Petrozavodsk mercury, and in Arkhangelsk--boron and aluminium.

The Degradation and Pollution of Soils on the Territory of the Kovykta Gas Condensate Field

In this paper, research results from the time interval 2002-2012 are used to give an account of the chemical composition of soils on the territory of the Kovykta gas condensate field. The findings presented provide a better understanding of the ecological state of soil cover, its resilience to anthropogenic impacts, and its possible disturbance caused by the drilling pad construction activity, and by the laying of geophysical profiles. An analysis of soil pollution for the study territory generally showed that the soils are polluted with chemical elements which refer to toxicity classes： Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Ba and Mn. High levels ofoil products were detected near boreholes. Strong mineralization was recorded in the soil near borehole. It has a chloride-sodium chemical composition. As a result of the construction of foundation pits, recesses, ditches and earth embankments, the soil is totally destroyed, and rock outcrops show up. Disturbances of the sod cover due to road construction or even by all-terrain vehicles in these extreme conditions entail an accelerated development of linear erosion to form scours and gullies. Elimination of the canopy layer leads to an increase in surface heating, and to an acceleration of permafrost thawing. Swamping is accelerated on negative relief forms due to the increased entry of melt waters.

3D ordered macro-/mesoporous Ni_(x)Co_(100-x ) alloys as high-performance bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting

Electrochemical water splitting is a facile and effective route to generate pure hydrogen and oxygen.However,the sluggish kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) and especially oxygen evolution reaction(OER) hinder the water splitting efficiency.Meanwhile,the high-cost of noble-metal catalysts limit their actual application.It is thus highly urgent to exploit an economical and earthabundant bifunctional HER and OER electrocatalyst to simplify procedure and reduce cost.Herein,we synthesize the three-dimensionally ordered macro-/mesoporous(3 DOM/m) Ni_(x)Co_(100-x) alloys with distinctive structure and large surface area via a dual-templating technique.Among them,the3 DOM/m Ni61Co39 shows the lowest overpotentials of 121 mV and 241 mV at 10 mA/cm^(2) for HER and OER,respectively.Furthermore,when employed for water splitting,the Ni_(61)Co_(39) only requires 1.60 V to approach 10 mA/cm^(2) and presents excellent stability.These encouraging performances of the Ni_(61)Co_(39) render it a promising bifunctional catalyst for overall water splitting.

Macro-and Micro-Structures of Heavy Fogs and Visibility in the Dayaoshan Expressway

Belonging to the southern subtropical moist type of monsoon climate, the Nanling mountainous area experiences heavy fogs whenever quasi-stationary fronts appear there from September to May. There can be as many as 15-18 days of heavy fogs per month. Fogs have more serious consequences in the Lechang-Ruyuan section of the Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway （the longest expressway in China） that passes through the main part of the Nanling Mts., where the road rises from 200 m to more than 800 m above sea level （ASL）. For a major motorway in the mountainous areas of Nanling Mts., two multidisciplinary integrated field observations were carried out, which measured visibility by the naked eyes, visibility by instrument, spectrum of fogdrops, liquid water content （LWC） of fog, tethered sounding, dual-parameter low-level sounding, turbulence diffusion within fog layers, aerosol spectra of size and composition, sampled fog water compositions, and sampled rainwater compositions. Typical cases were probed for their analyses of synoptics, micro- and macro-structures and microphysics. It is understood that heavy fogs take place with high frequency in the area and bring about serious consequences. Being typical advection and upslope fogs, they are in essence low-lying clouds appearing at high altitudes, which are closely related with the activity of South China frontal processes, especially the South China quasi-stationary fronts, and reflect on the role of local terrain as well. The heavy fogs are characteristic of long duration, extremely low visibility, well-organized lumpshaped structure, large-size fog-drops, moderate concentration, high LWC, and stronger turbulent diffusion within the fog layers than in fine sky. They differ much from radiation fogs, which are better documented in previous study in China. It is found that fog LWC is in significant anti-correlation with visibility so that large LWC is associated with small visual range. It is also noted that one of the reasons for the fluctuation of characteristic quantities of micro-structure such as the LWC of fog in the area is, in addition to the inhomogeneous structure of the fog itself, the effect of advection and inhomogeneous underlying surface; during the translation of fog with the ambient wind, irregular upslope and cross-over movement is another reason for the inhomogeneous structure and fluctuation of fog. The spectrum of the aerosol size displays itself as the power function of monotonous descent. The concentration of submicrometer particles is even higher. The high-concentration sulfate particles found in the aerosols of Nanling Mts. are actually good nuclei for condensation, which are favorable for the formation of fog. The presence of fog can help cleanse the trace compositions in the atmosphere so that fog droplets contain high levels of polluting elements. In the meantime, compared to cloud droplets, fog droplets are easier to be captured by the vertical surfaces of objects on the land surface, such as vegetation and buildings to constitute another kind of cleansing process. In vast stretches of forest like the Nanling Mts., this kind of cleansing may be quite important. Studying the characteristic variation of fogs in the area realistically assists in setting up a forecast and warning system for local fogs and provides basic information for fog dispersal experiments.

Enhanced performances in catalytic oxidation of o-xylene over hierarchical macro-/mesoporous silica-supported palladium catalysts

A series of hierarchical macro-/mesoporous silica supports （MMSs） were successfully synthesized using dual-templating technique employing polystyrene （PS） spheres and the Pluronic P123 surfactant. Pd was next loaded on the hierarchical silica supports via colloids precipitation method. Physicochemical properties of the synthesized samples were characterized by various techniques and all catalysts were tested for the total oxidation of o-xylene. Among them, the Pd/MMS-b catalyst with tetraethoxysilane/polystyrene weight ratio of 1.0 exhibited superior catalytic activity, and under a higher gas hourly space velocity （GHSV） of 70000 h^-1, the 90% conversion of o-xylene has been obtained at around 200℃. The BET and SEM results indicated that Pd/MMS- b catalyst possesses high surface area and large pore volume, and well-ordered, interconnected macropores and 2D hexagonally mesopores hybrid network. This novel ordered hierarchical porous structure was highly beneficial to the dispersion of active sites Pd nanoparticles with less aggregation, and facilitates diffusion of reactants and products. Furthermore, the Pd/MMS-b catalyst possessed good stability and durability.

从废弃蛹虫草大米培养基中高效提取纯化虫草素工艺条件研究

虫草素是蛹虫草的次生代谢产物,具有重要的药用价值,当前主要从蛹虫草子实体中提取。本文提供了一种从蛹虫草子实体生产的副产物——大米培养基中高效提取纯化虫草素的新方法。该方法包括连续逆流提取、732阳离子交换树脂柱层析和结晶三步。对每一步的工艺参数进行了系统优化。用该优化的方法从大米培养基中提取虫草素,虫草素产品的纯度达98.0%以上,产率达66.0%以上。

忍冬木层孔菌液体培养过程中多酚含量及抗氧化活性研究

忍冬木层孔菌是木层孔菌属的一种药用真菌,目前对它的研究少有报道。以液体培养为基础,研究忍冬木层孔菌培养过程中生物量、胞内外多酚含量的变化,以及胞内外提取物抗氧化活性的变化。结果显示,菌丝体生物量在培养168–216h时达到最大值(8.33g/L);胞内多酚和胞外多酚含量分别在216h和168h时达到最大值(15.60mg GAE/g和106.76mg GAE/L);液体培养胞内外提取物的抗氧化活性与多酚含量正相关,多酚含量高时提取物对DPPH[1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical2,2-Diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl]自由基的抑制率也高。

水仙内生真菌的分离及抑菌和抗肿瘤活性研究

目的分离纯化水仙根茎中的内生真菌,并对分离得到的真菌进行抑菌和抗肿瘤活性筛选。方法用组织分离法分离纯化水仙内生真菌后,以金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus、大肠杆菌Escherichia coli、绿脓杆菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa、肺炎克雷伯菌Klebsiella pneumoniae和人肝癌细胞HepG2作为受试对象,采用滤纸片法和MTT法对内生真菌菌株发酵液的醋酸乙酯提取物进行抑菌和抗肿瘤活性检测。结果从水仙根茎共分离到18株内生真菌,各菌株发酵液的醋酸乙酯提取物对4种供试细菌和HepG2细胞都有抑制作用。在质量浓度10 mg/mL时,SX-R202和SX-S102对大肠杆菌和绿脓杆菌抑菌圈直径分别达到18 mm和20 mm;在质量浓度1 mg/mL时,SX-R201、SX-R202、SX-R203和SX-R204对HepG2细胞增殖抑制率分别为(86.0±1.1)%、(89.8±1.3)%、(62.9±0.9)%和(90.6±1.0)%。结合形态学特征和分子生物学鉴定确定SX-R201为尖孢镰刀菌属Fusarium sp.菌株、SX-R202和SX-R203为青霉属Penicillium sp.菌株、SX-R204和SX-S102为曲霉属Aspergillus sp.菌株。结论水仙内生真菌的抑菌和抗肿瘤效果明显,值得进一步研究。